?inflow

inflow發(fā)音

英：[??nfl??]　　美：[??n?flo]

英：　　美：

inflow中文意思翻譯

n. 流入；流入物；流入量

inflow同義詞

influx | entry | invasion | introduction | arrival | tide | incursion

inflow反義詞

outflow

inflow常見(jiàn)例句

1 、The inflow of new equity allowed companies to increase their capacity to borrow and raised the capability of banks to lend.───企業(yè)的借款容量和銀行的貸款能力都因為這些新資產(chǎn)的流入得到了提升。

2 、The APU is a singe shaft gas turbine engine with a two stage centrifugal compressor, a single combustion chamber and one radial inflow turbine.───APU是一個(gè)單軸氣動(dòng)渦輪發(fā)動(dòng)機，它有一個(gè)兩級離心壓氣機，一個(gè)單燃燒室和一個(gè)徑向內流式渦輪。

3 、The drastic inflow of foreign capital into Chinese market undeniably exerted huge impact on China"s domestic industry for the time being.───不可否認的是,外國資本的快速滲入對我國的民族產(chǎn)業(yè)在短期內確實(shí)帶來(lái)了巨大的沖擊。

4 、But the spiral waves in these systems do not appear to be large enough to produce the rate of matter inflow needed to explain the observed radiation from the disks.───但是這些系統中的螺旋波似乎還不夠大，其所造成物質(zhì)的向內流量，不足以解釋觀(guān)測到的圓盤(pán)輻射。

5 、A lake fed by a freshwater inflow.───一個(gè)流入淡水的湖

6 、Sales of additional shares of stock. The sale of capital stock results in an inflow of current assets, thereby increasing working capital.───出售股票追加股。銷(xiāo)售股本可以導致流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)的流入，從而增加了營(yíng)運資本。

7 、Lithology is a stable factor, while the upper stream inflow and groundwater exploitation are unstable factors that directly influence the transform regularity.───地層巖性對轉化關(guān)系的影響屬于穩定因素，而上游來(lái)水量和地下水開(kāi)采量屬于非穩定因素，直接影響了轉化關(guān)系的變化規律。

8 、All working toward a single goal: the outflow of weed, the inflow of cash.─── 他們有著(zhù)同一個(gè)目標 流出大麻 流進(jìn)現金

9 、Net private capital flows to Other Asia (excluding China and Japan) reversed by US$108 billion in the second half of 1997, compared with an inflow of roughly the same order in the previous 12 months.───在一九九七年下半年，流入亞洲國家(不包括中國和日本)的私人資金流量?jì)纛~減少了1,080億美元，而在之前十二個(gè)月，流入的資金大約也是這個(gè)數額。

10 、It turns out that the spillover effect does exist interactively with the rapid inflow of foreign direct investment thoughit is not quite obvious.───其結果顯示,沈陽(yáng)市裝備制造業(yè)利用外資在整體上產(chǎn)生了溢出效應,但是溢出效應并不十分明顯;

11 、Analysts say the second half of the net inflow of foreign currency a further increase to our country from the outside to bring endless liquidity.───分析人士說(shuō)，下半年外匯凈流入的進(jìn)一步增加，將從外部給我國帶來(lái)源源不斷的流動(dòng)性。

12 、The temperature variations during a year have maxima at the poles, where the annual variation of the inflow of solar energy is also maxtmum.───兩極地區一年溫度變化極大，太陽(yáng)能入射量的年變幅也極大。

13 、Be cautious of baby's choking with water and inflow of water to ears.───嚴防嗆水,耳朵進(jìn)水。

14 、It is easier to connect PCB board with the machine by installing an automatic inflow and outflow systems in it .───為使PCB板連機更順利，本機加裝自動(dòng)進(jìn)料系統、自動(dòng)出料系統。

15 、New Exchange Fund paper to be issued only when there is an inflow of funds.───只會(huì )在有資金流入的情況下,金管局才會(huì )發(fā)行新的外匯基金債券票據。

16 、In order to observe health regulations in force in most countries, inflow and outflow is permissible as long as no appreciable current or turbulence is created.───為了遵守大多數國家的衛生條例，只要不產(chǎn)生明顯的流動(dòng)和漩渦，允許采用循環(huán)換水。

17 、We redirect the water from that inflow to the fuel tank.─── 我們把那個(gè)管道的水引入燃料罐里

18 、Based on the analysis, the paper also made a predication of future inflow volume of tourist in the island.───在此基礎上，根據各主要旅游障礙因素的影響權重，對未來(lái)的入島游客量進(jìn)行了“障礙因素消除后”的預測。

19 、The physical property of the air is steady, and the thermal leakage loss and non-uniform inflow loss of the turboexpander are not taken into account.───工質(zhì)的物性不隨壓力和溫度的變化而變化，不計透平膨脹機的漏熱損失、不均勻進(jìn)氣損失等。

20 、Because there are no parameters that characterize air inflow in each cycle, dynamic recurrent neural network (Elman) was adopted for forecasting engine's air inflow in each cycle.───HCCI汽油機沒(méi)有能直接表征發(fā)動(dòng)機每循環(huán)進(jìn)氣量的參數，因此，采用動(dòng)態(tài)遞歸神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò )（Elman網(wǎng)絡(luò )）預測HCCI發(fā)動(dòng)機每循環(huán)的進(jìn)氣量。

21 、No reverse flow of oil exports in the oil flow available within inflow Type; Otherwise required outflow type, the control of oil in order to reduce pressure.───在油流反向出口無(wú)背壓的油路中可用內泄式；否則需用外泄式，以降低控制油壓力。

22 、The experiences of some developing countries indicate that too much capital inflow will push exchange rate rise.───一些發(fā)展中國家的匯率變動(dòng)與資本流動(dòng)的趨勢表明,大量資本流入將推動(dòng)匯率升值,實(shí)行固定匯率制度的國家則會(huì )出現外部不均衡,如果政策運用不當容易引發(fā)金融危機。

23 、It also imprisoned the people"s thought, hindered other culture inflow.───但也禁錮了人民思想,阻礙外界文化的流入。

24 、Hu Xiaolian, deputy head of PBOC, said China didn't see capital outflow, but inflow did slow down.───同時(shí)表示中國將繼續投資美國國債，但同時(shí)將高度關(guān)注美國國債資產(chǎn)價(jià)值的波動(dòng)。

25 、The major controlling influence is the inflow of a cold, dry, air mass.───主要支配的影響是干冷氣團之流入。

26 、The seller has the benefit of an immediate inflow of funds, which can be put to use elsewhere in the business, coupled with a predictable cost for the leased assets.───賣(mài)方的好處是可以立即得到資金流入，這些資金可用于其他經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)，而且回租資產(chǎn)的成本是可預測的。

27 、"Qi activity" is mainly manifested by the four forms: upflow, downflow, outflow and inflow.───“氣機”，主要表現為升、降、出、入四種形式。

28 、This can be useful in combination with an inflow to prevent the whole domain from filling up.───(到一個(gè)排水溝)這和流入結合使用防止領(lǐng)域溢出。

29 、But the hydros have reservoirs which are able to modify the natural inflow, they will make full use of their regulation ability to maximize their revenue.───不過(guò)由于水電廠(chǎng)的水庫具有一定的調節能力，當水電廠(chǎng)參與電力市場(chǎng)競爭并對水庫調度有一定的自主權時(shí)，水電廠(chǎng)會(huì )充分利用其調節能力謀求收益最大。

30 、The predicting results indicate that this model can preferably reflect the influences of interzone inflow to the flood and the precision of this simulation model is acceptable.───實(shí)例表明，該模型能較好地反映區間入流對洪水過(guò)程的影響，模型的模擬精度較高。

31 、This was reflected in net private capital inflow and increased international reserves, which are beneficial for the long-term growth of Hong Kong.───另一方面,私營(yíng)機構資金流入則有顯著(zhù)順差而國際儲備則有持續增長(cháng)。這情況有利香港長(cháng)遠經(jīng)濟增長(cháng)。

32 、Removal of water from reservoirs is more rapidly offset by inflow than is the replenishment of lake waters, which have lesser inflow.───從水庫中汲的出水量,會(huì )很快地被流入的水量所補充,而湖泊的補充就要慢得多,因為它的流入量要少一些。

33 、Previous reading showed C$10.4 bln, which was the first net foreign inflow into Canadian securities after 2 consecutive months of net outflows.───上一次公布的數據為104億加元。這是連續2個(gè)月凈流出后，首次出現外國資金凈流入加拿大證券市場(chǎng)的情況。

34 、That reflects a strong inflow into private equity, Merrill Lynch found.───去年，配置在私人股本和對沖基金上的財富比例平均上升到了20%美林發(fā)現，這反映出財富強勁流入私人股本。

35 、Removel of water from reservoirs is more rapidly offset by inflow than is th e replenishment of lake waters, which have lesser inflow.───從水庫中汲的出水量，會(huì )很快地被流入的水量所補充，而湖泊的補充就要慢得多，因為它的流入量要少一些。

36 、So there are two opposing tendencies, an aggregate-demand rise that weakens the domestic currency and a capital inflow that strengthens it for a while.───因此，就有兩種相反的傾向：使本國貨幣疲軟的總需求增大和使本國貨幣暫時(shí)堅挺的資本流入。

37 、Nevertheless, it is true that there has been substantial capital inflow into the Mainland, leading to a very rapid accumulation of foreign reserves.───不過(guò),的確有大量資金流入中國內地,令中國的外匯儲備迅速增加。

38 、Otherwise, there is momentum transport from asymmetric to symmetric flow with pattern of cyclonic outflow or anticyclonic inflow.───反之,當非對稱(chēng)流場(chǎng)為反氣旋式流入或氣旋式流出時(shí),動(dòng)量由對稱(chēng)流向非對稱(chēng)流轉換.

39 、They have, in fact, made quite intense efforts to deal with the inflow through a number of strategies.───事實(shí)上,內地有關(guān)當局已采取了多項措施,認真處理資金流入的問(wèn)題。

40 、In middle water discharge, when inflow of Jianli takes about 55 percent of Luoshan's discharge, water level differences of both banks reaches minimum in Chenglingji cross section.───在中水流量下，當監利來(lái)水流量占螺山流量的百分比為55%左右時(shí)，城陵磯斷面左右岸水位差達到最小值。

41 、He was, in effect, operating a giant pyramid scheme, reliant on confidence to maintain a steady inflow of cash.───他事實(shí)上在運作一個(gè)巨大的金字塔計劃，他依賴(lài)于人們的信心以維持一個(gè)穩定的現金流入。

42 、"A lot of people are doing so, though there are no official statistics to show how big the inflow is," said Xing Zhiqiang, a senior research at CICC Securities.───“許多人在干這個(gè)，但是沒(méi)有官方數據顯示這些錢(qián)涌入的數字有多少，”辛志強，中國國際金融公司的高級研究員這樣說(shuō)。

43 、Yet this was smaller than the concurrent decline of 4.3 per cent in GDP in value terms, due to a net factor income inflow to Hong Kong equivalent to about 1.9 per cent of GDP in that year.───不過(guò)，這個(gè)跌幅已較同期以?xún)r(jià)值計算本地生產(chǎn)總值的4.3%跌幅為小，因為該年本港有相當于本地生產(chǎn)總值約1.9%的對外要素收入流動(dòng)凈值。

44 、Mon larger inflow of funds into the plate are: bio-medicine, steel, low-cost plate, coal, Shanghai local shares, the banks.───周一資金流入較多的板塊有：生物醫藥、鋼鐵、低價(jià)板塊、煤炭、滬本地股、銀行。

45 、Any fluid that enters the region of this object will be deleted (think of a drain). This can be useful in combination with an inflow to prevent the whole domain from filling up.───任何的流體進(jìn)入這一個(gè)物體的區域將會(huì )被刪除。(想到一個(gè)排水溝).這和流入結合使用防止領(lǐng)域溢出。

46 、An inflow, as of water.───如水的流入

47 、The critical ratio of inflow mainly depends on the constructional parameters and packed bed conditions of PSF.───臨界流入風(fēng)量比主要取決于結構參數和料層情況。

48 、The temperature variations during a year have maxima at the poles, where the annual variation of the inflow of solar energy is also maximum.───兩極地區一年溫度變化極大,太陽(yáng)能入射量的年變幅也極大。

49 、In this model, the influence of the dynamic inflow is considered, and the small displacement assumption used to be adopted in modeling is retracted.───取消以往建模所采用的小位移假設,計入了動(dòng)力入流的影響。

50 、Case study proves that the proposed method is contributed to properly establish the inflow performance relationship (IPR) for gas condensate wells.───實(shí)例分析證明，利用提出的方法，能正確建立流入動(dòng)態(tài)方程。

51 、The Mesoscale structure, such as bow echo, strong rear inflow and weak echo region on the inflow entrance etc, with the squall line, caused the disasterous wind.───對新一代天氣雷達資料分析揭示了此次颮線(xiàn)的典型的弓狀特征、強的后側入流槽口以及入流槽口上的弱回波區等中小尺度結構特征是造成災害性大風(fēng)的成因。

52 、Revenue is that total income before the total expenses are deducted, it give the total asset inflow during a fiscal period.───[總收入是那總的收利，在還未減去那總費用之前的收益。它給出的是在一個(gè)會(huì )計季度里所有的資產(chǎn)、資金納入。

53 、If the market structure is exogenous,then a capital inflow improves welfare of the host country.───如果市場(chǎng)結構是外生的,那么資本流入會(huì )提高東道國的福利;

54 、But those funds are flowing into China, "fickle", and they are always excessive traffic flow of funds when funds are really needed when they stop and withdraw from the inflow.───但那些流入中國的資金都是“薄情”的，它們總是流向資金過(guò)多的地方，當真正需要資金的時(shí)候，它們就停止流入并退出了。

55 、Three of the main environmental factors that vary across deep-sea ecosystems are temperature, water depth and carbon inflow from the photic zone.───三個(gè)主要環(huán)境因素：在跨深海域變化的生態(tài)環(huán)境里，溫度，水深和從頭光層來(lái)的碳的流入。

56 、The aim of determining water inflow in oil shale is to provide information for casing damage evaluation in the process of oilfield development.───判斷油頁(yè)巖是否進(jìn)水的主要目的是為油田開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程中評價(jià)套損情況提供信息。

57 、When this occurs, it is generally due to the location of the downstream boundary;turbulent eddies may cause additional inflow.───出現進(jìn)出口質(zhì)量不相等的原因主要是由于數值耗散。

58 、Based on the generalized dynamic inflow theory and classic non-steady aerodynamic loading theory, a real time model is obtained by establishing wake distortion and decay.───在廣義動(dòng)態(tài)入流理論的基礎上，基于經(jīng)典非定常氣動(dòng)載荷理論，建立了尾跡畸變和尾跡耗散的實(shí)時(shí)分析模型。

59 、Couinaud does not specifically describe incising the caudate process to allow passage of the clamp or whether inflow occlusion was used.───另一個(gè)目的是對肝門(mén)部存在的相當復雜的肝門(mén)板及纖維鞘系統進(jìn)行更容易理解的描述。

60 、All patients had degree of reduced peak early inflow velocity(E),increased peak late velocity (A):reduced E/A and increased deceleration time of E paek(Dte).───35例患者均存在不同程度的E峰流速下降 ,A峰流速增加 ,E/A下降 ,E峰減速時(shí)間縮短。

61 、Secondly, the paper analyzes the influences of statistical error, capital flight and hot money inflow on net errors and omissions and finds out their interrelations.───其次對統計誤差、資本外逃、熱錢(qián)內流對凈誤差與遺漏的影響進(jìn)行了分析,找出了它們之間的聯(lián)系。

62 、Other technical considerations include the use of vascular inflow occlusion (Pringle maneuver) during cryotherapy.───其他的冷凍治療中的技術(shù)考慮包括脈管流阻塞（Pringle機動(dòng)）的使用。

63 、Within a few years Congress, overturning a veto by President Woodrow Wilson, passed laws that sharply cut the inflow of migrants.───在數年間，國會(huì )推翻伍德羅威爾遜總統的否決，通過(guò)了大幅削減移民流入的法律。

64 、So, again for the time being, if there is further inflow, you will see us buying US dollars and increasing the Aggregate Balance passively.───因此,若現時(shí)再有資金流入,金管局將會(huì )繼續被動(dòng)地買(mǎi)入美元及擴大總結馀。

65 、RV, RV/LV, RA/LA, IVC, E and E/A ratio of tricuspid inflow imaging were significantly different between patients with APE and normal controls.───APE組RV、RV/LV比值和RA/LA比值、IVC、PASP、三尖瓣舒張期前向血流頻譜E、E/A比值與正常對照組之間存在顯著(zhù)性差異。

66 、Today's paper and paper product mills rely on a steady inflow of wood logs or chips.───今日的紙張和造紙廠(chǎng)仰賴(lài)固定的圓木或木片供應。

67 、Portocaval hemitransposition should be used cautiously and as a last resort to establish portovenous inflow.───因此，作為建立門(mén)靜脈流入的最后手段，應該慎用門(mén)腔靜脈半轉位術(shù)。

68 、A renewed inflow of hot money betting on a yuan revaluation pushed the Hong Kong dollar to a 16-month high.───再度有熱錢(qián)流入博人民幣升值,把港元匯價(jià)推高至16個(gè)月的新高。

69 、Low level inflow also becomes thicker over land.Near the Snow Mountains the tangential wind strong wind speed district becomes wider on the middle and high level.───中高層切向風(fēng)場(chǎng)在雪山山脈附近，強風(fēng)速區會(huì )有變寬的現象，由剖面得知此現象和垂直傳送有關(guān)，也造成切向風(fēng)的非軸對稱(chēng)特徵。

70 、The key problem of producing nodal analysis for gas-water well is analysis of inflow performance of the gas -water well.───基于氣水井的流入動(dòng)態(tài)的研究成果,將其與流出動(dòng)態(tài)相結合。

71 、A multivariable control system has been developed which manipulates heat addition and inflow so as to control digestion temperature and effluent substrate concentration.───多變量控制系統的操作變量為供熱量和進(jìn)水量,被控變量為消化溫度和消化污泥排出濃度。

72 、In 2000, Hong Kong was the top destination in Asia for FDI with inflow totalling US$61.9 billion, which represented a 152 per cent increase over the 1999 level of US$24.6 billion.───二零零零年，香港獲得的外來(lái)直接投資流入額達619億美元，是亞洲各地之冠，與一九九九年的246億美元比較，增加了152%。

73 、This paper studies a method for determining water inflow in oil shale by taking advantage of direct and visible fluroscence microscopic image technique.───利用熒光顯微圖像直觀(guān)、可視的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢,研究出判斷油頁(yè)巖是否進(jìn)水的方法。

74 、DTI may be clinically useful in detecting LV diastolic dysfunction in patients with hypertension and LVH, especially in detecting a pseudonormalization pattern of mitral inflow.───DTI技術(shù)可以定量評價(jià)高血壓左心室肥厚患者的左心室舒張功能 ,并且比常規脈沖波多普勒二尖瓣血流參數更加敏感

75 、Fortuyn, a gay, was famous for his anti-immigration policy, claiming that the inflow of Muslims into Holland would pose threats to the nation's free social traditions.───同性戀者佛杜恩向以反對移民政策著(zhù)稱(chēng)，認為回教徒涌入荷蘭，將對全國有關(guān)社會(huì )問(wèn)題的傳統自由立場(chǎng)造成威脅。

76 、Increase the inflow of population management.───加大流入人口管理力度。

77 、Spain's aggressive exporting of her culture and her faith to other parts of the world didn't render her immune to the inflow of cultural influences from abroad.─── 西班牙在對別的國家 侵略性地輸出自身文化及信仰的同時(shí) 并沒(méi)有讓她免于卷入 受其它文化影響的大潮中

78 、We'd like to look at the arterial inflow phase, please.─── 我們想看看動(dòng)脈流入期 麻煩了

79 、The BOT of dormitories attain much attention for their steady cash inflow.───但民間參與公共建設主要是注重于計劃之投資報酬與專(zhuān)案融資能力。

80 、The city is the aggregation of desires, and has a mystical allure that seduces the inflow of more people inebriated with the dream of realizing some extraordinary ideal.───城市是一個(gè)眾多欲望集合的載體，它有一種莫名的魔力吸引更多的人涌入，去尋求某種非凡的價(jià)值。

81 、The summary of Fuling Sewage Treatment Works in the Three Gorges area and its characteristics and principles of division point inflow inversion A2/O technique are introduced.───介紹了三峽庫區涪陵污水處理廠(chǎng)的概況及采用的分點(diǎn)進(jìn)水倒置A2/O工藝的特點(diǎn)和原理。

82 、In fact the "Simpler Super" rules introduced in July 2007 allowed for an unprecendented inflow of funds into the superannuation system.───事實(shí)上，“最簡(jiǎn)單就是最好”這個(gè)理念是在2007年7月引入的，我們首個(gè)將這個(gè)理念引入退休計畫(huà)當中。

83 、Over the past 20 years, Hong Kong has been very helpful in enabling the mainland to get inflow of foreign capital. Now we worry that such a role might diminish and even disappear.───因為我們都很擔心，像過(guò)去20多年引入外資的角色可能要失去了。

84 、They seem to have become more ready than before to regulate the outflow and inflow of funds, through a variety of formal or informal measures.───它們較以往更容易采取規管的做法,具體上以各種正式或非正式措施來(lái)限制資金的流入及流出。

cashflow是什么意思(flow(資金流轉）是什么意思)

融資流向什么意思

融資流向（Cashflowfromfinancing）是指現金流量表的第三項組成部分，反映公司融資活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的現金流狀況。

融資性現金流反映企業(yè)*和債券等渠道的資金籌集，屬于"接受輸血"的功能。公司融資活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的現金流入主要包括募集的資金流入和銀行貸款得到的資金等，融資活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的現金流出主要來(lái)自于發(fā)放現金股利、歸還貸款本金，以及股票回購等支付的資金。

cash flow(資金流轉）是什么意思

現金流量（CashFlow），又稱(chēng)現金流轉或現金流動(dòng)，是指企業(yè)在一定會(huì )計期間按照現金收付實(shí)現制，通過(guò)一定經(jīng)濟活動(dòng)（包括經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)、投資活動(dòng)、籌資活動(dòng)和非經(jīng)常性項目）而產(chǎn)生的現金流入（CashinFlow）、現金流出（CashOutFlow）及其差量情況的總稱(chēng)。反應資金流轉的表就是現金流量表

ocf金融是什么意思

金融行業(yè)用語(yǔ)OCF指的是operatingcashflow，即經(jīng)營(yíng)現金流量，意思是在公司營(yíng)運中產(chǎn)生的現金，通常定義為總收入減去全部營(yíng)運支出的部分。該項目是公司現金流量表中的一項。

OCF=EBIT+depreciation-Tax（即：經(jīng)營(yíng)現金流=稅利前利潤+折舊-稅）

我在看會(huì )計英語(yǔ)，請問(wèn)cashflow里寫(xiě)的IA、OA、FA什么意思謝謝

OA應該是operatingactivity，也就是經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)；IA是investingactivity，也就是投資活動(dòng)；FA是financingactivity，也就是融資活動(dòng)；因為您特指了現金流量表，所以應該就是這三個(gè)意思了。否則在其他會(huì )計術(shù)語(yǔ)里，FA也可以指固定資產(chǎn)fixedasset；IA也可以指無(wú)形資產(chǎn)，intangibleasset。

Simultaneous Outflow of Fresh Water and Inflow of Sea Water in a Coastal Spring

The flow of sea w ater into cavities is know n to occur in，among other places，the Bahamas，Florida and Greece，w here limestone w hich is in contact w ith the sea displays considerable karst development and is very permeable. There appear to be various causes — proved or supposed — for the inflow of sea w ater; the examples described in the literature are continuous or periodic but consist of either inflow of sea w ater or outflow of fresh w ater. The tw o types of flow never occur simultaneously.

The w ork described here reveals the possibility of a more complex coastal phenomenon in w hich tw o flow s — outflow and inflow — are concomitant and superposed. The study w as carried out at a spring on the Mediterranean coast ( Source de la Roubine，France; Figure 4. 3. 1a) ，w hich is at the edge of an extremely karstic carbonate massif and Quaternary clay- marl deposits several hundred metres thick in the coastal plain. The spring and flow run along a 2. 5 km channel into a lagoon ( sea w ater) . The discharge can attain a value of 6 m3/ s，and is 0. 1 － 0. 2 m3/ s at normal low -w ater functioning of the spring，that is，w hen the spring is flow ing. Inflow of salt w ater occurs only during such times of low discharge.

In the absence of rain，rises of several tens of centimetres are observed in the w ater level near the spring and last from a few hours to 4 － 5 days. While the w ater level changes in this w ay，a current of salt w ater runs along the bottom of the channel below the fresh w ater and in the opposite direction，enters one or tw o of the springs and disappears into the aquifer. At the same time，w ater continues to run out of the other springs and flow s tow ards the lagoon on top of the salt w ater ( Figure 4. 3. 1b) .

Figure 4. 3. 1 ( a) Map show ing the location of the Source de la Roubine. The carbonate massif has an areaof 55 km2and consists of Mesozoic limestone and dolomite. It is only part of the aquifer feeding the spring;other massifs located further north also contribute to the supply. The deposits of Quaternary and Cenozoicclay，loam and sand in the plain are several hundred metres thick and cover Mesozoic limestone w hichextends beneath the sea. The level of the Mediterranean has undergone a number of fluctuations since the endof the Neogene，and during some periods w as low er than it is today. These regressions caused deeppenetration by rainfall infiltrating into the carbonate massifs w hich had emerged，accompanied by intenseinternal corrosion and the formation of cavities by dissolution ( karst topography ) . Thus，the aquiferousstructure w hich formed in the depths of the carbonate mass is mainly below sea level today，and the Source dela Roubine is a spring of very recent formation. Movement of w ater starts in the form of a rising current inthe deep palaeokarst. ( b) Cross-section of the spring show ing the double flow ( vertical exaggeration 5∶ 1) .Tracers w ere injected into the stream of salt w ater through a pipe，as show n in the draw ing. Measurements ofvelocity，conductivity and temperature w ere made along the vertical marked‘A’.

Figure 4. 3. 2 Observations of velocity，conductivity and temperature，show ing the superposition of the tw o streams. M aximum velocities of the tw o currents running in opposite directions are almost the same. The discharge of the fresh-w ater stream is 0. 18 m3/ s; that of the salt-w ater stream beneath is 0. 20 m3/ s. The superposition of fresh w ater is also show n by the observations of conductivity and temperature. The lagoon w ater is w armer than the spring w ater.

The interface betw een the tw o flow s can be clearly seen in vertical profiles of electrical conductivity and temperature ( Figure 4. 3. 2) . The conductivity of the w ater from the spring is 4. 2 － 4. 3 mS / cm ( at 25℃ ) ，w hereas that of the lagoon w ater varies from 48 mS / cm to 56 mS / cm according to the season. Although for reasons of convenience the spring w ater is referred to as ‘fresh’，the mean electrical conductivity of spring w ater in limestone soil far from the coast is 0. 6 mS / cm w ith a Cl content of 15 － 35 mg / L ( the w ater in the lagoon has a Cl content of 18000 mg / L) .

The temperature of the spring is relatively stable，at 17. 3 ± 0. 5℃. In contrast，the lagoon w ater is subject to w ide temperature variations: from 5 － 10℃ in w inter to 25 － 28℃ in summer. The monitoring of inflow w ith time revealed some remarkable features. The beginning of the double-flow phenomenon has a sudden effect on conductivity values: this is proof of the poor miscibility of fresh and salt w ater. The temperature，how ever，varies progressively even before the appearance of salt w ater. This is caused by the fact that the advance of the salt w ater in the bottom of the channel pushes the fresh spring w ater already affected by the outside temperature back tow ards the spring.

Figure 4. 3. 3 Example of the time-evolution of conductivity ( ○) and temperature ( ) in the spring into w hich the salt w ater flow s，compared w ith w ater levels in the spring ( ■) and w ith w ind direction ( arrow s) . A，No inflow of salt w ater，but start of return flow is indicated by a fall in temperature. This is fresh w ater in the channel affected by the outside temperature. B，Inflow has started suddenly and is revealed by stable conductivity; how ever，temperatures are irregular. This is the effect of the thermal heterogeneity of the w ater in the lagoon. The low est temperature of the w ater flow ing in is 14. 9℃ ; the highest is 19. 8℃ ( the temperature of the spring w ater is 17. 8℃ ) . C， Inflow ceases suddenly. The spring flow s normally once more. Inflow occurs w hen there is a rise in w ater level of 0. 35 m caused by easterly w inds.

With regard to the hydraulic mechanism，it w ould appear that the variations in the w ater level at the spring are caused by variations in the level of the lagoon on the w est bank. The measurements ( Figure 4. 3. 3) show that they are not caused by tide; how ever，it w as observed that the variations are associated w ith certain w ind directions. The spring is on the w est bank; easterly w inds cause the w ater level to rise on this side and fall on the east bank. The rapid rise in level on the w estern side thus sets up a hydraulic gradient in the salt w ater，directed tow ards the spring. Progress of salt w ater tow ards the spring is encouraged by the low hydraulic gradient of the fresh w ater in the channel ( 0‰ － 0. 01‰) and by the near-zero slope of the bottom of the channel.

The superposition of the tw o flow s and the low apparent miscibility of the tw o streams are caused by the differences in density ( spring w ater: 0. 9994 g / cm3at 25℃ ; sea w ater ( in the lagoon) : 1. 0258 g / cm3) .

Finally，it might be thought that the salt w ater w hich runs into the aquifer reappears in spring flow after dilution and could be the cause of the salinity of the spring. Tracers w ere injected into the saline inflow in order to test this hypothesis，and no trace of the dye w as observed in fresh w ater to the spring during an observation period w hich lasted several months. It w ould thus appear that the tw o flow s are probably separate in the aquifer itself.

It is likely that part of the salt w ater mixes w ith w ater from the aquifer，but the origin of most of the salinity of the spring w ater is undoubtedly contamination of deep groundw ater by the penetration of sea w ater into the karst ( salt-w ater encroachment; Figure 4. 3. 4) . When lagoon w ater has flow ed in，it probably runs by gravity to the interface of the salt-w ater encroachment. It may then be taken by groundw ater flow to springs under the lagoon or under the sea.

Figure 4. 3. 4 Diagrammatic representation of the karstic aquifer and the organization of flow s. Fine arrow s，fresh w ater; bold and shaded arrow s，salt w ater. The flow of salt w ater that runs into the spring must descend by gravity through the aquifer ( A ) to the deep salt-w ater encroachment ( B ) . This flow is then carried to submarine springs. There is thus double contamination of underground w ater by sea w ater: from below in the aquifer and from above. Note that the large-scale flow of w ater into the spring carries large quantities of organic matter into the underground zone; this could form the basis for a totally unknow n biotope. ( For reasons of simplicity，the arrow s in A do not show any dispersion that may take place in the aquifer. )

In conclusion，w e note that geological structures w hich w ould enable this phenomenon to occur are very common on the limestone coasts around the Mediterranean. Equivalent structures also exist on ocean coasts: w e have observed such features in the Miocene limestone in south- east Java ( Gunung Sow u) and in southern Portugal ( Algarve) .

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