?proposer

proposer發(fā)音

[prə'pəuzə]

英：　　美：

proposer中文意思翻譯

n. 申請人, 提案人

proposer詞形變化

動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式: proposed | 動(dòng)詞第三人稱(chēng)單數: proposes | 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞: proposed | 動(dòng)詞現在分詞: proposing | 名詞: proposer |

proposer同義詞

insinuate | throw out | put forward | resolve | dream of | to | throw | project | a | mean | launch | introduce | urge | suggest | declare oneself | say | aver | drive at | initiate | declare | open | purpose | dream | maintain | tender | designate | come up with | broach | make a bid | intend | bid | prescribe | allege | design | move | of | prefer | state | expect | commend | aim | proposition | plan | up | with | predicate | advance | promote | offer | have in mind | at | pitch | advise | recommend | out | come | name | aspire to | present | proffer | nominate | drive | advocate | aspire | voice | volunteer | submit | purport | pop the question | assert | make

proposer反義詞

deny

proposer常見(jiàn)例句

1 、Issuing bank trusts all the importing documents to proposer will not result in out of hand of issuing bank, and regulations in trust law do not conflict with guarantee law.───四、開(kāi)證行將具有全套進(jìn)口的單據信托給開(kāi)證申請人不會(huì )脫手,擔保法上的要求和信托法上約定并不構成沖突。

2 、hors de propos───不合用

3 、"A propos of revolution," said Joly, "it is decidedly abberent that Barius is in lub.───“說(shuō)到革命，”若李說(shuō)，“好象毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，巴（馬）呂斯正在鬧戀愛(ài)?！?/p>

4 、The proposer can choose to describe this part by submitting in the form of paperwork, cassette, CD, MP3 or videotape. Please use separate sheets if necessary.───提名人亦可選擇以文字、錄音帶、CD、MP3或錄影帶方式表述此部分內容。如有需要，請另頁(yè)填寫(xiě)一并遞交。

5 、This paper elaborates the sources and harms of the atmospheric pollutants in the cities which oil fields are located in and propos...───本文闡述了油田所處城市的大氣污染物的來(lái)源和危害并提出一些相應的治理措施。

6 、For the reasons of proposer, such as proposer want to cancel application, apply for refusal made by consulate, or terminate case, Japan consulate will not return all materials and our office will also not return service expence.───如因申請人方面的原因，要求中途撤消申請，或申請被領(lǐng)事館拒簽、終止受理等情況，所有簽證資料日本領(lǐng)事館將不予退回，本公司亦不予退回服務(wù)費。

7 、Has any claim made/ traffic accident involved/ driving offense convicted for the last 3 years by the Proposer / above Named Driver(s)?───投保人或上列之記名司機過(guò)往三年有否要求任何賠償/牽涉交通意外/被扣分?

8 、In this game, two players, a proposer and a responder, divide a reward.It could be a cake.It could be cash.───在這場(chǎng)游戲中，有兩個(gè)參與者，建議者和回答者，他們一起分可能是塊蛋糕，現金或是一串葡萄的獎勵品。

9 、The proposer in person for business or professional purposes are covered in all cases.───投保車(chē)輛由投保人駕駛用作私人商務(wù)或普通用途均屬保障范圍內。

10 、But why, you came up with the proposal.─── 但為什么 這個(gè)主意是你想的

11 、Wanxing Shanghai is a production company that specializing in manufacturing luxury brands boutiques, cosmetics kiosk, roadshow and conference propos.───上海皖星道具設計制作有限公司是一家以化妝品專(zhuān)柜、品牌專(zhuān)賣(mài)店、企業(yè)形象設計制作專(zhuān)業(yè)化公司。

12 、KO PROPO is the world's leading manufacturer of Radio Control Systems exclusively developed for Model Car Use.───正酚，是世界領(lǐng)先的制造商，無(wú)線(xiàn)電控制系統專(zhuān)門(mén)開(kāi)發(fā)的汽車(chē)模型使用。

13 、Accompanying my proposer was another Rotarian who went to the same church that my family and I attended.───與我的推薦人共同推薦的是與我家人和我屬于共同教會(huì )的另一位扶輪社員。

14 、The composition proposer disposed of the components.───作文提議者處理掉了那些元件。

15 、Before I can be convinced that your proposal is credible, he'll need to be convinced that your proposal is credible.─── 在我足以確信你的提案可取之前 他得先確信你的提案行之有效

16 、The Foundation reserves all rights to acquire additional information, validation, and/or clarification from the Proposer and/or the Applicant for the purpose of processing this application.───為著(zhù)有效處理是項申請所需，本基金將保留向提名人及/或申請人收取額外資料、核實(shí)證明、及澄清的所有權利。

17 、Not exactly. I have a proposal for you.─── 也不是 我想給你個(gè)提議

18 、The forth debater from the proposer makes conclusion, which lasts for 3 minutes;───主持人介紹正方四辯正4進(jìn)行總結陳述，時(shí)間3分鐘；

19 、An engineering method to determine the delamination fracture toughness of composite laminats was propos in the present paper.In addition, its application process was shown.───本文提出了確定復合材料層板脫層斷裂韌性的一種工程方法,并舉例說(shuō)明了其使用過(guò)程。

20 、It is propo sed that the requirement of grass carp fingerling for vitamin K3 is about 1.9 m g/kg diet.───對飼料中維生素K3含量和草魚(yú)凝血時(shí)間進(jìn)行折線(xiàn)回歸分析表明:草魚(yú)幼魚(yú)飼料中維生素K3適宜的含量為1.9mg/kg。

21 、The first debater from the proposer makes argument speeches, which lasts for 3 minutes.───正方派一辯正1進(jìn)行辯論發(fā)言，時(shí)間3分鐘；

22 、What do you propose? I don't know.─── 你有什么建議嗎 不知道

23 、But you broke it off after he proposed.─── 但在他求婚之后 你跟他分手了

24 、Individual usually is as a proposer and maker of the inventions and discoveries. In our long history, there is filled with unnumbered such examples.───個(gè)人通常是一個(gè)發(fā)明或發(fā)現的提出者。在歷史長(cháng)河中,有很多這樣的例子。

25 、I /we, as Proposer(s), hereby acknowledge that the information submitted in this proposal abstract is factually correct.───我/我們作為建議者，特此確認所提交的上述資料是正確的。

26 、This form should be completed by proposer in BLOCK letters. If there is insufficient space, please use separate sheets.───本提名表格須由提名人以正楷填寫(xiě)。如有需要，請以另頁(yè)填寫(xiě)并一并遞交。

27 、The proposer and opposer make argument speech;───主持人宣布正方和反方進(jìn)行立論發(fā)言；

28 、In order to solve the intractable branching problem i n the complex system reasoning with the standard QSIM algorithm,the paper propos es a decomposing algorithm.───文章針對標準的QSIM算法對于復雜系統推理求解時(shí)會(huì )產(chǎn)生不可控分枝問(wèn)題，提出一個(gè)模型分解算法。

29 、Based on a discussion on the new development of the medical science and the actual situation of Nanjing Medical University, the author put forward her propos...───作者從醫學(xué)發(fā)展的新的實(shí)際出發(fā),在對醫學(xué)科學(xué)精神和醫學(xué)人文精神的必要性作進(jìn)一步闡述的基礎上,結合南京醫科大學(xué)的實(shí)際提出對兩者的融通和共建。

30 、He will also be running AKA Tires, Team Orion motors, batteries and electronics, KO Propo radio gear, and Byron’s fuel.───他還將運行抗體輪胎，團隊獵戶(hù)座馬達，電池及電子產(chǎn)品，正酚無(wú)線(xiàn)電設備，和拜倫的燃料。

31 、9 May I propos a toast to our friendship and cooperation?───9我提議為我們的友誼與合作干杯！

32 、Soliciting insurance by means ofmispricing,rebating, or other impropermethods of offering a discount on the insurance premium to the proposer or insured.───對要保人或被保險人以錯價(jià)、放傭或其他不當折減保險費之方法為招攬者。

33 、If the Proposer is not a manufacturer, are the products modified, altered, treated or handled?───如果投保人不是制造商,那產(chǎn)品可以更改、改變或另作處理嗎?

34 、proposer and seconder───[法] 建議人和附議人

35 、The proposer's seconder makes argument speech, which lasts for 3minutes.───正方派二辯正2進(jìn)行辯論發(fā)言，時(shí)間3分鐘；

36 、and then propos'd, that I would place my self in ambush, in some convenient place, with my three guns, all double loaded;───后來(lái),我又想到可以找一個(gè)適當的地方埋伏起來(lái),把三支**裝上雙倍的彈藥

37 、Where the proposer is forged.───提案人提案，有偽造情事者。

38 、When deliberating the motions, the relevant special committees may invite the proposer to attend as a visitor and show his opinions.───有關(guān)專(zhuān)門(mén)委員會(huì )審議的時(shí)候，可以邀請提案人列席會(huì )議，發(fā)表意見(jiàn)。

39 、Using exaggerated publicity or advertising or other improper methods to solicit insurance to a proposer, insured, or a third party.───對要保人、被保險人或第三人以夸大不實(shí)之宣傳、**或其他不當之方法為招攬者。

40 、"A propos of revolution," said Joly, "it is decidedly abberent that Barius is in lub."───格朗泰爾咿里哇啦說(shuō)了這一大陣子，接著(zhù)就是一陣咳嗽，活該。

41 、While ac knowledging the right of the United States to control its border, the Mexican president said the propos ed fence is not the solution to the immigration problem.───墨西哥總統承認美國有權管理它的邊界，但是他表示防護墻計劃不是解決移民問(wèn)題的方法。

42 、The application scope of the tran sient energy of power system has been extended and a simple method for calculati ng the optimal switching time of pang-pang controlled series capacitor was propo sed.───本文將電力系統中的暫態(tài)能量函數的應用范圍作了**，給出了一種利用系統暫態(tài)能量來(lái)計算乓-乓控制的串補電容最優(yōu)投退時(shí)刻的方法。此方法計算簡(jiǎn)單，控制規律易于實(shí)現。

43 、Insect haemolymph melanization can be induced by activating prophenoloxidase (ProPO) cascade.Phenoloxidase (PO) plays an important role in insect humoral immunity.───昆蟲(chóng)血淋巴黑化的形成由激活酚氧化酶原的級聯(lián)系統所引發(fā)，酚氧化酶在昆蟲(chóng)體液免疫中起著(zhù)重要作用。

44 、QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED BY PROPOSER───投保人務(wù)必回答下列問(wèn)題

45 、The current situation of the logistics personnel is analyzed and then on the basis some cultivation ways are propos...───本文首先分析了我國物流人才現狀,在此基礎上提出了相應的人才培養對策。

46 、Misrepresenting or failing to explain any matter affecting the rights and interests of the proposer or the insured.───就影響要保人或被保險人權益之事項為不實(shí)之說(shuō)明或不為說(shuō)明者。

47 、That's why she turned down my proposal.─── 這就是她拒絕我求婚的原因

48 、An optimizing method of laser parameters is propos ed.───對激光沖擊強化過(guò)程中激光參數的選擇進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化。

49 、{0>1.Misrepresenting or failing to explain any matter affecting the rights and interests of the proposer or the insured.───一、就影響要保人或被保險人權益之事項為不實(shí)之說(shuō)明或不為說(shuō)明者。

50 、Some new phenomena were experimentally found, and a possible mechanism of Invar effect was propo.───此外，討論了鐵基納米晶合金中與因瓦效應相關(guān)的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題。

51 、People in general thought him a lunatic, and blamed his Reform Club friends for having accepted a wager which betrayed the mental aberration of its proposer.───大家都認為?？耸莻€(gè)怪人，是個(gè)瘋子。跟他打賭的那些會(huì )員，也受到人們的責難，人們認為想出這種打賭辦法的人腦子也有毛

52 、The proposer and seconder must be ordinary / life member of the Maha Bodhi School Alumni.───上述推薦及附議者必須是普提學(xué)校校友會(huì )之普通或永久會(huì )員.

53 、Individual usually is as a proposer and maker of the inventions and discoveries.───個(gè)人通常是一個(gè)發(fā)明或發(fā)現的提出者。

54 、The proposer, seconder and candidates must not be disqualified at the date of nomination.───提議人,附議人及候選人在提名時(shí)必須具有會(huì )員資格.

55 、All particulars provided in this Proposal Form shall form the basis of the contract between the Insurer and the Proposer.───投保人與承保人所訂之保險契約乃按照投保書(shū)上所提供之一切資料為本.

56 、Our office will audit and then submit to Japan consulate in two days after receiving the complete material issued by proposer.───我司在收到申請人提供的齊全資料后，一般情況下在二天內審核并將材料遞交日本領(lǐng)館。

57 、The motion can not be put, because the proposer can not find a seconder for it.───因為建議找不到附議者動(dòng)議不能通過(guò)。

58 、You know, we will still interview several proposer before we make final decision.───你知道，在做出最后決定之前我們還要面試幾位申請人。

59 、Personal data collected will be used strictly for matters related to the adjudication of the Award and will not be disclosed unless authorised by the nominee or the proposer.───候選人或提名人提供的個(gè)人資料只會(huì )用于此獎項的有關(guān)評選工作，未經(jīng)候選人或提名人批準，不會(huì )公開(kāi)披露。

60 、1 Proposer and Candidate must be owner/corporate authorized representative;───提名人及候選人必須是業(yè)主或公司授權代表；

61 、Indeed, a propos of the television series, the same senior Chinese diplomat mentioned earlier argued energetically that pacifist Japan's post-war rise was a model of good-neighbourliness that China itself could usefully emulate.───實(shí)際上，這部紀錄片的支持者，也就是上述那位外交官言之鑿鑿的指出：日本戰后堅持走和平之路成為了一個(gè)好鄰居，他的崛起是中國值得學(xué)習的。

62 、They propose the end state, and the end state is the singularity, but they propose it as something desirable.─── 他們提出這個(gè)終極狀態(tài) 并且這個(gè)終極狀態(tài)是單一的 但是他們是以一種渴望的事物提出的

63 、After this, I made a great heavy pestle or beater, of the wood call'd the iron-wood, and this I prepar'd and laid by against I had my next crop of corn, when i propos'd to my self, to grind, or rather pound my into meal to make my bread.───又用鐵樹(shù)做了一個(gè)又大又重的杵。舂谷的工具做好后,我就放起來(lái)準備下次收獲后舂谷做面粉,再用面粉做面包。

64 、Latest CPA management letter along with Proposer's responses to any recommendations.───最近一期注冊會(huì )計師之管理建議書(shū)及投保公司之復函。

65 、You proposed to me after a few days.─── 你才認識我幾天就向我求婚了呢

66 、If Proposer is a manufacturer───如是制造商

67 、G seneter proposer In all, Senator McCain proposes about two hundred billion dollars in new tax cuts for businesses and individuals.───總之，麥克肯參議員計劃將200億美元用于對商人及公民的新稅減計劃上。

68 、The proposer hereby guarantees that this insurance does not relieve any one party from legal responsibility.───投保人保證該保險的安排不免除第三方依法應負之責任。

69 、And if several responders compete to become the one to accept a single proposer's offer, the proposer can get away with offering a small amount.───假如幾個(gè)人必須經(jīng)過(guò)競爭，脫穎而出的人才有機會(huì )接受一位提議者出價(jià)，那麼通常只要出很低的價(jià)碼就行了。

70 、Remark: The Proposer hereby guarantees that this insurance does not relieve the third parties from legal responsibility.───備注：投保人保證該保險的安排不免除第三方依法應負之責任。

71 、So if... if you want to propose to your girlfriend, propose to your girlfriend.─── 所以如果你想向女友求婚 那就求婚吧

72 、The experiments are made with real recorded data and the results demon strate that the performance of sERP estimation is excellent.So the method propo sed is suitable to sERP processing.───實(shí)驗結果表明，我們提出的方法不但具有良好的單次提取效果，而且具有較強的適應性和穩健性。

73 、circle6 All particulars provided in this Proposal Form shall form the basis of the contract between the Insurer and the Proposer.───投保人與承保人所訂之保險契約乃按照投保書(shū)上所提供之一切資料為本。

74 、23 This application must be signed in effect by an officer of the proposer.───本投保書(shū)須經(jīng)投保單位負責人簽字方為有效。

75 、Based on the result,the paper proposes some valuable propos...───最后根據預測結果提出了揚州市土地利用結構優(yōu)化調整的政策建議。

76 、This nomination paper shall be signed by the proposer and the seconder, and the candidates(s) to signify his/her consent to serve, if elected.───本提名表格提議人與附議人必須簽名外,候選人也必須簽名同意接受提名,及中選后提供服務(wù).

77 、In the game, a "proposer" is given a sum of money, part of which he or she offers to share with a "responder.───在這個(gè)游戲中，“申請人”會(huì )得到一筆錢(qián)，他們可以把其中的一部分錢(qián)提供給“回應者”，和他們分享。

78 、Based on it,a method of speech denoising is proposed that the noise residual is subtracted from the noisy speech signal in the propo...───實(shí)驗表明:上述方法在低信噪比時(shí),仍能較好地保留語(yǔ)音信號的頻譜結構,使音質(zhì)不至于下降。

79 、The proposer and opposer will have a free debate and the speaking time for each side should be accumulated in 5 minutes.───主持人宣布正方和反方進(jìn)行自由辯論，雙方4個(gè)辯手發(fā)言時(shí)間累計在5分鐘內；

80 、Based on new parameters, the vapor-liquid equilibri-um of binary systems have been calculated by UNIFAC model.To improve the accuracy of predictiona new functional group-OCOO was propo...───為提高推算精度，對碳酸二乙酯進(jìn)行新的基團劃分，提出了UNIFAC新基團OCOO，重新關(guān)聯(lián)了基團相互作用參數并進(jìn)行了汽液平衡推算，結果令人滿(mǎn)意。

81 、The proposer had been engage,in the process.───此申請人已被雇主選擇聘傭，在處理中。

82 、Upon it, a RMT design methodology based concurrency of process planning and machine configuring is propos...───最后,針對各子過(guò)程的實(shí)現,較為深入地探討了其理論和方法,即設計可重構機床的幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵使能技術(shù)。

83 、Similar to the guidance of launch vehicles, a uniform gravity field on lunar sur face is assumed.An explicit guidance law for powered descending phase is propos ed to minimize the fuel consumption.───參考運載火箭制 導過(guò)程的分析方法，假設月球為一均勻引力場(chǎng)，以燃耗最優(yōu)性為出發(fā)點(diǎn)，提出了一種用于軟 著(zhù)陸動(dòng)力下降過(guò)程的顯式制導律。

84 、{0>8.Using improper means to induce a proposer to terminate an in-force insurance contract and enter into a new contract, where there are resulting damages to the proposer.───八、以不當之方法唆使要保人終止有效契約而投保新契約致使要保人受損害者。

85 、The author points out that the different results are caused by the slightly different 100-winding hank number per cocoon. Therefore, propo sals are made for revising the current calculation formula.───文章指出其原因是每粒繭的100回絞數不盡相同所致,從而對現行計算公式提出了修正意見(jiàn)。

86 、He was, he wasn't proposing to me, silly.─── 他又不是在跟我求婚 傻瓜

87 、Where the name or address of the proposer is recorded wrongly or unclearly.───提案人姓名、戶(hù)籍地址書(shū)寫(xiě)錯誤或不明者。

88 、Generally speaking, passport and visa will be drawn by proposer. As for special instance, it can be drawn by other people with the certification issued by proposer or proposer's company.───護照及簽證一般由本人到我司領(lǐng)取，如遇特殊情況，可由申請人或申請人所在單位出具證明委托他人到我司領(lǐng)取。

89 、{0>2.Where the name or address of the proposer is recorded wrongly or unclearly.───二、提案人姓名、戶(hù)籍地址書(shū)寫(xiě)錯誤或不明者。

90 、This game-theory analysis, which assumes that people are selfish and rational, tells you that the proposer should offer the smallest possible share and the responder should accept it.───博弈理論（Gametheory）的邏輯就是如此，假定每個(gè)人都自私而理性的話(huà)，提議者會(huì )想辦法出最低的價(jià)，而回答者也會(huì )接受提議。

Tendermint 共識算法

分布式一致性算法一般可以分為兩類(lèi)：拜占庭容錯和非拜占庭容錯。

非拜占庭容錯算法如 Paxos, Raft 等在當前的分布式系統中已經(jīng)廣泛使用，而拜占庭容錯算法的實(shí)際應用范圍相對來(lái)說(shuō)小很多(特別是在區塊鏈問(wèn)世之前)。

Tendermint 屬于拜占庭容錯算法，它針對傳統的 PBFT 算法做了優(yōu)化，只需要有兩輪投票即可達成共識，目前 Tendermint 算法主要應用在區塊鏈系統中，這篇文章就從原理上來(lái)介紹 Tendermint 的共識機制。

關(guān)于 Tendermint 算法的完整描述在 這里 。

這里先介紹一下算法的流程，理解了算法流程之后，再來(lái)闡述該算法的安全性證明 (Proof of Safty) 和活性證明 (Proof of Liveness)。

下面這張圖是 tendermint 狀態(tài)轉換圖

算法主要有 NewHeigh -> Propose -> Prevote -> Precommit -> Commit 一共 5 個(gè)狀態(tài)（階段）。

上述每個(gè)狀態(tài)都被稱(chēng)為一個(gè) Step，首尾的 NewHeigh 和 Commit 這兩個(gè) Steps 被稱(chēng)為特殊的 Step，而中間加粗體的三個(gè) Steps 則被稱(chēng)為一個(gè) Round，是共識階段，也是也是算法的核心原理所在。

需要注意的是，一個(gè)塊的最終提交（Commit）可能需要多個(gè) Round 過(guò)程，這是因為有許多原因可能會(huì )導致當前 Round 不成功（比如出塊節點(diǎn) Offline，提出的塊是無(wú)效塊，收到的 Prevote 或者 Precommit 票數不夠 +2/3 等等），出現這些情況的話(huà)，解決方案就是移步到下一輪，或者增加 timeout 時(shí)間）。

這里，還要介紹一個(gè)重要概念：PoLC，全稱(chēng)為 Proof of Lock Change，表示在某個(gè)特定的高度和輪數(height, round)，對某個(gè)塊或 nil (空塊)超過(guò)總結點(diǎn) 2/3 的 Prevote 投票集合，簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō) PoLC 就是 Prevote 的投票集。

Tendermint 中有兩種類(lèi)型的節點(diǎn)，Validator 節點(diǎn)和 Non-Validator 節點(diǎn)，顧名思義，只有 Validator 節點(diǎn)會(huì )參與共識投票，而普通節點(diǎn)作為 Non-Validator 節點(diǎn)，不參與共識投票，只協(xié)助傳遞狀態(tài)或向 Validator 節點(diǎn)發(fā)送交易請求。

初始狀態(tài)下（創(chuàng )世塊），高度為 0， 此時(shí)，系統會(huì )基于 Round Robin 原則來(lái)選出一個(gè) Validator（每個(gè) Validator 都有一定的 Voting Power），由這個(gè) Validator 打包一個(gè)新的 Block， 并向所有節點(diǎn)發(fā)出 Proposal，剩余的 Validator 節點(diǎn)對該 Proposal 進(jìn)行投票，最終達成共識。

以下，分階段來(lái)闡述各個(gè)階段:

當上一輪 Commit 結束，就會(huì )出現新高度，這是就需要進(jìn)入下一輪共識了，也就是說(shuō)，這就是新一輪共識過(guò)程的開(kāi)始，這時(shí)候需要選出一個(gè) Proposer。選擇算法是 Round Robin，基于他們的 Voting Power（上一輪的選中的 Validator 節點(diǎn)會(huì )把其 Voting Power 值減去 Total Voting Power，也就是說(shuō)上一輪的 Validator 在這一輪，其 Voting Power 會(huì )變成負數）。

在 Propose 節點(diǎn)開(kāi)始的時(shí)候，該輪指定的 proposer 需要通過(guò) gossip 廣播一條 proposal 到所有的 peers。如果此時(shí)這個(gè) proposer 被鎖在上一輪的某個(gè) block 上，那么它就直接 propose 那個(gè) block，同時(shí)包含一條 proof of lock 的信息。

Validator 節點(diǎn)收到 propose 信息之后就進(jìn)入 Prevote 投票階段。投票時(shí)，如果 Validator 被鎖在之前一個(gè) block 上，那么還是給之前那個(gè) block 投 prevote 票，否則就投當前的 block。同時(shí)，它會(huì )繼續收集對這個(gè) block 的 prevote 投票，等輪到他 propose 的時(shí)候打包進(jìn) PoLC。

注意：

如果自己有 Lock-Block，這時(shí)又收到一個(gè)新的針對另外一個(gè)塊的 PoLC，并且滿(mǎn)足LastLockRound < PoLC-Round < 當前 Round，則解鎖 Lock-Block。

如果 timeout 期間沒(méi)收到 proposal，或者收到的 proposal 是無(wú)效的，那么就投 nil 票。

在 Prevote 階段不會(huì )鎖住任何 block。

Prevote 超時(shí)或者收到的 Prevote 的 nil 票超過(guò) 2/3 時(shí)，就進(jìn)入 Precommit 階段。

如果此時(shí)收到了 +2/3 的 prevote 投票，就廣播一條 precommit 投票，同時(shí)， 把自己鎖在當前的 block 上（把之前的都釋放掉） 。一個(gè)節點(diǎn)一次只能鎖在一個(gè)塊上。

如果收到 +2/3 的 nil 投票，那么就釋放鎖。

當一個(gè)節點(diǎn)鎖在一個(gè) block 上的時(shí)候（有 PoLC） ，它會(huì )將 LastLockRound 置為當前 Round，并對這個(gè)塊投 Precommit 票。

如果有針對 nil 票的 PoLC，則解鎖并且對 nil 投 Precommit 票；否則的話(huà)保持 Lock-Block 不變，并投 nil 。

如果在 timeout 期間內，沒(méi)有收到對某個(gè)塊的足夠的 +2/3 投票（prevote 或者 nil 都行），那么就什么也不干。

最終，如果一個(gè)節點(diǎn)收到了 +2/3 的 precommit 投票，就進(jìn)入 Commit 階段。否則，繼續進(jìn)入下一輪的 Propose 階段。

Commit 階段是一個(gè)特殊階段，有兩個(gè)并行的條件必須滿(mǎn)足：

At any time during the consensus process if a node receives more than 2/3 of commits for a particular block, it immediately enters the Commit step if it hadn’t already. Thus there are two ways to enter the Commit step. A commit-vote for a block at round R counts as prevotes and precommits for all rounds R0 where R < R0 . Commit-votes are gossipped to neighboring peers in the background re-gardless of the current round or step。

At any time during the consensus process if a node is locked on a block from round R but receives a proof-of-lock for a round R0 where R < R0 , the node unlocks.

Tendermint 的安全性就是說(shuō)，在對高度為 H 的塊達成共識之后，不可能會(huì )出現新的高度為 H 的塊，也就是說(shuō) Tendermint 保證不會(huì )分叉，保證不會(huì )分叉的主要角色就是 Lock-Block。

先看下wiki對于安全性證明的描述：

Assume that at most -1/3 of the voting power of validators is byzantine. If a validator commits block B at

round R, it's because it saw +2/3 of precommits at round R. This implies that 1/3+ of honest nodes are still

locked at round R' > R. These locked validators will remain locked until they see a PoLC at R' > R, but this

won't happen because 1/3+ are locked and honest, so at most -2/3 are available to vote for anything other

than B.

翻譯：

假定有最多小于總結點(diǎn) 1/3 的拜占庭節點(diǎn)。如果一個(gè)節點(diǎn)在第 R 輪提交一個(gè)塊，則表明此節點(diǎn)在第 R 輪收到大于 2/3 的針對此塊的 Precommit 投票。這也就意味有

大于1/3 的誠實(shí)節點(diǎn)在第 R’ (R' > R)輪仍然鎖定在這個(gè)塊上(因為大于 2/3 的 Precommit 投票必定包含大于 1/3 誠實(shí)節點(diǎn)的 Precommit 投票)。只有當遇到針對另一個(gè)

塊的 PoLC 時(shí)才會(huì )解鎖，但是在 R' 輪是不可能有針對某個(gè)塊的 PoLC，因為已經(jīng)有大于 1/3 的誠實(shí)節點(diǎn)已經(jīng)鎖定在這個(gè)塊上，所以就不可能有對另外一個(gè)塊大于 2/3

的 Prevote 投票。

下面給出較為詳細的證明過(guò)程，假設高度為 H 的塊 b 在第 R 輪達成共識。給出如下條件：

需要證明， 當 x 個(gè)節點(diǎn) commit 之后，剩余(也就是 y + z)的沒(méi)有 Commit 塊 b 的節點(diǎn)不會(huì )對另外一個(gè)塊達成共識。

也就是說(shuō)需要證明：y + z - z0 < 2/3，假設所有的拜占庭節點(diǎn)都對 b 投了 Precommit，則滿(mǎn)足：x + y + z0 > 2/3。

簡(jiǎn)而言之，要從 x + y + z0 > 2/3 證明 y + z - z0 < 2/3。

我們通過(guò)反證法來(lái)證明：

假設 y + z - z0 > 2/3，也就是在第 r 輪之后有可能造成分叉，則：

x + y + z - z0 > 2/3 + x => 1 - z0 > 2/3 + x => x + z0 < 1/3。

而上面我們提到了，因為x節點(diǎn)已經(jīng) Commit 塊 b，則 x + y + z0 > 2/3，且 y < 1/3，則說(shuō)明 x + z0 必須大于1/3。由此證明，y + z - z0 < 1/3 成立，在第 R 輪之后無(wú)法對另一個(gè)塊達成共識，也就不可能出現分叉。

活性證明相對來(lái)說(shuō)就要簡(jiǎn)單一些，假設多于 1/3 的節點(diǎn)分別 Lock 在不同的塊上，則在 Prevote 階段的條件保證最終 round 較小的會(huì ) unlock，而且 proposal 的超時(shí)時(shí)間會(huì )隨著(zhù)輪數的提高而提高。

在證明安全性的過(guò)程中提到，有可能會(huì )有部分節點(diǎn)由于沒(méi)有收到足夠的 Precommit 投票導致無(wú)法 commit，這個(gè)時(shí)候可以通過(guò)同步來(lái)使各個(gè)節點(diǎn)的狀態(tài)盡量保持一致，在wiki中提到一個(gè) JSet 和 VSet 的概念，當節點(diǎn)已經(jīng) commit 時(shí)，就可以廣播一條消息攜帶 VSet 給其他節點(diǎn)，其他節點(diǎn)驗證對于塊的 commit 是否有效。這一點(diǎn)其實(shí)和 bft-raft （另外一個(gè)拜占庭容錯算法，Raft 算法的變種）的做法類(lèi)似。

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