?byzantine

byzantine 發(fā)音

英：[?b?z?nti?n]　　美：[ba??z?nta?n]

英：　　美：

byzantine 中文意思翻譯

byzantine 詞性/詞形變化，byzantine變形

名詞復數形式:byzantines

byzantine 常用詞組

byzantine empire ─── 拜占庭帝國（即東羅馬帝國，395～1453，在歐洲東南部和亞洲西南部，由羅馬帝國分裂而成）

byzantine 短語(yǔ)詞組

1、Sicilian-Byzantine War ─── 西 ─── 西里-拜占庭戰爭

2、Byzantine fault tolerance ─── 拜占庭容錯

3、Byzantine-Persian War ─── 拜占庭-波斯戰爭

4、Byzantine Church ─── 拜占庭教會(huì )；東正教會(huì )

5、Byzantine-Muslim War ─── 拜占庭-穆斯林戰爭

6、Byzantine-Norman Wars ─── 拜占庭-諾曼戰爭

7、Byzantine-Avarian War ─── 拜占庭-瓦里安戰爭

8、Byzantine Iconoclasm ─── 拜占庭式圖標陣

9、Byzantine Greek ─── [網(wǎng)絡(luò )] 拜占庭希臘語(yǔ)

10、Byzantine Empire ─── 拜占庭帝國（即東羅馬帝國，395～1453，在歐洲東南部和亞洲西南部，由羅馬帝國分裂而成）

11、Ottoman-Byzantine Wars ─── 奧斯曼-拜占庭戰爭

12、Byzantine Revolts ─── 拜占庭起義

13、Frankish-Byzantine War ─── 法蘭克-拜占庭戰爭

14、Byzantine-Russian War ─── 拜占庭-俄羅斯戰爭

15、Byzantine War ─── 拜占庭戰爭

16、Byzantine architecture ─── 拜占庭建筑

17、Bulgaria-Byzantine War ─── 保加利亞-拜占庭戰爭

18、Byzantine diplomacy ─── 拜占庭外交

19、Muslim-Byzantine Wars ─── 穆斯林-拜占庭戰爭

byzantine 相似詞語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)

1、barkantine ─── n.三桅帆船

2、Byzantine ─── n.拜占庭人，拜占庭派的建筑師；adj.拜占庭式的；東羅馬帝國的；錯綜復雜的；暗中的

3、bisontine ─── 雙峰

4、Byzantines ─── 拜占庭人

5、banting ─── n.班廷式減肥療法

6、Byzantium ─── n.拜占庭（古羅馬城市，今稱(chēng)伊斯坦布爾）

7、Levantine ─── adj.黎凡特的；黎凡特人的；n.黎凡特人；n.（美）利凡廷（人名）；n.(levantine)利凡廷綢

8、brigantine ─── n.雙桅帆船

9、basaltine ─── n.玄武角閃石；玄武巖石

byzantine 常見(jiàn)例句（雙語(yǔ)使用場(chǎng)景）

1、In fact, the revival of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion. ─── 事實(shí)上，拜占庭學(xué)習的復興本身可能影響了后來(lái)的經(jīng)濟和軍事擴張。

2、The church is in the shape of a Greek cross, its width coinciding with that of the three Byzantine naves . ─── 教堂以希臘的十字記號體現，它的寬度與三個(gè)拜占庭的中殿一樣。

3、The Byzantine Empire was then conquered by the Ottoman Empire. ─── 奧斯曼帝國正是在這樣的條件下滅掉拜占庭帝國的。

4、Similarly the Arab chieftains on their silken Byzantine divans could not forget the desert , and hoarded riches far beyond any possible physical need . ─── 同樣,那些坐在拜占庭帝國柔軟光滑的長(cháng)沙發(fā)上的阿拉伯酋長(cháng)們也無(wú)法忘記沙漠,貯藏起遠遠超過(guò)身體可能需要的財富.

5、Founded c. 660 b.c. as Byzantium, it was renamed Constantinople in a.d. 330 by Constantine the Great, who made it the capital of the Eastern Roman, or Byzantine, Empire. ─── 于公元前660年建時(shí)稱(chēng)作拜占庭，公元330年由君士坦丁大帝改名為君士坦丁堡，他把它定為東羅馬帝國的首都，或君士坦丁帝國。

6、After being baptized, Rus began into Byzantine Commonwealth, way of association is not trade and warfare but culture and religion. ─── 受洗后,羅斯開(kāi)始進(jìn)入拜占廷共同體,兩國交往的方式不再以貿易和戰爭為主要內容,取而代之的是文化和宗教交往。

7、It is the Byzantine Christian architectures which led the western ancient architectures,for they had some spirit center spaces in their architectures. ─── 主導西方傳統建筑的是拜占庭基督教建筑,因其精神內核是建筑成為主流的主因。

8、There is reason to regret that a cleavage between East and West began to appear in the Middle Ages through the sibling rivalry of the Byzantine and Catholic Empires and Churches. ─── 人們有理由感到遺憾的是，由于中世紀的拜占庭帝國和天主教皇和基督教協(xié)進(jìn)會(huì )之間的紛爭，東方和西方之間開(kāi)始出現分裂。

9、But it has been a struggle, largely thanks to the Byzantine nature of the American system. ─── 由于美國系統的拜占庭性格，這可能會(huì )是一場(chǎng)斗爭。

10、On the other hand, Byzantine music is parallel to the western music. ─── 另一方面，拜占庭音樂(lè )在相當長(cháng)的時(shí)間里(1000年左右)與西方音樂(lè )并存。

11、As Despot of the Morea, Constantine had been one of the few Byzantine generals to meet some success against the Turks. ─── 在摩里亞的君主時(shí)，君士坦丁就已經(jīng)率領(lǐng)拜占庭將軍進(jìn)行抗擊土耳其人的斗爭，并取得了一些勝利。

12、The Byzantine Empire in theory represented the whole Christian world. ─── 從理論上說(shuō)，拜占庭帝國代表了整個(gè)基督教世界。

13、The Byzantine Empire was a centralized state in a medieval world of fragmented and localized power. ─── 在權力分離和地方化的中世紀里，拜占庭帝國是一個(gè)中央集權的國家。

14、Erzerum is a city of eastern Turkey east of Ankara. It was known in the fifth century a.d. as an important Byzantine frontier post with a population of 190,241. ─── 埃爾斯倫是土耳其東部城市，位于安卡拉東部。公元15世紀時(shí)作為拜占庭帝國的邊境貿易站而聞名，有人口190241。

15、Sent by the Byzantine emperor Zeno to invade Italy in 488, he made himself sole ruler by 493 and murdered Odoacer by treachery. ─── 488年拜占庭皇帝芝諾令其入侵義大利，到493年他發(fā)動(dòng)叛變殺害統治者奧多亞塞并使自己成為唯一的統治者。

16、Psevdo?Dionysius was not only a renowned scholar of aesthetics of the Byzantine Empire but also of the whole Europe in the Middle Ages. ─── 偽狄?jiàn)W尼修斯(Psevdo-Dionysius)不僅是中世紀拜占庭、而且是中世紀整個(gè)歐洲著(zhù)名的美學(xué)家。

17、To back up an armistice signed with the Byzantine Empire in 1046, his father married him to a daughter of Emperor Constantine IX. ─── 為了表示對1046年跟拜占庭帝國簽訂的?；饏f(xié)定的支持，他的父親讓他與皇帝君士坦丁堡九世的女兒聯(lián)姻。

18、They provided the ruling culture of the Roman and Byzantine worlds, the ground out of which Christianity grew and from which Islam drew much of its sustenance. ─── 他們還為羅馬帝國和拜占庭 (即東羅馬帝國)提供了統治文化，為基督教的生長(cháng)提供了土壤，為伊斯蘭教的發(fā)展提供了養料。

19、In the 9th century, nominally under Byzantine suzerainty, the Serbs converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity. ─── 在9世紀，名義上受到拜占庭封建統治的塞爾維亞人皈依了東正教。

20、Turkish archaeologists announce today that they have discovered an ancient Byzantine port in an area that was planned to be an underground station. ─── 土耳其考古學(xué)家今天宣布，他們在一個(gè)計畫(huà)興建地鐵車(chē)站的區域，發(fā)現一個(gè)古拜占庭海港。

21、In the Byzantine period Orthodox Jews kept living in Capharnaum alongside Christians who in the meantime increased considerably. ─── 在拜占庭時(shí)期正統猶太教徒一直住在葛法翁，住在旁邊的基督徒們就是在此期間大幅度上升。

22、Glenn Bugh is associate professor of ancient and Byzantine history at Virginia Polytechnical Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia. ─── 尊重網(wǎng)上道德，遵守互聯(lián)網(wǎng)電子公告服務(wù)管理規定及中華人民共和國其他各項有關(guān)法律法規；

23、By the mid-16th century, Osman's descendants had killed off the Byzantine Empire and turned its capital, Constantinople (renamed Istanbul), into the world's greatest mosque city. ─── 到16世紀中葉，奧斯曼的后人消滅了拜占庭帝國，并將其首都君士坦丁堡（后改名為伊斯坦布爾）建設成為世界上最著(zhù)名的清真寺城市。

24、Russian Orthodox Church inherits and develops this Byzantine heritage and makes it the most special part of Russian culture. ─── 俄羅斯東正教會(huì )繼承發(fā)展了這一傳統，并使之成為俄羅斯文化中極富特色的組成部分。

25、Others again see it as a catalyst for the European Renaissance, especially after Hellenic talent was freed from Byzantine dogmatism. ─── 也有人將其視之為歐洲文藝復興的催化劑，特別是在希臘式的天才從拜占庭的教條主義解放出來(lái)之后尤其如此。

26、"Justinian Plague" recorded by Procupius, the Byzantine famous writer during the 6th century, has been identified with bubonic plague recent years. ─── 6世紀拜占廷作家普羅柯比關(guān)于“查士丁尼瘟疫”的史料長(cháng)期沒(méi)有得到學(xué)術(shù)界應有的注意，相關(guān)研究的結論也大不相同。

27、At the same time, because Byzantiumvalues the education, Byzantine literati play a important role in the society. ─── 同時(shí),也因為拜占庭帝國重視教育的風(fēng)氣而使知識階層在社會(huì )中充當著(zhù)非常重要的角色。

28、Ms Herrin also shows that there was a fluid and perpetually evolving relationship between the competing influences of classical Greek learning, Greek Christianity and popular Byzantine culture. ─── Herrin女士也指出，在古典希臘語(yǔ)學(xué)習，希臘基督教和大眾拜占庭文化幾種互有競爭的影響之間，存在一種永恒流動(dòng)的進(jìn)化關(guān)系。

29、A city of eastern Turkey east of Ankara. It was known in the fifth century a.d. as an important Byzantine frontier post. Population,190, 241. ─── 埃爾斯倫土耳其東部一城市，位于安卡拉東部。公元15世紀時(shí)作為拜占庭帝國的邊境貿易站而聞名。人口190，241

30、Bulgaria is founded as a Khanate on the south bank of the Danube, after defeating the Byzantine armies of Emperor Constantine IV south of the Danube delta. ─── 681年的今天，保加利亞在于多瑙河三角洲以南的地區擊敗了康斯坦丁四世皇帝下的拜占庭帝國軍隊后，在多瑙河的南岸建立了可汗領(lǐng)土。

31、In the conclusionpart,the author introduces briefly the social situation at that time and generalizes Byzantine women's overall status in the society. ─── 在結語(yǔ)部分，筆者就當時(shí)的社會(huì )形勢做了一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單介紹，就婦女在這個(gè)社會(huì )的總體地位進(jìn)行了評述。

32、The Master of Offices and his organization is the important arm for Byzantine despotism in the early Byzantine period. ─── 在早期拜占庭時(shí)期，執事官及其機構是拜占庭專(zhuān)制皇權統治的重要膀臂。

33、One of the best known are the Billings to establish Syracuse, Sparta build the tower together with (see the Greece), to establish the Byzantine Maijiala, Miletus were established, such as Olbia. ─── 其中最著(zhù)名的有林斯人建立的敘拉古，斯巴達人建立的塔連同（見(jiàn)大希臘），邁加拉人建立的拜占庭，米利都人建立的奧爾比亞等。

34、If DMOZ linked to a history of Nakashima's works, to the free project dorectory of Fine Woodworking Magazine's online site, or to a page on byzantine throne characteristics. ─── 實(shí)時(shí)查看 訪(fǎng)客端輸入的文字內容，在訪(fǎng)客提交之前，客服端可以通過(guò)實(shí)時(shí)查看功能看到，方便客服提前準備好答案，提升服務(wù)的品質(zhì)。

35、It gives us a taste of life in the Byzantine years, from the fortresses of Mystras and Monemvasia in Southern Greece, to the famed monasteries and churches of Mount Athos in the North. ─── 從希臘南部的米斯特拉和莫奈姆瓦夏的城壘，到希臘北部著(zhù)名的阿索斯圣山，我們從中體驗到拜占庭時(shí)代的醇厚精神。

36、In the conclusion part,the author sums up the features of Byzantine social in that time,and points out their warning results on today society. ─── 在結語(yǔ)部分,筆者總結了那一時(shí)期拜占庭社會(huì )的歷史發(fā)展特點(diǎn),指出了它對當今社會(huì )的警示作用。

37、Similarly the Arab chieftains on their silken Byzantine divans could not forget the desert ,and hoarded riches far beyond any possible physical need. ─── 同樣，坐在拜占庭帝國絲絨沙發(fā)椅上的阿拉伯酋長(cháng)也不會(huì )忘記沙漠，他們把遠遠超出任何可能物質(zhì)需要的財富囤積起來(lái)。

38、A Byzantine emperor or prince. ─── 君主一個(gè)拜占庭帝國皇帝或王子

39、As Despot of the Morea, Constantine had been one of the few Byzantine generals to meet some success against the Turks. ─── 在摩里亞的君主時(shí)，君士坦丁就已經(jīng)率領(lǐng)拜占庭將軍進(jìn)行抗擊土耳其人的斗爭，并取得了一些勝利。

40、The palaces, cathedrals, and government Buildings within the walls encompass a variety of styles, including byzantine, Russian Baroque, and Classical. ─── 大墻內的宮殿、教堂和政府建筑包含了各種風(fēng)格,包括拜占庭式、俄羅斯巴洛克式以及古典式的。

41、Second, Mr Obama's scattershot tax increases are a poor substitute for the wholesale reform America's Byzantine tax code needs. ─── 其次，美國需要的是大規模改革其錯綜復雜的稅種，而奧巴馬寬泛的增稅計劃只是一個(gè)拙劣的替代。

42、To consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon is reasonable. ─── 把拜占庭的軍事、文化和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展看作是一個(gè)單一現象的不同方面是合理的。

43、Similarly the Arab chieftains on their silken Byzantine divans could not forget the desert, and hoarded riches far beyond any possible physical need. ─── 同樣,那些坐在拜占庭帝國柔軟光滑的長(cháng)沙發椅上的阿拉伯酋長(cháng)們也無(wú)法忘記沙漠,貯藏起遠遠超過(guò)可能需要的物質(zhì)財富。

44、Cimabue:Italian painter trained in the Byzantine style and considered the first master of the Florentine school. ─── 契馬布埃:受訓于拜占庭風(fēng)格的意大利畫(huà)家,被認為是佛羅倫薩學(xué)院的首任校長(cháng).

45、A bill to simplify the Byzantine tax structure. ─── 一項簡(jiǎn)化錯綜復雜的財稅結構的議案

46、The Games were held every four years from 776 BC to 393 AD,and never stoped untill they were abolished by the Christian Byzantine Emperodr Theodosius 1. ─── 從公元前776年到公元393，奧運會(huì )每四年舉行一次，從未間斷，真到東羅馬帝國皇帝西奧多修斯一世將其廢止。

47、It is the Byzantine Christian architectures which led the western ancient architectures, for they had same spirit center spaces in their architectures. ─── 主導西方傳統建筑的是拜占庭基督教建筑，因其精神內核是建筑成為主流的主因。

48、Italian painter trained in the Byzantine style and considered the first master of the Florentine school. ─── 契馬布埃，喬瓦尼1240？－1302？受訓于拜占庭風(fēng)格的意大利畫(huà)家，被認為是佛羅倫薩學(xué)院的首任校長(cháng)

49、The sacking of the great Byzantine city of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) had positive effects for the Venetians. ─── 對偉大的拜占庭城市君士坦丁堡(現伊斯坦布爾)的劫掠給威尼斯人帶來(lái)了實(shí)際的好處。

50、Viewed from treaty of postwar, Byzantine and Rus is equal. ─── 從戰后雙方簽訂的條約看,拜占廷和基輔羅斯的關(guān)系是平等的。

51、An ancient country of Transcaucasia roughly equivalent to the eastern part of present-day Georgia. Iberia was allied to Rome and later ruled by a Persian dynasty. It became a Byzantine province in the sixth century a.d. ─── 伊比利亞外高加索的一個(gè)古代國家。大體相當于現在的格魯吉亞的東部；伊比利亞曾經(jīng)和羅馬聯(lián)盟，后來(lái)被波斯帝國統治。在公元前6世紀成為拜占庭的一個(gè)省

52、A city of eastern Turkey east of Ankara.It was known in the fifth century a.d.as an important Byzantine frontier post.Population, 190, 241. ─── 埃爾斯倫土耳其東部一城市，位于安卡拉東部。公元15世紀時(shí)作為拜占庭帝國的邊境貿易站而聞名。人口190，

53、A geographical work compiled by the cartographer, Ptolemy of Alexandria in about 165 AD and subsequently translated and revised by a Byzantine scholar, located several ports in South-East Asia. ─── 大約公元165年，一本由亞歷山大制圖者托勒密編輯、后來(lái)由拜占庭學(xué)者翻譯并修訂出版的地理書(shū)記載了東南亞的幾個(gè)港口。

54、In the second chapter, the author analyzes according to the ideology what Byzantine people expected to the roles of the empress dowager , queen and Princess. ─── 在第二章中，筆者從意識形態(tài)的角度入手，論證了拜占廷人心目中的皇太后、皇后以及公主角色。

55、In Yenikapi, a neighborhood of textile factories and hotels, diggers discovered the lost Byzantine port of the Emperor Theodosius. ─── 在耶尼卡帕，一個(gè)紡織工廠(chǎng)，酒店附近，挖掘者發(fā)現了拜占庭皇帝狄?jiàn)W多失去了港口。

56、He shackled private enterprise with Byzantine controls and denied autonomy to the public sector. ─── 他用錯綜復雜的控制束縛了私有企業(yè)的發(fā)展，并否定公營(yíng)部門(mén)的自主權。

57、The old restraints were formidable: family, caste, religious fatalism, Byzantine bureaucracy. ─── 古老的束縛令人生畏，家族、種姓、宗教宿命觀(guān)，繁文縟節僵化的官僚體系。

58、Similarly the Arab chieftains on their silken Byzantine divans could not forget the desert, and hoarded riches far beyond any possible physical need . ─── 同樣，那些坐在拜占庭帝國柔軟光滑的長(cháng)沙發(fā)上的阿拉伯酋長(cháng)們也不會(huì )忘記沙漠，因而貯藏起遠遠超過(guò)身體可能需要的財富。

59、May 1453, Turkey in the Sudan Mai Hamu II with the help of heavy artillery, took a weak defense of Constantinople, the city's fall also represents the demise of the Byzantine Empire. ─── 7世紀以后，由于封建分裂狀態(tài)的發(fā)展，拜占庭帝國瓦解，日漸沒(méi)落，只剩下巴爾干和小亞細亞，后來(lái)又幾次遭到西歐十字軍的蹂躪，氣息奄奄，終于在1453年被土爾其人滅亡！

60、Unfortunately, the diagnosis of malicious (Byzantine) fault components can not satisfy FDA in this situation because of the arbitrariness of its behavior. ─── 但是,在此假設下,對惡意(拜占庭故障)組件的診斷是不可能滿(mǎn)足FDA的.

61、He was surrounded by the folk music of the Romanian countryside and the liturgy of the Byzantine Orthodox Church. ─── 他的周?chē)教幎际橇_馬尼亞民間音樂(lè )，還有拜占庭東正教的禮拜儀式。

62、The Byzantine era extended from the 13th century and went into the 16th century and was characterized by art with religious influence. ─── 拜占庭式藝術(shù)開(kāi)始于13世紀，一直延續到16世紀，其主要特點(diǎn)是濃郁的宗教氣息。

63、Not long after, the best part of the Byzantine Empire that vast empire that once had run from Spain to Syria was ruled by Arab Kurds. ─── 不久拜占廷帝國最好的領(lǐng)地，也就是從西班牙到敘利亞的廣大帝國全部由阿拉伯庫爾德人接管。

64、In the period from the death of Nicephoros I (811) to the rise of Basil the Macedonian (867) the Byzantine state again made Iconoclasm the basis of imperial policy. ─── 從811年尼基弗魯斯一世死到867年馬其頓王朝的瓦西里的興起這段時(shí)期，拜占廷政府再次將毀壞圣像作為帝國政策的基礎。

65、Meanwhile, the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius had successfully outflanked the Persian armies in Asia Minor and handed them a crushing defeat in Northern Mesopotamia. ─── 同時(shí)，拜占庭的皇帝赫拉克略已經(jīng)成功地在小亞細亞翼側包圍波斯軍隊，把他們擠進(jìn)美索不達米亞北部，并且打敗他們。

66、From the Byzantine period there has been recovered a fine fragment of the altar rails which enclosed the sanctuary (presbyterium), together with several funerary inscriptions. ─── 從拜占庭時(shí)期，這里又被恢復為祭壇。從一些細微的殘片得知這些是長(cháng)老至封閉式祭壇的圍欄，和許多葬禮用的碑文混在一起。

67、They’ve already uncovered the timbers of thousand-year-old jetties and docks, and thirty-four Byzantine ships, each over a thousand years old. ─── 他們已經(jīng)發(fā)現了數千木材歲的防波堤和碼頭，34拜占庭船，每一千多歲。

68、Despite boasting the world's trade capital and home of Orthodox Christianity in Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire is well past its zenith and is now in steady decline. ─── 君士坦丁堡盡管自詡為世界貿易中心和東正教發(fā)源地，但拜占庭帝國已經(jīng)走過(guò)了它最輝煌的時(shí)刻并逐漸衰落。

69、He did his homework and mastered the details of policy, but he delegated vast powers to Bob Haldeman and John Ehrlichman in an atmosphere of Byzantine secrecy and intrigue. ─── 他事先充分準備，閱讀文件，掌握政策細節，把巨大的權力委之于鮑勃 - 霍爾德曼和約翰 - 埃利希曼兩人。 那一片陰謀詭秘的氣氛頗有點(diǎn)古拜占庭宮廷式的味道。

70、Established in Cilicia by the Armenian Rubenid dynasty in the 12th century, after initial struggles with the Byzantine empire, it developed contacts with the West. ─── 12世紀時(shí)由亞美尼亞人魯本王朝在西利西亞建立的王國，開(kāi)始時(shí)與拜占庭帝國展開(kāi)多次斗爭，后來(lái)與西方發(fā)展了聯(lián)系。

71、The Fire Ship is a Byzantine Dromon modified to carry a medieval version of the flame thrower used to spew out Greek Fire at unfortunate foes. ─── 噴火戰艦是德羅蒙戰艦的改進(jìn)型號，配備中世紀噴火裝置以向敵軍噴射著(zhù)名的希臘火。

72、There are also several well-preserved Byzantine frescoes. ─── 還有一些保存完好的拜占庭時(shí)期的壁畫(huà)。

73、The story goes that we (HBS) have studied it and have given this rather Byzantine method of distributing goods and services our blessing... and even teach a course on it. ─── 因為安利的反利政策是：銷(xiāo)售越多返利比例越高，因此很多人都把幾個(gè)月的業(yè)績(jì)累計上報。

74、Used as a title for various administrative officials of the late Roman and Byzantine empires. ─── 宮廷官吏用來(lái)作為各種各樣管理官員的頭銜，在羅馬和拜占庭帝國后期

75、an organization of Byzantine complexity ─── 像拜占庭復雜詭秘的機構.

76、Like Vladimir, Yaroslav was eager to improve relations with the rest of Europe, especially the Byzantine Empire. ─── 和父親弗拉基米爾一樣，雅羅斯拉夫急切地希望拉近自己與歐洲諸國，特別是拜占庭帝國的關(guān)系。

77、They are built on the Byzantine pattern, in small scale, and have painted fresco decoration. ─── 他們以拜占廷式的圖案建造，小面積地用壁畫(huà)做裝飾。

78、One of the most serious events of his reign was the beginning of the debasement of Byzantine coins. ─── 他統治期間最為嚴重的事情之一是開(kāi)始降低拜占庭貨幣的成色。

79、Constructed over a long period, from the 4th to the 15th century, they constitute a diachronic typological series, which had considerable influence in the Byzantine world. ─── 從4世紀到15世紀，它們的修建經(jīng)歷了很長(cháng)時(shí)間，因此，它們反映了同一類(lèi)型的教堂在不同歷史時(shí)期的特點(diǎn)，這對拜占廷世界產(chǎn)生了相當大的影響。

80、In 1988, Mullender brought forward Byzantine quorum system with the voting protocol. ─── 1988年Mullender提出了Byzantine Quorum系統主要研究選舉協(xié)議；

81、As in the case of the Byzantine building, the Medieval church ended to the east with three circular apses. The outside wall of the central-apse was, however, polygonal. ─── 關(guān)于拜占庭式建筑一樣，中世紀教堂盡頭的東側有三個(gè)半圓壁龕。不過(guò)，中央壁龕的外墻呈現多角型形式。

82、International Association for Byzantine Studies ─── 國際拜占庭研究協(xié)會(huì )

83、Nevertheless, the Crusades, to make direct contact with Western Europe was more advanced Byzantine civilization and Islamic civilization. ─── 盡管如此，十字軍東征使西歐直接接觸到了當時(shí)更為先進(jìn)的拜占庭文明和伊斯蘭文明。

84、Periodic renaissances of Byzantine art occurred that created close imitation of past models. ─── 在拜占延帝國時(shí)期曾出現過(guò)周期性的文藝復興,它們創(chuàng )造了與羅馬模式很接近的作品。

85、An Arab emir (Mousour) carries off the daughter (Eirene) of a Byzantine general named Doukas. ─── 一個(gè)阿拉伯人的埃米爾（默索爾）奪取了一位名叫杜卡斯的拜占庭將軍的女兒伊琳尼。

86、Bright sparks like Mr Bookstaber ushered in a revolution that fuelled the boom in financial derivatives and Byzantine "structured products". ─── 像布克斯多布一樣精明的人展示了在一場(chǎng)促使金融衍生品和高度復雜的“結構化產(chǎn)品”繁榮興旺的變革。

87、It has been an independent state for centuries at a time, but it has also been part of the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman empires. ─── 她曾獨立過(guò)幾世紀，卻也一度淪為羅馬帝國、拜占庭帝國和鄂圖曼土耳其帝國的領(lǐng)土。

88、Distributed consensus is another form of Byzantine agreement and Byzantine agreement is one of the most important problems in distributed computing. ─── 分布式一致性和Byzantine一致性是等價(jià)的，而Byzantine一致性是分布式計算領(lǐng)域最基本的問(wèn)題之一。

89、The Dome is in the shape of a Byzantine martyrium, a structure intended for the housing and veneration of saintly relics, and is an excellent example of middle Byzantine art. ─── 圓形的屋頂結構內部呈現的是拜占庭殉道廟的風(fēng)格，一個(gè)適合居住和供奉圣物的場(chǎng)所，也是中東古拜占庭藝術(shù)文化中的瑰寶。

有哪些有關(guān)拜占庭帝國的書(shū)籍？

拜占庭帝國，在古代也叫東羅馬。曾經(jīng)與我國古代唐朝及阿拉伯帝國并稱(chēng)為世界三大帝國，綜合國力在當時(shí)排歷史第三位。

拜占庭，在歷史上是非常有地位的。相信在書(shū)籍上描寫(xiě)相關(guān)歷史的肯定會(huì )比較多。

我曾經(jīng)也看過(guò)兩本關(guān)于寫(xiě)拜占庭帝國的書(shū)籍。一本是《拜占庭帝國》，另一本叫《拜占庭：東羅馬文明概述》。

《拜占庭帝國》，這書(shū)的作者是美國人拉爾斯.布朗沃斯。這本出本之后，被稱(chēng)為是歐洲中世紀三部曲之一；這本書(shū)應該說(shuō)是非常精彩、全面的講述拜占庭帝國的完整歷史。對于，這本書(shū)，我還是比較強烈推薦大家買(mǎi)來(lái)看看。

《拜占庭：東羅馬文明概述》，是英國的作家N.H.拜尼斯編著(zhù)。這書(shū)相對于其他相關(guān)書(shū)籍而言，更多是以專(zhuān)題的結構、論文式的寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格；對于拜占庭歷史上許多的重要問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了思辨性的闡述，向讀者朋友展示了拜占庭帝國的歷史與文化的精華。這本最重要的一點(diǎn)是，它不像其他相關(guān)書(shū)籍都是描述性的，它更多的是思考辨述性。如果你是個(gè)平時(shí)愛(ài)思考問(wèn)題的話(huà)，這本書(shū)是最適合不過(guò)的。

拜占庭帝國，在古代號稱(chēng)世界三大帝國之一的國家，肯定會(huì )很多相關(guān)的歷史文人和一些歷史學(xué)家對其研究編寫(xiě)成書(shū)。所以，相關(guān)拜占庭帝國的書(shū)籍，應該有很多吧！不過(guò)，我這推薦的這兩本覺(jué)得好看超乎你的想象。

有哪些有關(guān)拜占庭帝國的書(shū)籍？

想要系統了解東羅馬帝國（拜占庭帝國）的歷史，我推薦你去看這本書(shū)：

THE OXFORD HISTORY OF BYZANTIUM（牛津拜占庭史），

這本書(shū)的主編Cyril Mango是牛津大學(xué)的拜占庭與希臘語(yǔ)言文學(xué)的教授，參與者包括了牛津大學(xué)、劍橋大學(xué)、哈佛大學(xué)等多所世界一流大學(xué)的教授。這本書(shū)詳細介紹了拜占庭帝國1100多年的歷史，并且是專(zhuān)門(mén)寫(xiě)東羅馬帝國的歷史，不是一般的世界歷史的東羅馬帝國部分。這部書(shū)是由一群在拜占庭帝國研究最前沿的知名專(zhuān)家集體合作完成的，除了文字以外，還附帶超過(guò)150張美麗的插圖，告訴世人東羅馬帝國的文明生活，通過(guò)文字和圖像連接東歐的古代和現代世界，連接東方和西方的文明，時(shí)間跨度超過(guò)1100年，包括從古代的羅馬帝國到中世紀的皇帝和主教，士兵和圣人，藝術(shù)家和貿易商，以及伊斯蘭教和基督教世界的各種故事。

全書(shū)分為十二個(gè)部分：

1. The Eastern Empire from Constantine to Heraclius (306 - 641), 早期帝國時(shí)代

2. Life in City and Country,城市與鄉村的生活

3. New Religion, Old Culture, 新宗教

4. The Rise of Islam,伊斯蘭教的崛起

5. The Struggle for Survival, 為生存而奮斗

6. Iconoclasm,偶像破壞主義

7. The Medieval Empire (780-1204),中世紀帝國

8. The Revival of Learning, 學(xué)術(shù)的復興

9. Spreading the Word: Byzantine Missions, 拜占庭傳教團

10. Fragmentation (1204-1453), 破碎的帝國

11. Palaiologan Learning, 最后一個(gè)王朝

12. Towards a Franco-Greek Culture, 拜占庭的希臘化

從目錄結構可以看到，這本書(shū)是以簡(jiǎn)潔的形式提供了拜占庭帝國從羅馬時(shí)代起始到君士坦丁堡淪陷的詳細過(guò)程的歷史。而且文筆優(yōu)美，既是一部生動(dòng)的散文集(非常適合練習英語(yǔ)閱讀的朋友)，又是一部美麗的插圖畫(huà)冊（看圖說(shuō)話(huà)，不枯燥），并且涵蓋了從四世紀到十五世紀中葉的東西之間的歷史細節（不是只有權謀斗爭和血腥廝殺）。

更重要的是，這本書(shū)的作者都是大家，所以并不只是試圖描繪歷史的現象，而是力圖揭示了歷史現象背后的那個(gè)隱藏機制：即經(jīng)濟，社會(huì )和人口對歷史進(jìn)程的作用。作者把東羅馬帝國的歷史，放置到城市和鄉村的日常生活的演變過(guò)程，經(jīng)濟上的制造業(yè)和貿易業(yè)的轉型過(guò)程，政府機構和基督教教會(huì )的社會(huì )治理過(guò)程，教育和文學(xué)活動(dòng)的文化進(jìn)程中去綜合全面的考察，它不是一部帝王將相的相愛(ài)相殺史，而是一部全體東羅馬帝國人民的歷史。