nematode是什么意思,nematode中文翻譯,nematode發(fā)音、用法及例句
?nematode
nematode發(fā)音
英:[?nem?t??d] 美:[?n?m??tod]
英: 美:
nematode中文意思翻譯
n. 線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)類(lèi)
adj. 線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)類(lèi)的
nematode常見(jiàn)例句
1 、Effect of Rugby Granular on Sweet Potato Stem Nematode───克線(xiàn)丹顆粒劑對甘薯莖線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病的防治效果
2 、The differences in nematode functional group were very obvious between different land-uses.Corn field activities went against living of predator/omnivore nematodes.───不同土地利用方式下土壤線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)功能類(lèi)群差異顯著(zhù),玉米田不利于捕食類(lèi)群/雜食類(lèi)群的存在。
3 、As prominent immunogens,HSPs are ubiquitous within filarial nematode, and play an important role in the course of development of filarial nematode and immunity against filanial infection.───作為顯性的免疫原,熱休克蛋白廣泛分布于各種絲蟲(chóng),在絲蟲(chóng)的發(fā)育過(guò)程及宿主抗感染免疫中發(fā)揮了重要的作用。
4 、Jairajpuri,M.S. &Baqri,Q.H.,1992,Nematode Pests of Rice. U.S.:Westview Press.───中華人民共和國動(dòng)植物檢疫總所,1993,北京.植物檢疫線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)鑒定.
5 、It is 4 times in 1g log chip (average 24 602 nematode) of pine tree caused by PWN than that in one adult of JPS (average 5 352 nenlatode).───1g病木木材含松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)數平均24602條。 1頭天牛攜帶5 352條。
6 、The test showed that the lethal effiacy of the nematode to Chelidonium argentatum was 86.0%and had no effect to Dorysthenes granulosus from laboratory experiments.───在田間施用時(shí),由于蟲(chóng)道口小,蟲(chóng)道長(cháng)而復雜,致死率稍低,為70%左右;
7 、The food types of marine nematode in south Taiwan S trait mainly consist of selective deposit feeder and epistrate feeder, which clo sely related to the sediment.───臺灣海峽南部海洋線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的取食類(lèi)型以選擇性和非選擇性食沉積物者類(lèi)型占多數,但刮食性種類(lèi)也不少,這與臺灣海峽南部沉積物類(lèi)型密切相關(guān)。
8 、WASHINGTON -- Male sex is important even for the lowly nematode , a soil worm that can reproduce without the masculine gender.───華盛頓對于自身就可以繁殖的蠕蟲(chóng)來(lái)說(shuō),雄性的角色也是很重要的。
9 、Our country's port inspection and quarantine services intercepted pinewood nematode in wood packing materials from the U. S. and Japan for many times.───我國的口岸檢驗檢疫機關(guān)從來(lái)自美國和日本的木質(zhì)包裝中多次截獲到松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)。
10 、A small nematode worm(Anguina tritici) that is parasitic on and destructive to wheat.───小麥線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)一種小的線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)(小麥粒癭線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)鰻屬)寄生于小麥并對小麥有毀滅性作用
11 、Control of soybean cyst nematode with soybean root bio-protectant───圖大豆保根劑防治大豆胞囊線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)田間試驗
12 、Higher nematode densities were found under V.zizanoides cv.Karnataka and hybrid pennisetum,indicating that the two species have good potential for the improvement of soil fertility.───在所選的植物中,Karnataka和雜交狼尾草在土壤改良和土壤生物學(xué)效應方面有更好的潛力。
13 、It is obvious that RAPD method have been used in the research of peanut rhizobium and peanut nematode (eelworm) disease.───RAPD技術(shù)在花生根瘤菌、花生線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病等方面已有顯著(zhù)進(jìn)展。
14 、He tested his idea in a tiny nematode worm called Caenorhabditis elegans and, in 1994, published a paper showing how touch-receptor proteins are distributed around this worm.───他于1994年在一種稱(chēng)為秀麗隠桿線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的小型線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)中試驗了這一想法,標示出接觸受體是如何在整個(gè)蟲(chóng)體中分布的,并據此發(fā)表了一篇文章。
15 、Studies On Soybean Cyst Nematode In Jilin Province───吉林省大豆孢囊線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病初步研究
16 、Twenty eight root-knot nematode populations on Psidium guajava were collected from Hainan Province.───作者單位:海南省農業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護研究所;
17 、Cloning of a RGA Related Resistant Gene to Soybean Cyst Nematode───一個(gè)大豆孢囊線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)抗性相關(guān)基因RGA的克隆
18 、As it would be unethical to experiment on humans, his team used the nematode worm, Caenorhabditis elegans.───因為對人體進(jìn)行該實(shí)驗是不道德的,研究小組選擇了蠕蟲(chóng)。
19 、The prospect of nematode biocontrol by B.t. biopesticide was viewed at the same time.───展望了B.t.生物殺蟲(chóng)劑在線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的生物防治中的應用前景。
20 、All new varieties are free to blank shank and tobacco root nematode, and light infected Brown spot and TMV.───各品種都沒(méi)發(fā)黑脛病和根結線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病,赤星病和TMV較輕。
21 、So, this is iteration 89 of the nematode simulation.─── 這是線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)仿真的第89次迭代
22 、The reaction of different instars of pine wood nematode to high-voltage pulse current were different, the adult was more resistant to high-voltage pulse current than the larvae, especially the female.───不同齡期的松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)對高壓脈沖電流的反應不同,成蟲(chóng)對高壓脈沖電流的抗性更強,尤以雌蟲(chóng)更具抗性。
23 、Control Method of Soybean Cyst Nematode───大豆胞囊線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病的防治方法
24 、The present fast detection techniques of pine wood nematode was summarized from 3 aspects of morphologic detection, chemical-biochemical detection and molecular biological detection.───從形態(tài)學(xué)檢測、化學(xué)生化檢測、分子生物學(xué)檢測3個(gè)方面,對現行的松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的快速檢測技術(shù)進(jìn)行了綜述。
25 、More than 30 kinds of diseases and pests have been reported, but the damage of sweetpotato black rot, sweetpotato root rot, sweetpotato stem nematode and sweetpotato bacterial wilt is serious.───我國甘薯病蟲(chóng)害危害嚴重,已經(jīng)發(fā)現報導的有30多種,其中發(fā)生比較廣泛、為害比較嚴重的有甘薯黑斑病、甘薯根腐病、甘薯瘟病、甘薯莖線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病。
26 、Soybean cyst nematode ( Heterodera glycines Ichinohe )───大豆胞囊線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)
27 、Beaufort,a tolerant cultivar could decrease the density of nematodes and the eggs in the soil as well,but the nematode disease of the cucumber was severe compared with the control.───抗性砧木Beaufort也能顯著(zhù)地降低土中根結線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)和卵的密度,但下茬黃瓜根結線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的危害與對照相比沒(méi)有顯著(zhù)差異。
28 、In a small worm, say the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, there are 959 cells, making it the ideal model to solve this problem.───以某種小型土壤線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)為例,它有959個(gè)細胞,是解決這一問(wèn)題的理想模型。
29 、A. duodenale nematode anticoagulant protein 7 (AduNAPT)───抗凝蛋白AduNAP7
30 、Soil nematode community response to vegetation restoration in northern Fujian───土壤線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)群落對閩北森林植被恢復的響應
31 、Biological Control of Soybean Cyst Nematode───大豆胞囊線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病生物防治研究進(jìn)展
32 、The author reported the growth properties, incluing developing process and characteristics of hyphae, conidia, chlamydospore, and nematode trapping organs on 0.4 g/L CMA media or on 0.4 g/L LCMA media.───對捕食線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)性真菌菌絲、分生孢子、厚垣孢子、捕食性結構的發(fā)育過(guò)程和特點(diǎn)及其在 0 .4g/L玉米粉瓊脂固體培養基和液體培養基中的生長(cháng)情況進(jìn)行了研究。
33 、Dormancy or diapause are important strategies for nematode survival under adverse circumstances or in the absence of host.───休眠或滯育是其度過(guò)逆境條件或缺乏寄主時(shí)的主要策略。
34 、Any of various nematode worms, especially of the family Metastrongylidae, that are parasitic in the lungs of mammals.───后圓線(xiàn)蟲(chóng),肺蠕蟲(chóng)一種線(xiàn)蟲(chóng),尤指后圓線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)科線(xiàn)蟲(chóng),寄生在哺乳動(dòng)物的肺里
35 、The nematode is a favorite species used by researchers to answer such basic questions about sex and reproduction. The small creature , lives in the soil and feeds off bacteria .───當研究者面臨性別和繁衍此類(lèi)問(wèn)題時(shí),常常用蠕蟲(chóng)的例子來(lái)做回答。這種小小的生物,生活在土壤里,以細菌為生。
36 、Angiostrongylus cantonensis,a widespread nematode in southeast Asia and the Pacific islands,is believed to be the main pathogen resulting in human eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis.───廣州管圓線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病主要在東南亞及太平洋諸島流行。廣州管圓線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)為引起嗜酸性粒細胞性腦脊膜炎或腦膜腦炎的主要病原體。
37 、A RESEARCH REPORT OF PLANT PARASITE NEMATODE QUARANTINE IN EXPO '99───’99昆明世博會(huì )國外參展植物寄生性線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的檢疫研究報告
38 、root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla)───北方根結線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)
39 、A nematode worm(Syngamus trachea)that infects the tracheas of certain birds and causes gapes.───呵欠蟲(chóng)一種危害某些鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)的氣官并引起張口病的線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)(氣管比翼線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)比翼屬)
40 、The essay introduced the progress on the structure of esophageal glands of plant nematode and in its changes during the onset of parasitism,also in the components of secretions.───報道了植物線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)食道腺的結構,在生活史中的變化及其分泌物成分的研究進(jìn)展。
41 、The results indicated that the number of soil nematode varied significantly (PCc >Clc >Pm.───土壤線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)數量的季節波動(dòng)明顯, 屬數與個(gè)體密度均體現為春季>冬季>秋季>夏季, 而夏季極顯著(zhù)少于其他季節(P
42 、That's how those nematodes got into his body.─── 也就是那些線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)是怎么進(jìn)入他體內的
43 、Wu J and Y Liang. 1999. A new species of Odontolaimus de Man (Nematoda: Odontoliamidae) from Anhui Province, China. Journal of Nematode Morphology and Systematics. 2: 109-112.───吳紀華,梁彥齡.1998.淡水和土壤自由生活線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)分類(lèi)學(xué)研究的歷史和現狀.中國生物系統學(xué)研究回顧與展望.中國林業(yè)出版社.
44 、root knot nematode of Panax notoginseng───三七病原根結線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)
45 、cereal cyst nematode resistance gene───抗禾谷孢囊線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)基因
46 、We propose to integrate the life strategy approach and trophic group classification to obtain a better understanding of nematode diversity and their functions, so as to use nematodes as effective bioindicators in farmland ecosystems.───建議通過(guò)綜合土壤線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的生活史策略和營(yíng)養類(lèi)群等信息,深入了解其生物多樣性和土壤生態(tài)系統功能,從而更好地發(fā)揮土壤線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)對農田生態(tài)系統變化的生物指示作用。
47 、A nematode worm(Syngamus trachea) that infects the tracheas of certain birds and causes gapes.───呵欠蟲(chóng)一種危害某些鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)的氣官并引起張口病的線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)(氣管比翼線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)比翼屬)。
48 、A real time fluorescent PCR(ATF-PCR) method with TaqMan probe that was designed within rDNA-ITS2 was established to detect Pine Wood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.───以松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)rDNA -ITS2為靶區 ,建立松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的TaqMan探針實(shí)時(shí)熒光PCR檢測方法。
49 、Biocontrol of Pinewood Nematode and Its Insect Vector───我國松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)及其傳媒昆蟲(chóng)的生物防治
50 、SLIDE MAKING METHODS FOR PREDACIOUS NEMATODE FUNGI───捕食線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)菌物玻片標本制作方法
51 、Abstract : Megranate disease become increasingly serious in Yunnan recent years, especially root disease, it is often overlooked because the harm is hidden, nematode disease is one of them.───摘要 : 近年來(lái)云南石榴病害日趨嚴重,特別是根部病害,因為其危害具有隱蔽性,常被人們忽略,線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病害即其中之一。
52 、Grafting is an important means of perpetuating hybrids and reducing nematode damage and diseases by utilizing the resistant yellow passion fruit rootstock.───嫁接是一個(gè)重要手段,致使雜種及線(xiàn)蟲(chóng),減少損傷和疾病,可以用抗**西番蓮砧木.
53 、Okay, so we found nematodes in the cuts on his arms.─── 我們在他手臂的傷痕里找到了一些線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)
54 、engineering plants for nematode resistance───抗線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)基因工程
55 、Abstract: Objective To evaluate whether the thermotaxis tracking model is suitable for assessing long-term memory (LTM) in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.───摘要 :目的 評價(jià)線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)溫度趨向性模型是否適用于長(cháng)時(shí)程記憶的研究。
56 、Title: ADVANCES IN RESISTANCE TO SOYBEAN CYST NEMATODE (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) AND RESISTANT MOLECULAR MARKERS IN SOYBEAN(Glycines max Merr.───關(guān)鍵詞:大豆;胞囊線(xiàn)蟲(chóng);小種鑒定;抗性遺傳;分子標記
57 、Research progress on cereal cyst nematode───小麥禾谷胞囊線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病研究進(jìn)展
58 、The effects of Ethoprophos 30kg/ha and Temik 15 kg/ha on control cereal cyst nematode are lower Temik 22.5 kg/ha,but better than others,and the population of cyst after harvest reduced 82.94% and 76.48% than ck respectively.───15%鐵滅克15 kg/hm2、5%線(xiàn)敵30 kg/hm22個(gè)處理的防治效果次之,均在30%以上,收獲后每100 g干土中胞囊數分別比對照減少82.94%和76.48%;
59 、The CFIA has proposed implementing phytosanitary requirements on soybean imports from states infested with the soybean cyst nematode, commonly found in many U.───CFIA提議對那些從發(fā)現有大豆孢囊線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的州進(jìn)口的大豆進(jìn)行檢疫。
60 、Resistance to Root-knot nematode───抗根結線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病
61 、The past idea that terrestrial mermithid nematode can"t survive(because lack O2 in water) was changed.8.pH and population density were investigated. 9.───8. 揭示了pH值和接種物密度對線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)體外培養有較大影響。
62 、ITS sequence of Ddl-Dd8 populations of sweetpotato stem nematode from China was 727bp, whereas the Dd9-Dd10 isolates was about 915bp.───山東沂水群體序列長(cháng)度為915bp,江蘇銅山群體序列長(cháng)度為914bp。 8個(gè)甘薯莖線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)群體之間相似性高達98.9%;
63 、Keyword: insectivorous nematode;───關(guān) 鍵 詞: 昆蟲(chóng)線(xiàn)蟲(chóng);
64 、The experiment proved that terrestrial mermithid nematode,O.sinensis can be survival and oviposit in water.───7. 首次證實(shí)了陸棲中華卵索線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)懷卵雌蟲(chóng)可在水環(huán)境中長(cháng)期生存并直到產(chǎn)卵完畢。
65 、When the gene was disabled in tiny nematode worms, their nere cells literally broke.───當很小的線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)體內的這種基因失去作用,它們的神經(jīng)細胞會(huì )完全斷裂。
66 、For one nematode parasite, the goal is not to escape, but to be eaten.───對于一條線(xiàn)形寄生蟲(chóng)來(lái)說(shuō),目標不是逃跑,而是被吃下去。
67 、I intend to tell you a little about the early work on the nematode to put it into an intellectual perspective.───為了本次演講的知識連貫性,我會(huì )講一些關(guān)于線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的早期工作。
68 、The Happen Law and Prevent of Soybean Syst Nematode Disease───大豆胞囊線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病的發(fā)病規律及其預防措施
69 、We have studied suspended animation in a variety of popular laboratory workhorse organisms, such as yeast, zebrafish embryos and the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.───我們已經(jīng)研究了各種廣泛使用的實(shí)驗動(dòng)物,像是酵母菌、斑馬魚(yú)胚胎以及線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)(Caenorhabditiselegans)。
70 、I'm a vertebrate, neither an annelid nor a nematode.─── 我是脊椎動(dòng)物 不是環(huán)節動(dòng)物 也不是線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)
71 、In these areas the purple passion fruit is particularly susceptible to nematodes, while the yellow passion fruit is more nematode resistant.───在這些領(lǐng)域,紫色西番蓮是特別易受線(xiàn)蟲(chóng),而**西番蓮更是抗線(xiàn)蟲(chóng).
72 、Comprehensive Control of Root-Knot Nematode Occurring in Protective Land.───保護地根結線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的綜合防治。
73 、Abstract Study on the resistance mechanism of plants to Meloidogyne spp. was one of the hotspot in the researches of nematode.───摘要 近年來(lái),植物抗根結線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)機制研究已成為線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)研究領(lǐng)域的熱點(diǎn)之一。
74 、Now, strawberries, they're susceptible to soil fungi, nematodes.─── 這些草莓 對土壤真菌和線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)很敏感
75 、Under high power microscope, it was observed that the spear of the nematode stabbed into the hyphal cell and the stabbed hyphae were distortional or the protoplasm in the hyphae vanished.───在高倍顯微鏡下能觀(guān)察到線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)以口針刺吸菌絲,受害菌絲變形,大部分細胞成為空細胞,并且在被取食菌絲的細胞內外能觀(guān)察到大量細菌。
76 、Occurrence and Prevention and Control of Soybean Cyst Nematode───大豆胞囊線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病的發(fā)生與防治
77 、And this is a tiny nematode worm that lives in the soil.─── 這是生活在土壤里的一種小線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)
78 、Infestation and Control Measures of Soybean Cyst Nematode───大豆孢囊線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的危害及其防治
79 、Abstract Nematode is one of the important factors that disserve agriculture.Nematode harm is regarded as a kind of environmental stress.───摘要 植物寄生線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)是危害農業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要因素之一,線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)危害可以看作是一種脅迫。
80 、Effect of light on the latent period of pine wood nematode disease───光照對松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病潛育期的影響
81 、Unfortunately, nematodes are widely found in soil, so he could have picked them up anywhere, and we can't use them to find the crime scene.─── 不幸的是 線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)在土壤里分布很普遍 他有可能在任何地方染上 而且我們不能用這條線(xiàn)索去確認犯罪現場(chǎng)
82 、Southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita )───南方根結線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)
83 、Role of health education in prevention and control of nematode───健康教育在土源性線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)防治中的應用
84 、any of various often parasitic nematode worms,such as the vinegar eel───任一種寄生線(xiàn)蟲(chóng),如醋鰻鱺
85 、Fig.15: Root-knot nematode damaged watermelon field by monocultural farming.───圖十五、罹根瘤線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)單相種植西瓜園。
86 、A PRELIMINARY STUDY CITRUS NEMATODE(Tylenchlns semipenetrans)───四川柑桔根線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)(Tylenchulus semipenetrans)的研究
87 、This paper,however,conducts some research on the relationship between the soluble sugar content and the plasma-membrane permeability of Pinus elliottii inoculated with pine wood nematode.───以接種松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的濕地松來(lái)作為實(shí)驗材料,對感病濕地松葉片內可溶性糖含量與葉片質(zhì)膜透性變化的關(guān)系進(jìn)行研究。
什么是植物線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病害
什么是植物線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病害
plant nematode diseases
馮志新,黎少梅線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)對植物的為害其發(fā)病過(guò)程與昆蟲(chóng)咀嚼植物造成的機械損害不同。在攝取寄主體內營(yíng)養物以前,線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)由食道腺分泌含有多樣酶系的唾液,注入受害細胞。因唾液的毒害作用,寄主植物內部發(fā)生一系列生理病變和組織病變,外部出現癥狀。
分布
世界各地區均有分布。不同線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病害因地理、氣候條件、寄主植物、土壤類(lèi)型和發(fā)生歷史等因素而不同。而具有一定的地理分布區。多數根結線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)如南方根結線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)和爪哇根結線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)主要在熱帶和亞熱帶地區發(fā)生,少數根結線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)如北方根結線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)主要分布在月平均溫度最低0℃和最高15℃的北緯35°以北地區。在全世界,南方的植物根結線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病之所以較北方發(fā)生普遍和危害嚴重,溫度條件起了主要作用。小麥和大麥根癭線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病和茶盧斯根腐線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病分布在高海拔地區,前者在中國云南省分布在海拔2000米以上的高山地區,后者在斯里蘭卡分布在900~1800米的高地上。各種病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)對寄主植物種類(lèi)和品種有選擇性,因而某些線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病害與該地區的植被類(lèi)型和栽培作物的種類(lèi)和品種有關(guān)。如尖頭螺旋線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)和變尾螺旋線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)等在英國某些荒地(broadbalk wilderness)上流行,與該地覆蓋的再生林、草類(lèi)型有一定聯(lián)系。松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)萎蔫病[Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Steiner&Buhrer)Nickle]在日本流行成災,因為日本林地內廣泛分布高度感病的樹(shù)種日本赤松和日本黑樹(shù)。有些線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病害的發(fā)生與土壤類(lèi)型有密切的關(guān)系,如根結線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病一般分布在砂土地區;洋蔥莖線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病[Ditylenchus dipsaci(kühn)Filipjev]則在重粘土地區發(fā)生嚴重。此外,某些線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病害局限在少數國家發(fā)生,如松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)萎蔫病,長(cháng)期以來(lái)只是在日本、美國等少數國家發(fā)生,近年來(lái)才在中國江蘇、臺灣、香港和韓國等國和地區出現。
為害
植物線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)主要為害糧、棉、油、煙、茶、蔬菜、果樹(shù)、林木、花卉、熱作、牧草和藥材等各類(lèi)作物乃至食用菌,給農林業(yè)生產(chǎn)造成巨大的損失。據1971年美國線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)家協(xié)會(huì )作物損失委員會(huì )統計,美國農作物線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病引起平均損失為10%,約為16億美元。美國薩瑟(J.N.Sasser)等1987年估計每年全世界線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)造成的損失超過(guò)1000億美元;巴里加(R.Barriga)報道1976年哥倫比亞由根結線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)引起咖啡的損失每年多達8億美元。目前在世界各地普遍發(fā)生的線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病害主要有根結線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)、短體線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)、胞囊線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)、莖線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)、球形胞囊線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)、半穿刺線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)和穿孔線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)等所引起的各種植物線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病害。其中,相似穿孔線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)、馬鈴薯金線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)、馬鈴薯白線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)、松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)、椰子紅環(huán)腐線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)、起絨草莖線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)、稻莖線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)和甜菜胞囊線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)等在某些國家流行,造成毀滅性為害,因此列為中國對外檢疫對象。中國比較突出的線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病害有花生、煙草、柑橘、桑、茶、麻、蔬菜、花卉和藥材等多種作物的根結線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病及大豆胞囊線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病、甘薯莖線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病和苧麻根腐線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病等。近年來(lái)局部地區發(fā)生的松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)萎蔫病,小麥根癭線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病、小麥禾谷胞囊線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病、珠蘭葉斑線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病[A.fragariae(Ritzema Bos)Christie]和當歸麻口?。―.destructor Thorne)等也引起較大的經(jīng)濟損失。還有一類(lèi)線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病害如甘蔗矮化線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病、水稻潛根線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病和玉米根腐線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病等在中國普遍發(fā)生,目前尚未造成很大損失,但都是農業(yè)生產(chǎn)上值得重視的問(wèn)題。
癥狀
植物線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病害的癥狀與病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的為害習性有關(guān)。線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)大多侵染根、根莖、塊根、塊莖和鱗莖等地下部,對侵害的組織不誘發(fā)明顯的癥狀,少數如根結屬、柯柏線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)屬等內寄生線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)與毛刺線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)屬、擬毛刺線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)屬以及部分長(cháng)針線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)屬、劍線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)屬、鞘線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)屬等外寄生線(xiàn)蟲(chóng),可引起顯著(zhù)的外部病變,包括根結、粗短根、發(fā)根或其它樣式的根部膨大;內寄生線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)中的短體線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)屬、穿孔線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)屬等線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)可以誘發(fā)地下部壞死。這類(lèi)病株的地上部往往表現黃化和矮縮,嚴重時(shí)出現死株。病株根系的腐爛癥狀除線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)侵染外,常常還有其它微生物的參與,通常屬于復合病癥狀。
滑刃科中的部分滑刃屬線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)、松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)、紅環(huán)腐線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)與??浦辛>€(xiàn)蟲(chóng)屬、擬粒線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)屬及莖線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)屬的部分線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)僅為害植物地上部,可以引起病株出現特異的癥狀,能從被害部分分離到病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)。地上部線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病的癥狀可以劃為4類(lèi)。①畸形。包括莖、葉變形和植株矮縮。由起絨草莖線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)引起的洋蔥、水仙、苜蓿、麥類(lèi)和豆類(lèi)等許多作物的莖線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病,病莖往往腫大、扭曲、節間縮短,葉和花也發(fā)生畸變;草莓春矮?。ú葺烤€(xiàn)蟲(chóng))和夏矮?。ǖ靖杉饩€(xiàn)蟲(chóng))的典型癥狀是葉片皺縮和病株生長(cháng)受抑,比健株顯著(zhù)矮小。②壞死和變色。常在一些滑刃線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病害中出現。如菊葉線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)?。ň杖~線(xiàn)蟲(chóng))及蕨類(lèi)、珠蘭、秋海棠等線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)?。ú葺烤€(xiàn)蟲(chóng))的葉斑癥狀與椰子紅環(huán)腐線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)?。t環(huán)腐線(xiàn)蟲(chóng))的紅環(huán)病變等。③種癭、葉癭和莖癭。在許多植物特別是禾本科植物的粒線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病和擬粒線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病中,往往在受害的花芽、葉和莖上形成暗色的癭瘤。在癭內普遍貯有病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的幼蟲(chóng)。④萎蔫。松材線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)萎蔫?。ㄋ刹木€(xiàn)蟲(chóng))的系統萎蔫是線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病中出現這類(lèi)癥狀的唯一實(shí)例。
診斷
植物根結線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病、小麥粒線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病、稻干尖線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病和椰子紅環(huán)腐病癥狀比較特異,根據癥狀特點(diǎn)即可作出初步診斷。田間出現局部植株黃化、矮縮以及根系生長(cháng)不良等現象時(shí),可以初步確定是病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)所致。準確診斷需進(jìn)行病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的分離和鑒定,必要時(shí)還需進(jìn)行接種試驗。對于新的線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病害,則需要根據柯赫氏法則進(jìn)行證明。病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)診斷需注意下述問(wèn)題。為害植物地上部的線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)和根內的寄生線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)容易在病組織上分離到,但根的外寄生線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)一般需要從根圍土壤中分離。因此要選用合適的采樣和分離方法。其次,一種植物往往被多種線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)寄生,需要根據癥狀特點(diǎn)和線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)群體等因素判斷優(yōu)勢病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)。此外,進(jìn)行人工接種試驗時(shí),還需采用適當的接種方法和適宜的發(fā)病條件。
控制
植物病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)長(cháng)期或短期生活在土壤中,繁殖速度快,對寄主的為害程度與其群體的數量往往相關(guān)??刂浦参锞€(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病主要針對病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng),應用植物檢疫、農業(yè)的、化學(xué)的、物理的和生物的單一或多種防治措施,阻止線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)群體數量達到或超過(guò)其為害水平。對于部分線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病也可以通過(guò)選育和種植抗病品種進(jìn)行防治。
一些病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的遠距離傳播是由于帶病植物、植物產(chǎn)品及其沾附的病土的人為流動(dòng)所致。因此植物檢疫是許多國家或地區用于控制多種危險性線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)病的主要措施。
在農業(yè)防治中廣泛應用作物輪栽和休閑,降低線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)群體數量及其危害水平?;瘜W(xué)防治以處理土壤為主,少數屬于種苗處理。合理使用殺線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)劑處理土壤,可以防治許多植物寄生線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)和增加作物產(chǎn)量,但是對于生產(chǎn)價(jià)值不高的作物,化學(xué)防治是不經(jīng)濟的,不能完全取代作物輪栽和休閑等防治措施。熱力處理是防治線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)最重要的物理方法。濕熱防治線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)較干熱防治的有效。熱力防治線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)只限于溫室和苗床,用于處理大田是很不合算的。在線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)受控和植物受害之間的溫差極小,適于熱力處理的常是那些較耐高溫的植物材料。在自然條件下,多種土壤微生物如真菌、細菌和病毒等都能侵害植物寄生線(xiàn)蟲(chóng),如淡紫擬青霉和厚膜輪枝孢霉可以分別有效地防治南方根結線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)和燕麥胞囊線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)。在日益提倡無(wú)污染或少污染種植的今天、生物防治線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)是很有意義的待開(kāi)發(fā)領(lǐng)域。
參考書(shū)目
J.M.韋伯斯特編,胡起宇譯:《經(jīng)濟線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)學(xué)》,農業(yè)出版社,北京,1988。
Luc,M.Sihara R.A.and Bridge J.(eds.),Plant Parasi-tic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture,CAB International,1990.Nickle W.R.(ed.),Manual of Agricultural Nematolo-gy,Marcel Dekker,Inc.,New York,Basel,Hongkong,1991.
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