?subpopulation

subpopulation發(fā)音

['sʌbpɔpju'leiʃən]

英：　　美：

subpopulation中文意思翻譯

n. 分組人口；【生】次級種群；【統計】子總體

subpopulation常見(jiàn)例句

1 、Stem cell-like subpopulation has been isolated and identified from hematopoietic system malignancies and solid tumors, and defined as cancer stem cells.───在血液系統惡性腫瘤和實(shí)體瘤中均分離和鑒定出具有干細胞特征的細胞群，稱(chēng)之為腫瘤干細胞。

2 、Keywords infant;pneumonia;viral;T lymphocyte subpopulation;immunoglobulin;───嬰幼兒;肺炎;病毒病原學(xué);T細胞亞群;免疫球蛋白;

3 、And IE two-step method for the testing of T cell subpopulation shall be popularized in medium or small hospitals.───免疫酶二步法檢測T細胞亞群可在中、小醫院應用**。

4 、Keywords bronchoalveolar lavage fluid;flow cytometry;T lymphocyte subpopulation;───肺泡灌洗液;流式細胞術(shù);T淋巴細胞亞群;

5 、Clinical Study on Change in Level of T-lymphocyte Subpopulation of the Patients with Chronic Renal Failure Belongs in Blood Stasis Syndrome and Intervening Action by Yishen Huoxue Decoction───慢性腎功能衰竭血瘀證患者T淋巴細胞亞群的水平變化及益腎活血湯干預作用的臨床研究

6 、A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTRA-BILIARY TRACT PRESSURE, PORTAL VEINOUS FLOW RATE AND INTERLEUKIN-2,SOLUBLE INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR,T LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATION IN OMTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE───梗阻性黃疸時(shí)膽道內壓力和門(mén)靜脈血流與IL-2、sIL-2R及T淋巴細胞亞群變化的關(guān)系探討

7 、The application of subpopulation estimation Method in Business Valuation───子總體估計法在企業(yè)價(jià)值評估中的應用

8 、STUDY ON INJECTION OF EXTRA-BCG ADJUSTISTING T LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATION OF CHILDREN WITH REPEATED RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION───卡介苗素注射調節反復呼吸道感染患兒T淋巴細胞亞群的研究

9 、Keywords ginseng ophiopogon injection;acanthopanax injection;senile chronical bronchiitis;T cell subpopulation;───參脈注射液;刺五加注射液;老年慢性支氣管炎;T細胞亞群;

10 、The genetic distance of RAPD showed (1) The genetic distance within a subpopulation was lower than that between every two subpopulations.───利用RAPD標記得到的子群體內（間）遺傳距離的結果顯示：子群體內的遺傳差異小于子群體間的遺傳差異；

11 、The Affection of BCG-Polysaccharide Nucleic Acid TOT- Lymphocyte subpopulation of the Patients with Recurrent Herpes Simplex───卡介菌多糖核酸對復發(fā)性單純皰疹患者外周血T淋巴細胞亞群的影響

12 、Lymphocyte subpopulation───淋巴細胞亞群

13 、T lymphocyte subpopulation CD3,CD4,CD8 as well as NK cells in peripheral blood and serum levels of immunorglobulin(IgC, IgA, IgM) were detected before and after administration of Clostridium butyricum.───治療期間禁用任何抗菌藥物及影響免疫的藥物,檢測治療前后周?chē)o脈血之CD3,CD4,CD8,NK及免疫球蛋白A,G,M.

14 、Cancer stem cells(CSC) are defined as the unique subpopulation in the tumors,which can possess the ability to initiate tumor growth and sustain self-renewal as well as metastatic potential.───近年來(lái)的研究表明腫瘤中只有少量細胞具有發(fā)生腫瘤以及持續的自我更新能力,這類(lèi)具有干細胞特性的腫瘤細胞被定義為腫瘤干細胞(CSC)。

15 、adjacent subpopulation───毗鄰亞群體

16 、The loss of the plasmids in a subpopulation of the bacteria allows the phage carrier state to be established.───細菌的后代失去了質(zhì)粒從而產(chǎn)生了噬菌體帶菌狀態(tài)。

17 、CMI (cell mediated immunity) was detected by ANAE-focal pattern (F) or CD4 lymphocyte subpopulation.───依ANAE－點(diǎn)型（F）或CD4淋巴細胞亞群檢測細胞中介免疫（CMI）。

18 、In Chaling population, the extent of positive genetic structure at subpopulation level was 12-17m, significantly smaller than that at population level （ca. 60m）.───茶陵普通野生稻，在亞居群水平上遺傳變異顯著(zhù)相關(guān)的距離為12-17m，在居群水平上遺傳變異顯著(zhù)相關(guān)距離達60m；

19 、Objective: To probe into the changes and significance of T cell subpopulation in patients with asthma.───摘要目的：探討哮喘患者T細胞亞群的變化及臨床意義。

20 、Methods T-cell subpopulation in peripheral blood of 32 patients of BCC were tested with flow cytometry.───方法:用流式細胞儀技術(shù)檢測了 32 例基底細胞癌患者外周血的 T 細胞亞群。

21 、T cell subpopulation───T細胞亞群

22 、Keywords SARS of heavy type;manifestation;Tlymphocyte subpopulation;───關(guān)鍵詞SARS;重型;臨床表現;實(shí)驗室發(fā)現;

23 、Detection of T lymphocyte subpopulation and mIL--2R with ?biotin?streptavidin system in patients with tuberculosis───BSA系統檢測結核病患者T細胞亞群和mil-2R

24 、Keywords aplastic anemia;immune;T cell subpopulation phenotypes;───貧血;再生障礙性;免疫;T細胞亞群;表型;

25 、By comparison with the control group the persentage of CDa and CD4 in Tlymphocyte subpopulation of the workers exposed to CBD were decreased, the persentage of CDs increased, CD4/CD8 ratio decreased;───與正常對照相比，CBD作業(yè)工人T淋巴細胞亞群CD3、CD4細胞百分率降低，CD8細胞百分率升高，CD4/CD8比值降低；

26 、Keywords weightlessness simulation;T cell subpopulation;interleukin 2;interleukin 6;───失重模擬;T細胞亞群;白細胞介素-2;白細胞介素-6;

27 、The measurement of reticulocytes and its subpopulation in the healthy child and adolescence───健康兒童和青少年網(wǎng)織紅細胞計數與分群測定

28 、Keywords Condyloma Acuminatum（CA）;Auto-verruca;T-lymphoc yte subpopulation;───尖銳濕疣;自體疣組織;T淋巴細胞亞群;

29 、Keywords Diarrhea;Chronic;BCG polyose nucleic acid;Children;T Lymph-cell Subpopulation;───關(guān)鍵詞腹瀉;小兒;T淋巴細胞亞群;

30 、The change of recur degree , urinary protein, serum albumin, cholesterol , T cell subpopulation , croticosteroid before and after treatment were observed.───觀(guān)察治療前后復發(fā)次數及尿蛋白、血清白蛋白、膽固醇、T細胞亞群、血清皮質(zhì)醇的變化。

31 、Effect of thymus peptide on T-lymphocyte subpopulation and its treatment efficacy in patients with vitiligo───胸腺肽對白癜風(fēng)患者T淋巴細胞亞群的影響及療效分析

32 、A subpopulation of cells differentiated into adipocyte-like cells when cultured in 10% fetal bovine serum.───在含10%胎牛血清的培養基中培養時(shí)，細胞可以分化成類(lèi)脂肪細胞。

33 、The relict gull Ordos subpopulation, the biggest breeding population of relict gulls in the world, took at least 60 percentage of the insurance quantity of the whole available colonies in the world.───摘要鄂爾多斯繁殖群作為自然界中的全球遺鷗的最大種群，其對遺鷗有效種群（全部繁殖個(gè)體的總量）的保有量應占全球總量的60%以上。

34 、Detection of T-cell subpopulation of basal cell carcinoma by flow cytometry───流式細胞儀檢測基底細胞癌的T細胞亞群

35 、Cumulus cells represent this unique subpopulation of granulose cells that surrounds the oocyte, providing nutrient, metabolic precursors and signals that regulate its development and maturation.───卵丘細胞作為圍繞在卵母細胞周?chē)念w粒細胞亞群,對于卵母細胞減數分裂阻滯、減數分裂的恢復、卵母細胞的成熟和受精都起著(zhù)重要的作用。

36 、Blood CIC,Ig,T Lymphocyte Subpopulation and IC Bacteria of the Stones in Patients with Cholecystectomy───膽石癥手術(shù)患者CIC、Ig、T淋巴細胞亞群和膽石中細菌感染及IgG型IC變化

37 、Keywords Pulmonary disease;chronic obstructive;Chlamydia pneumoniae;T lymphocyte subpopulation;Immunofluorescence test;Flow cytometry;───肺疾病;慢性阻塞性;衣原體;肺炎;T淋巴細胞亞群;熒光免疫測定;流式細胞術(shù);

38 、The changes of T-lymphocyte subpopulation induced by placental peptide in the treatment of chronic gastritis───**肽治療慢性胃炎時(shí)T淋巴細胞亞群的變化觀(guān)察

39 、T lymphoctye subpopulation───哮喘

40 、The Lanyu pigs was divided as 4 subpopulations, all individuals of NTU herd were formed an independent subpopulation with the probability higher than 80%.───結果顯示保種蘭嶼豬可分成4個(gè)次族群，其中臺灣大學(xué)蘭嶼豬獨立形成一次族群，每一個(gè)體被分在此次族群中之機率均高于80%。

41 、Cell subpopulation───細胞亞群

42 、The percentages of CD8+T-cell subpopulation in both 10 and 5 times of MSD groups were significantly lower than those of the infected model group(P───10倍麻杏石甘湯組、5倍麻杏石甘湯加味方組CD8+T細胞亞群百分率顯著(zhù)低于感染模型組(P

43 、immune cell subpopulation───免疫細胞亞群

44 、The percentage of cancer stem cell related subpopulation(CD44+CD24-/low cells)in MCF-7 increases after treated with estradiol,and tamoxifen can decrease the percentage of cancer stem cells related subpopulation in MCF-7.───不同濃度E2作用下,MCF-7中腫瘤干細胞相關(guān)亞群含量增加,而在相同濃度的E2作用下,添加抗雌激素藥物TAM能夠使MCF-7中腫瘤干細胞相關(guān)亞群含量降低。

45 、Keywords infant;newborn;hypoxic-ischemic;brain;natural killer cell;T lymphocyte subpopulation;───嬰兒;新生;缺氧缺血;腦;自然殺傷細胞;T細胞亞群;

46 、subpopulation variation───亞群變異

47 、Alteration and clinical significance of NK cell and T lymphocyte subpopulation in patients with rectal carcinoma───直腸癌病人外周血NK細胞和T淋巴細胞亞群數目的變化及其臨床意義

48 、T lymphocite subpopulation───T淋巴細胞亞群

49 、The conclusion of this research is arrived at that the tendencies of antioxidant potential of the leukocytes subpopulation are similar after the game and the differentials are not significant;───結論是橄欖球比賽后白血球亞型細胞的抗氧化能力變化趨勢類(lèi)似，但變化幅度不同；

50 、Conclusions:Human periodontal ligament cells and gingival fibroblasts are resemble in morphology,but the constitute of subpopulation are significant difference.───結論：體外培養的兩種細胞在形態(tài)及排列上相似，但在細胞亞型的組成上存在差異。

51 、Keywords gastritis;placenta;T lymphocyte subpopulation;therapeutics;───胃炎;**;T淋巴細胞亞群;治療學(xué);

52 、A simple method to separate resistant subpopulation from main population of Streptococcus pneumoniae───分離肺炎鏈球菌主群與耐藥亞群的簡(jiǎn)易方法

53 、multiple subpopulation───復亞群

54 、?Each subpopulation had considerable divergence compared with unselected population.───各選擇子群體與未選群體間都有較大的遺傳距離；

55 、Analysis of the relationship between lymphocyte subpopulation and prognosis in patients with malignat hemopathy───免疫細胞亞群與惡性血液病患者預后關(guān)系的探討

56 、subpopulation group───亞群

57 、Elementary study on subpopulation cell isolation and tumor heterogeneity of human hepatocellular carcinoma───人肝細胞癌細胞亞群的克隆分離及異質(zhì)性機制的初步研究

58 、The sedimentation of the upper section is controlled by the ECS Winter Coast Current, and corresponding grain-size subpopulation is identified by using grain-size vs. standard deviation.───因上段的沉積作用主要受控于東海冬季沿岸流,通過(guò)粒級-標準偏差分析,提取了相對應的粒度組分或粒度子體,該組分的平均粒徑被用來(lái)作為研究東亞冬季風(fēng)演化的替代性指標.

59 、Objective To isolate CD4+ T lymphocyte subpopulation by antibody-coating immunomagnetic beads and evaluate the efficacy of detective methods.───目的應用抗體包被免疫磁珠分離CD4+T淋巴細胞亞群,并檢測其效果。

60 、Method:Chose the patients suffering from Yin,Yang and Qi deficiency,and test ther ratio of their T-lymphocyte subpopulation and the values of chemiluminescence of the PMN.───方法：選擇陽(yáng)虛證、陰虛證、氣虛證病人，進(jìn)行外周血中性粒細胞(PMN)化學(xué)發(fā)光、T淋巴細胞亞群測定，并與對照組比較。

61 、Helicobacter pylori causes chronic active gastritis and ulceration and has been associated with the development of gastric cancer and gastric MALT lymphoma in a subpopulation of humans.───砷是一種廣泛存在于環(huán)境中的元素，并且是一個(gè)很?chē)乐氐沫h(huán)境污染毒物。有很多的相關(guān)研究都證明砷與許多的癌癥具有高度的關(guān)聯(lián)性，其中最主要的是與皮膚癌的相關(guān)性。

62 、The immunohistochemical evidence for the distribution of NGF,BDNF,NT-3,GFDNF in subpopulation of neurons of dorsal root ganglia in adult cat[J].Chinese Journal of Neuroanatomy,2001,17(1):53-56.───NGF,BDNF,NT-3和GDNF在背根節不同神經(jīng)元配布的免疫組織化學(xué)證據[J].神經(jīng)解剖學(xué)雜志,2001,17(1):53-56.

63 、Methods T-cell subpopulation and the percentage of natural killer (NK) cells in peripheral blood of 30 CA patients were tested with flow cytometry.───方法用流式細胞儀檢測了30例尖銳濕疣患者外周血T細胞亞群及NK細胞百分率。

64 、Keywords Superoxide dismutase;Tumor-bearing mice;Subpopulation of lymphocytes;Radiation-protection;Lipid peroxidation;───超氧化物歧化酶;荷瘤小鼠;淋巴細胞亞群;輻射防護;脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化;

65 、Objective:To evaluate the effect of BCG polyose nucleic acid (BCG-PSN) and the relationship with variation of T Lymph-cell Subpopulation in children with chronic diarrhea.───目的:研究斯奇康治療慢性腹瀉患兒的療效及與T淋巴細胞亞群變化的關(guān)系。方法:對30例慢性腹瀉患兒,用斯奇康注射液治療6周,觀(guān)察病情變化。

66 、haemocyte subpopulation───血細胞亞型

67 、Detection And Analysis of T-Lymphocyte Subpopulation in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Acute Virus Hepatitis───急**毒性肝炎患者外周血T淋巴細胞亞群檢測分析

68 、Detection of reticulocytes counts and its subpopulation in clinical application───網(wǎng)織紅細胞計數與分群測定及臨床應用探討

69 、PLS partitions the population into a group of disjoint subpopulations by cluster analysis, then uses simplex method to search local optima in each subpopulation in parallel.───PLS算子通過(guò)聚類(lèi)分析將種群分割為互不相交的鄰域子種群，對每一個(gè)子種群應用單純形法進(jìn)行并行局部搜索。

70 、Keywords Melatonin Acute cerebral infarction T lymphocyte subpopulation Intervention;───褪黑素;急性腦梗死;T淋巴細胞亞群;干預作用;

71 、Establishment of liver metastasis model of human gallbladder cancer and isolation of the subpopulation with high metastatic potential───膽囊癌肝轉移模型的建立和高轉移細胞亞群的篩選

72 、T cell phenotypie subpopulation───T細胞表型亞群

73 、Methods:We have tested the levels of copper,iron,zinc and calcium of hair and peripheral-blood T cell subpopulation in 80 RRI patients.───方法:檢測80例RRI患兒頭發(fā)銅、鐵、鋅、鈣水平,以及外周血T細胞亞群,同時(shí)選擇50例健康兒童作對照。

74 、With each DSP acting as a subpopulation, DSPs are circularly connected by their in-chip serial communication interface to perform the single direction migration.───將每一片DSP構成算法的一個(gè)子群體，通過(guò)DSP本身所具有的高速串行通信接口連接成環(huán)狀，每個(gè)子群體只向一個(gè)方向的鄰近子群體遷移個(gè)體以提高遷移的效率。

75 、Study of Lymphocyte Subpopulation in Peripheral Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis───多發(fā)性硬化患者淋巴細胞亞群的研究

76 、The Auto- verruca Embedding in Treatment of Condyloma Acuminatum and Effects on T-lymphocyte Subpopulation───自體疣埋植治療尖銳濕疣及其對機體T細胞亞群的影響

77 、Results showed that significant memory responses of L3T4 subpopulation and proliferation were induced in PP and MLN.───實(shí)驗表明：G30菌能在PP與MLN中激發(fā)L3T4亞群及淋轉的回憶反應，此外，SPL也產(chǎn)生了L3T4亞群的記憶應答。

78 、Lymphocyte Subpopulation, Interleukin-2 and High Affinity In terleukin-2 Receptor Expression in Primary Nephrotic Syndrome───原發(fā)性腎病綜合征患者外周血淋巴細胞亞群、白介素2及其高親和力受體表達的研究

79 、Observe the changes of the main symptoms, physical signs, pulmonary function, blood gas analysis, pe ripheral-blood EOS counting, T subpopulation quantity and the ECP of blood seru m .───觀(guān)察治療前后主要癥狀、體征、肺功能、血氣分析、外周血嗜酸性粒細胞(EOS)計數、T亞群數量、血清嗜酸細胞陽(yáng)離子蛋白(ECP)等的變化。

80 、Each computer can perform the time-consuming step of evaluating the fitness of individuals in its subpopulation.───每一部電腦都可針對各自次族群內的個(gè)體，執行耗時(shí)的適應度評估程序。

the baikal seal（ 貝加爾湖海豹 ）的英文簡(jiǎn)介，做演講用的材料，好的話(huà)追加懸賞。

來(lái)源 百科

The Baikal seal, Lake Baikal seal, or nerpa (Pusa sibirica, obsolete: Phoca sibirica), is a species of earless seal endemic to Lake Baikal in Siberia. Like the Caspian seal, it is related to the Arctic ringed seal. The Baikal Seal is the smallest of the true seals, and with the exception of a subpopulation of inland harbour seals living in the Hudson Bay region of Quebec, Canada (lac de loups marins harbour seals), they are the only exclusively freshwater pinniped species.

It remains a scientific mystery how the seals originally came to Lake Baikal, hundreds of kilometers from any ocean. Some scientists speculate the seals arrived at Lake Baikal when a sea-passage linked the lake with the Arctic Ocean (see also West Siberian Glacial Lake and West Siberian Plain).

The total population is estimated to be over 60,000 animals, and hunting of the seals, once widespread, is now restricted.

The Baikal seal is one of the smallest true seals. The adult grows to be around 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) in length with a body mass from 63 to 70 kg (140 to 150 lb).[3] The animals show very little sexual dimorphism; the males are only slightly larger than the females.[3] They have a uniform, steely-grey coat on their backs and fur with a slightly more yellow tinge coating their abdomens. As the coat weathers, it becomes brownish.[4] When first born, pups are around 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) and have a coating of white, silky, natal fur. This fur is quickly shed and exchanged for a darker coat, much like that of the adult. Rare Baikal seals can be found with spotted coats.

The Baikal seal lives only in the waters of Lake Baikal.[5] It is something of a mystery how Baikal seals came to live there in the first place. It can be speculated they swam up rivers and streams or possibly Lake Baikal was linked to the ocean at one point as the result of a large body of water, such as the West Siberian Glacial Lake or West Siberian Plain, formed in a previous ice age. The seals are estimated to have inhabited Lake Baikal for some two million years. The Baikal seal, the Saimaa ringed seal (Pusa hispida saimensis), and the Ladoga seal (Pusa hispida ladogensis) are the only exclusively freshwater seals.

The areas of the lake in which the Baikal seals reside changes depending on the season, as well as some other environmental factors. Baikal seals are solitary animals for the majority of the year, sometimes living kilometers away from other Baikal seals. In general, there is a higher concentration of Baikal seals in the northern parts of the lake, because the longer winter keeps the ice frozen for longer, which is preferable for pupping.However, in recent years, there have been migrations to the southern half of the lake, possibly to evade hunters.[3] In winter, when the lake is frozen over, seals maintain a few breathing holes over a given area and tend to remain nearby, not interfering with the food supplies of a nearby neighbour. When the ice begins to melt, the Baikal seals tend to keep to the shoreline.

The Baikal seal’s main food source is the golomyanka, found only in Lake Baikal. Baikal seals eat more than half of the annual produced biomass of golomyanka, some 64,000 tons.[4] Baikal seals also eat some types of invertebrates,[4] and the occasional omul. They feed mainly at night, when the fish come within 100 m (330 ft) of the surface. They feed with 10-20 minute dives, although this is hardly the extent of their abilities. Baikal seals have two liters more blood than any other seal of their size and can stay underwater for up to 70 minutes if they are frightened or need to escape danger.

The Baikal seal is blamed for drops in omul numbers; however, this is not the case. The omul’s main competitor is the golomyanka and by eating tons of these fish a year, Baikal seals cut down on the omul’s competition for resources.

Baikal seals do have one unusual foraging habit. In the early autumn, before the entire lake freezes, they migrate to bays and coves and hunt sculpin, a fish that lives in silty areas and as a result usually contains a lot of grit and silt in its stomach. This grit scours the seals' gastrointestinal tracts and gets rid of parasites.

民族理論與民族關(guān)系的區別

種族

又稱(chēng)做人種，是在體質(zhì)形態(tài)上具有某些共同遺傳特征的人群?！胺N族”這一概念以及種族的具體劃分都是具有相當爭議性的課題，其在不同的時(shí)代和不同的文化中都有差異，種族的概念也牽涉到諸如社會(huì )認同感以及民族主義等其他范疇。 20世紀以前，科學(xué)家普遍認為，人類(lèi)分為若干個(gè)本質(zhì)主義方式劃分的（即以不可缺的特征來(lái)劃分的）種族，如尼格羅人種（黑種人）、蒙古人種（黃種人）、高加索人種（白種人）等。但自1940年代起，進(jìn)化論科學(xué)家開(kāi)始淘汰這種理論。另外，種族長(cháng)期以來(lái)是以科學(xué)分類(lèi)的角度所理解的，即將種族視為一個(gè)分類(lèi)的層次，如將種族等同于亞種；但1960年代起，群體遺傳學(xué)研究中新出現的數據以及模型也使一些科學(xué)家開(kāi)始質(zhì)疑這種理解，而轉而以群體、特征線(xiàn)等其他概念來(lái)研究人類(lèi)內部的差別。1990年代以來(lái)，基因體學(xué)以及分支系統學(xué)研究中新出現的數據和模型也使科學(xué)界對人類(lèi)起源有了新的認識，使一些科學(xué)家轉而用世系而非特征來(lái)定義種族的劃分，并且認為種族應該理解為模糊集合，統計群體，或廣義的家族。 有許多進(jìn)化學(xué)以及社會(huì )學(xué)家認為，基于近年來(lái)的生物學(xué)研究結果，任何對于人類(lèi)種族的定義，都缺乏科學(xué)分類(lèi)的嚴謹性和正確性；“種族”的定義是不準確的，隨意性的，約定俗成的，隨文化視角的差異而變化，種族應該視為一種社會(huì )建構。但也有其他科學(xué)家認為，這個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn)轉變的動(dòng)機，主要為政治原因而非科學(xué)。

民族是指人們在一定的歷史發(fā)展階段形成的有共同語(yǔ)言、共同地域、共同經(jīng)濟生活以及表現于共同的民族文化特點(diǎn)上的共同心理素質(zhì)的穩定的共同體。

“民族”一詞使用非常廣泛。但不同場(chǎng)合，其所表達的含義也有所不同。一種是廣義的，泛指人們在歷史上形成的、處于不同歷史階段的各種共同體，如原始民族、古代民族、近代民族、現代民族、土著(zhù)民族等，甚至氏族、部落也可以包括在內?；蛴靡灾敢粋€(gè)國家或一個(gè)地區的各民族，如中華民族、阿拉伯民族等。另一種是狹義的民族，指資產(chǎn)階級民族和社會(huì )主義民族，即指各個(gè)具體的民族共同體。如英吉利人、德意志人、法蘭西人、漢族、蒙古族、滿(mǎn)族、回族、藏族等。

民族屬于一定社會(huì )發(fā)展階段的歷史范疇，不是在人類(lèi)社會(huì )一開(kāi)始就有的，而是當人類(lèi)歷史發(fā)展到一定時(shí)期才產(chǎn)生的。同樣，隨著(zhù)社會(huì )的發(fā)展，到了一定的歷史時(shí)期，民族就會(huì )消亡。民族形成的過(guò)程，實(shí)際上就是民族語(yǔ)言、民族心理、民族精神、民族經(jīng)濟和生活，即民族文化、民族特征形成的過(guò)程。民族形成之后，各民族在共同發(fā)展和共同繁榮的過(guò)程中，共同性必然越來(lái)越多，差異性越來(lái)越小，民族同化、民族融合的因素也就逐漸增加，最終達到民族差別的消失，即民族融合的實(shí)現，人類(lèi)又恢復到無(wú)民族差別的狀態(tài)。但這不是恢復到史前史期那種無(wú)民族差別的狀態(tài)，而是在高級形態(tài)上的恢復和發(fā)展。

族群

1，族群在民族學(xué)中指地理上靠近，語(yǔ)言上相近，血統同源，文化同源的一些民族的集合體，也稱(chēng)族團。比如中華民族可分為華夏族群，百越族群，百濮族群，氐羌族群，苗瑤族群，突厥族群，蒙古族群和女真族群等。

2，族群是指在同一時(shí)間同一地點(diǎn)同一種生物所形成的團體。

比如說(shuō)，以整個(gè)地球為其討論的范圍時(shí)，則人類(lèi)的族群以現階段而言是由六十億人口所組成的。

如果我們以臺灣為一地理的范圍來(lái)看，則在此時(shí)臺灣的人類(lèi)族群只有由兩千三百萬(wàn)人口所組成的團體。

臺灣的人類(lèi)族群是屬於整個(gè)地球人類(lèi)族群的一部份，我們又稱(chēng)其為地球人類(lèi)族群的subpopulation。

所以以一個(gè)大的地理范圍所定義的族群，又可以因為討論的地理范圍而分成數各小的次族群，就以人類(lèi)的族群而言，如果我們以每一國家的疆界為區隔，則地球上有多少?lài)揖蜁?huì )有多少次族群。