?triumvirate

triumvirate發(fā)音

英：[tra???mv?r?t]　　美：[tra???mv?r?t]

英：　　美：

triumvirate中文意思翻譯

n.三人統治執政

triumvirate常見(jiàn)例句

1 、Roman general and political leader. With Caesar and Crassus he formed a ruling triumvirate(60-50) but was later defeated by Caesar and murdered in Egypt.───龐培古羅馬將軍和政治**。他和凱撒和克拉蘇一起組成了三人寡頭統治（60－50年），但后來(lái)被凱撒擊敗并在埃及被謀殺。

2 、The company is run jointly by a triumvirate of directors.───這家公司是由三人組成的董事會(huì )經(jīng)管的。

3 、Sullivan and the Golds will each part with a 14.81% stake, diluting their power - the triumvirate previously owned 78% - but still ensuring that, together, they can challenge Yeung.───沙利文和葛爾德兄弟以后將各繼續持有14.81%的股份，他們的股東權利將被削弱，這三個(gè)人以前曾擁有俱樂(lè )部78%的股份，即使現在，他們三個(gè)聯(lián)合起來(lái)仍然可以挑戰楊的地位。

4 、With a total of some RMB 30 million invested, this triumvirate brilliantly offers fun-filled times round the clock to keep you spry and ready for more.───總投資約三千萬(wàn)人民幣，由三個(gè)大品牌為您提供服務(wù)，讓您更具活力更具青春。

5 、Lara:Here sits the God-King Qualopec; One of the Triumvirate; keepers of the three pieces of the scion; Diviners of its knowledge; Sacred rulers of Atlantis.───勞拉：這里坐的是夸洛佩克神，他是掌管三個(gè)司祭盎的三神之一，是司祭盎蘊藏的知識的守護者，亞特蘭蒂斯大陸神圣的統治者。

6 、When was the New "Triumvirate" Established during the Long March?───紅軍長(cháng)征中新"三人團"究竟成立于何時(shí)?

7 、Motti, together with Grand Moff Tarkin and General Tagge, formed the command triumvirate for the battle station.───莫提連同高等星區首長(cháng)塔金和塔吉將軍，構成了這座戰斗站的三巨頭。

8 、In 61 he formed the First Triumvirate with Julius Caesar and Marcus Licinius Crassus.───西元前61年與凱撒和克拉蘇形成三頭政治。

9 、I get the psychopath's triumvirate: charm, focus, and ruthlessness.─── 你身上有著(zhù)精神*者的三個(gè)特點(diǎn) 有魅力 專(zhuān)注以及冷酷

10 、The famously wealthy Crassus needed glory to rival the exploits of the two men with whom he ruled Rome as the First Triumvirate, Pompey the Great and Julius Caesar.───著(zhù)名的豪富的克拉蘇需要榮譽(yù)來(lái)超越和他共同統治羅馬的前三頭中的另外兩人:偉大的龐培和尤利烏斯*愷撒.

11 、The third in the Spurs triumvirate of geriatrics is Brent Barry.───馬刺老頭三人組最后一個(gè)就是巴里。

12 、Tihocan: You have tainted the power of the Scion; In betraying your fellow Kings you have broken the sacred Triumvirate of Atlantis. You have maimed Qualopec. Your own brother.───蒂霍坎:你玷污了司祭盎的力量；你背叛了我們，你打破了亞特蘭蒂斯神圣的戒律。你甚至殘害了你的兄長(cháng)，夸洛佩克。

13 、As an insurance policy, the campaign named a successful young Houston lawyer, Julius Glickman, to be the third member of our triumvirate.───為保險起見(jiàn)，總部還派來(lái)一個(gè)年輕有為的休斯敦律師朱利葉斯.格利克曼，我們組成了三人領(lǐng)導小組。

14 、However, I don't believe this triumvirate represents the only three teams that'll be atop the West for the next one or two seasons.───但是，我不認為這三支球隊是唯一能在未來(lái)一到兩個(gè)賽季可以屹立在西部之巔的球隊。

15 、One of the Triumvirate; Keepers of the Three pieces of the Scion;───三執政者之一，三片司祭盎的持有者之一；

16 、Lara: Here lies the God-King Tihocan;One of the Triumvirate;Keepers of the three pieces of the Scion;───勞拉：這里安眠著(zhù)神圣之王蒂霍坎，執政三神之一，也是掌管三個(gè)火種源的三神之一。

17 、These three ladies disliked and distrusted one another as heartily as the First Triumvirate of Rome, and their close alliance was probably for the same reason.───這三位太太像羅馬的第一任三頭政治那樣互相猜忌，也許正因為這樣她們才結成了緊密的聯(lián)盟。

18 、We shall stand fearsome triumvirate, with means to bend the course of history.─── 我們將成為強大的三巨頭 強大到足以影響歷史的進(jìn)程

19 、Sullivan and the Golds will each part with a14.81% stake, diluting their power- the triumvirate previously owned78%- but still ensuring that, together, they can challenge Yeung.───沙利文和葛爾德兄弟以后將各繼續持有14.81%股份，他們的股東權利將被削弱，這三個(gè)人以前曾擁有俱樂(lè )部78%股份，即使現在，他們三個(gè)聯(lián)合起來(lái)仍然可以挑戰楊的地位。

20 、With such a triumvirate, things will be easier; reorganization at lower levels, implementation of the relevant plans, and so on, will go more smoothly.───有了這樣的三把手，事情就比較好辦了，下面單位的調整，計劃的執行等等，就可以比較順利地進(jìn)行了。

21 、Tihocan：You have tainted the power of the Scion; In betraying your fellow Kings you have broken the sacred Triumvirate of Atlantis. You have maimed Qualopec. Your own brother.───蒂霍坎:你玷污了火種源的力量；你背叛了我們，打破了亞特蘭蒂斯神圣的戒律。你甚至重傷了你的兄長(cháng)，夸洛佩克。

22 、Emile Durkheim is one of sociology triumvirate, and has great influence on sociology circle.───摘要涂爾干是社會(huì )學(xué)思想史上的三位古典大家之一，在社會(huì )學(xué)界影響長(cháng)盛不衰。

23 、Phoenix was led by the triumvirate of Nash, Shawn Marion and Raja Bell.───納什，馬里昂和貝爾帶領(lǐng)了雖敗尤榮的太陽(yáng)。

24 、When he died in 78 BC, supreme power passed to a triumvirate of Pompey(one of Sulla's outstanding generals), Crassus (a wealthy senator) and Julius Caesar (an aristocrat who had already held several government posts).───公元前78年，最高統治權在蘇拉死后落人了由龐培(蘇拉手下的一位杰出統帥之一)、克拉蘇(一位富有的元老議員)和愷撒(曾擔當過(guò)好幾個(gè)政府職位的貴族)組成的三巨頭手中。

25 、The office or term of a triumvir.───三頭政治的職位或任期

26 、At least one-third of this triumvirate isn't going anywhere, so I'm seeing more fiction than fact.───至少三巨頭中的一位不會(huì )消失，所以我認為這更多的是幻想而不是事實(shí)。

27 、Here lies the God-King Tihocan; One of the Triumvirate; Keepers of the Three Pieces of the Scion;───這里安眠著(zhù)神王蒂霍坎。三執政者之一，三片司祭盎的持有者之一；

28 、But the triumvirate outsmarted the generalissimo.───但是這三位卻比蔣介石棋高一著(zhù)。

29 、You have tainted the power of the Scion; In betraying your fellow Kings you have broken the sacred Triumvirate of Atlantis.───你玷污了司祭盎的力量；你背叛了自己的同伴，破壞了神圣的亞特蘭蒂斯三執政體。

30 、He and Mark Antony opposed republican conspirators and in 43 formed the Second Triumvirate with Octavian (later Augustus).───他和安東尼都反對共和派的陰謀，西元前43年與屋大維（后來(lái)的奧古斯都）一起組成后三頭政治。

31 、You have tainted the power of the Scion; In betraying your fellow Kings you have broken the sacred Triumvirate of Atlantis. You have maimed Qualopec. Your own brother.───蒂霍坎:你玷污了司祭盎的力量;你背叛了我們,你打破了亞特蘭蒂斯神圣的戒律。你甚至殘害了你的兄長(cháng),夸洛佩克。

32 、Run by fractious triumvirate, it produced some noble plays───由獨斷專(zhuān)行的三人小組經(jīng)營(yíng)該劇團演出了一些名劇。

33 、Of course, this has been made possible by the triumvirate whom I called xtb.───又是一陣忘命狂發(fā)，差點(diǎn)把電瓶里的電給發(fā)掉。我才換的新電瓶??！無(wú)助！

34 、Solid numbers but not in any way euro-competitive against the triumvirate of the German premium brands, BMW, Mercedes-Benz and Audi.───堅實(shí)的號碼，但不以任何方式歐元競爭對三人的德國頂級品牌，寶馬，奔馳和奧迪。

35 、FACT or FICTION: The 2008 playoffs mark the ascendance of a new West triumvirate of Los Angeles, New Orleans and Utah.───事實(shí)還是幻想：2008年季后賽標志著(zhù)西部新的三巨頭湖人、黃蜂和爵士正式登場(chǎng)？

36 、It sounds like a crass attempt to drive a wedge between my partner and I to achieve for yourself a controlling influence over our little triumvirate.─── 這好像是為了離間我和我的搭檔 所做的一次愚蠢的嘗試 來(lái)達到在你想要在我們三人統治的局面中 施加影響控制格局的目的

37 、Roman general and political leader. With Caesar and Crassus he formed a ruling triumvirate ('0-50) but was later defeated by Caesar and murdered in Egypt.───龐培：古羅馬將軍和政治**。他和凱撒和克拉蘇一起組成了三人寡頭統治('0-50年），但后來(lái)被凱撒擊敗并在埃及被謀殺

38 、The company is run jointly by a triumvirate of directors───這家公司是由三人組成的董事會(huì )經(jīng)管的.

39 、In betraying your fellow Kings you have broken the sacred Triumvirate of Atlantis.───你背叛了我們，你打破了亞特蘭蒂斯神圣的戒律。

40 、Brahms belongs with Bach and Beethoven in the mighty triumvirate of the ‘Three B's”.───勃拉姆斯屬于音樂(lè )三巨頭之一，其他兩人是巴赫、貝多芬，因為他們三人的名字都以“B”開(kāi)關(guān)，所以又稱(chēng)為“三B”。

改變世界歷史進(jìn)程的人類(lèi)十大戰役

改變世界歷史進(jìn)程的人類(lèi)十大戰役

從古到今具有代表性的十大戰爭,揭示了發(fā)生在世界上的部落戰爭、城邦戰爭、宗教戰爭、民族戰爭和反侵略戰爭等各類(lèi)戰爭的內幕,從中我們不但可以了解世界戰爹媽的歷史,而且從歷次戰爭的回顧中可以探尋到古今戰略戰術(shù)運用的奧秘。

NO.1馬拉松之戰(前490年)

希波戰爭中的一場(chǎng)戰役。波斯將軍達提斯率約十萬(wàn)軍隊、六百艘戰艦橫渡愛(ài)琴海，攻克并破壞了優(yōu)卑亞島西岸的小城愛(ài)勒特里亞，然后接受前雅典僭主希庇亞的建議，在雅典東北部的馬拉松平原登陸。

前490年9月12日(或21日)，雅典士兵一萬(wàn)人，及布拉的援軍一千人，在馬拉松與波斯軍隊展開(kāi)激戰。雅典統帥米太亞德針對波斯習用的中央突破戰術(shù)，故意將精兵置于兩翼，中路弱兵接敵即后撤，兩翼迂回包抄以求殲滅敵人，獲得成功。此役，波斯戰死六千余人，而雅典僅陣亡一百九十二人。

NO.1馬拉松之戰(前490年)

詳述：馬拉松之戰是希波戰爭中雙方在馬拉松平原進(jìn)行的一次會(huì )戰。公元前490年8月，波斯國王大流士，一世對希臘發(fā)動(dòng)第二次遠征。老將達提斯和阿塔非尼斯率波斯軍2萬(wàn)余人橫渡愛(ài)琴海，攻占并破壞埃雷特里亞城，繼而南進(jìn)，9月8日在距雅典城東北40千米的馬拉松平原登陸。馬拉松平原一面臨水，三面環(huán)山，地勢平坦，草勢也好，適于騎兵作戰和馬草補給。達提斯企圖在此引誘雅典軍出城作戰，利用有利地形一舉殲之。

此戰，雅典犧牲192人，波斯軍損失6400人、戰船7艘。雅典軍首戰大捷，欣喜若狂。米太亞得急令斐里庇底斯迅速返回雅典報捷。斐里庇底斯自戰場(chǎng)一口氣跑了42.195千米，來(lái)到雅典中心廣場(chǎng)，向早已等在那里的人群上氣不接下氣地喊了聲：“我們…勝利啦！”便栽倒在地，氣絕身亡。為紀念這位忠于職守的雅典通信員，近代奧林匹克運動(dòng)會(huì )的競賽項目中設立了馬拉松賽跑，其長(cháng)度恰好是自馬拉松戰場(chǎng)至雅典廣場(chǎng)的全程。

NO.2阿克提烏姆海戰(前31年)

公元前31年9月2日，古羅馬屋大維(即奧古斯都,Octavian,CaesarAugustus)和安東尼(MarkAntony)為爭奪國家最高權力的海上決戰。

公元前42年，“后三頭”(TheSecondTriumvirate)除掉了刺殺凱撒的共和派勢力之后。內部爭奪加劇，公元前37年，安東尼與埃及女王克里奧帕特拉七世(Cleopatra)結婚。并公然聲稱(chēng)將羅馬東方行省部分地區贈予她和她的子嗣公元前36年，屋大維剝奪李必達的軍權，坐鎮意大利而與東方的安東尼對峙。屋大維趁機慫恿元老院和公民大會(huì )各有安東尼為“祖國之敵”，并向埃及女王宣戰，公元前31年，安東尼和女王率軍約10萬(wàn)，戰船500余艘進(jìn)報希臘西海岸，海軍停泊在安布拉基亞灣，陸軍駐扎在海灣以南地區。屋大維率兵的8萬(wàn)，戰船400余艘，由意大利渡海東征，占據克基拉島(科孚島)和南面的萊夫卡斯島，控制安布拉基亞灣出口，并派出半數的戰船切斷對方海上補給線(xiàn)。安東尼補給困難，軍中疾病流行，逃亡日眾。

NO.3怛羅斯之戰(751年)

怛羅斯的所在地還未完全確定，但應在吉爾吉斯斯坦與哈薩克斯坦的邊境，接近哈薩克斯坦的塔拉茲(曾稱(chēng)江布爾)的地區。史書(shū)記載，高仙芝翻越蔥嶺(帕米爾高原)，“深入七百馀里”，其實(shí)已經(jīng)在阿拉伯的勢力范圍上作戰，阿拉伯在補給、情報等方面占了絕對的優(yōu)勢。

戰斗經(jīng)過(guò)

高仙芝于天寶10年四月(公元751年)，從安西出發(fā)，準備先發(fā)制人。在翻過(guò)帕米爾高原(蔥嶺)，越過(guò)沙漠，經(jīng)過(guò)了三個(gè)月的長(cháng)途跋涉之后，高仙芝在七月份到達了阿拉伯人控制下的怛邏斯，并且開(kāi)始圍攻怛邏斯城。由于阿拉伯人早就在準備對安西四鎮的攻擊，在接到高仙芝進(jìn)攻的消息之后立即組織了十余萬(wàn)的大軍趕往怛羅斯城，雙方在怛邏斯河兩岸、今天的奧李-阿塔(Aulie-Ata今江布爾)附近展開(kāi)了決戰。

NO.3怛羅斯之戰(751年)

尾聲

懾于對唐軍在怛羅斯戰役中展現的驚人戰斗力，阿拔斯王朝也打消東進(jìn)擴展領(lǐng)土的打算，只是默許了葛羅祿在阿姆河與錫爾河流域附近的擴張。他們自立了一國家，并一直維持至九世紀末被后來(lái)建立Kara-KhanidKhanate的入侵者消滅。此外阿拉伯軍的主將阿布.穆斯林由于功高震主被殺，手下大將齊雅德.伊本.薩里也被處死，其余部于是叛亂，呼羅珊陷入混亂，阿拉伯忙于平亂，對于遙遠的中國已經(jīng)是有心無(wú)力了。

而中國方面，天寶十四年(755年)十一月，安祿山叛反于范陽(yáng)，天下大亂，唐朝在西域的輝煌也隨著(zhù)盛唐的崩潰而隨風(fēng)消逝，只留下那些不朽的詩(shī)篇還在被后人傳唱…

NO.4君士坦丁堡戰役(1453年)

1453年初，奧斯曼土耳其蘇丹穆罕默德二世率步騎兵17萬(wàn)艦船320艘，從陸海兩面包圍君士坦丁堡企圖徹底滅亡拜占庭帝國。君士坦丁堡的軍民也孤注一擲誓與古城共存亡。他們盡一切可能加固工事，除了在西面筑了兩道堅不可摧的城墻之外，還在城墻上每隔百米筑一堡壘，墻外挖了很深的護城壕。

在城北金角灣的入口處，他們用粗大的鐵鏈，橫鎖水面，使任何船只都無(wú)法駛入。在城東城南面臨海灣敵人很難接近的地方，他們也筑起了堅固的城墻。

NO.4君士坦丁堡戰役(1453年)

1453年5月29日拂曉，穆罕默德二世再次發(fā)動(dòng)全面攻擊。他甚至把自己精銳的侍衛隊亦派上陣去。

守城的軍隊在他們的指揮官猶斯底尼亞的領(lǐng)導下，進(jìn)行殊死的抵抗，使戰況進(jìn)入膠著(zhù)狀態(tài)。但不幸的是，猶斯底尼亞中箭身亡，致使守軍頓生恐慌，無(wú)心堅守，抵抗力大降。土耳其軍隊終于突進(jìn)了對方的陣地。

東羅馬帝國的末代皇帝君士坦丁十一世看大勢已去，化裝奪門(mén)而逃，在混戰中被土耳其人擊斃。當天夜里土耳其人占領(lǐng)君士坦丁堡全城。土軍在城內燒殺搶掠，歷代的藝術(shù)珍品被洗劫一空，華麗的建筑物被付之一炬。

君士坦丁堡的陷落，標著(zhù)延續1000多年的東羅馬帝國的滅亡。隨后，土耳其把君士坦丁堡改名為伊斯坦布爾。

NO.5英西海戰(1588年)

1588年(中國明朝的時(shí)候)，英吉利海峽戰云密布，風(fēng)聲緊急。龐大的西班牙“無(wú)敵艦隊”排山倒海般地涌入海峽，揚言要水陸并進(jìn)，毀滅英國。普通老百姓從未見(jiàn)過(guò)如此強大的敵人，不免膽戰心驚。這一天，英國海軍的偵察官了望到西班牙艦隊的威武陣勢，也很著(zhù)慌，趕快跑到總部報信。

這一仗打下來(lái)，無(wú)敵艦隊已經(jīng)不是“無(wú)敵”而是“無(wú)力”了。西班牙人決定逃跑。但是海峽上一直刮著(zhù)強勁的南風(fēng)，而且還有英艦截擊，往回逃已經(jīng)不可能。殘存的西班牙艦隊就隨風(fēng)北上，準備繞過(guò)大不列顛島，沿愛(ài)爾蘭島西岸駛回西班牙。這段路程不僅漫長(cháng)，還有北海的巨風(fēng)惡浪的襲擊。這就使西班牙艦隊受到更嚴重的損失。據說(shuō)，僅在愛(ài)爾蘭北部沿岸，就有8000名西班牙官兵葬身海底。等到“無(wú)敵艦隊”由愛(ài)爾蘭駛回西班牙的時(shí)候，船只已經(jīng)不到原來(lái)的三分之一。西班牙失掉了100多艘戰艦和1.4萬(wàn)多官兵，征服英國的夢(mèng)想破滅了。

NO.6萊克星頓的**聲(1775年)

1775年4月，馬薩諸塞總督兼駐軍總司令蓋奇得一個(gè)消息：在距波士頓不遠的康科德鎮上，有“通訊委員會(huì )”的一個(gè)秘密軍需倉庫。蓋奇立即命令少校史密斯率800名英軍前往搜查。部隊連夜出發(fā)了，4月19日凌晨，他們來(lái)到了離康科德6英里的小村莊——列克星頓。

戰斗一直持續到黃昏，最后還是從波士頓開(kāi)來(lái)的一支援軍，才把史密斯等人救了出去。這一仗，英軍死傷247人，民兵犧牲了幾十人，剩下的英軍彈藥耗盡，回想起來(lái)也是心有余悸，他們第一次嘗到殖民地人民鐵拳的滋味。有個(gè)士兵說(shuō)：“我48小時(shí)沒(méi)吃一點(diǎn)東西，帽子被打掉了3次，2顆子彈穿透上衣。我的刺刀也被人打掉了?！?/p>

NO.7滑鐵盧戰役（1815年）

1815年6月18日，以拿破侖·波拿巴為統帥的法國軍隊和以英國人威靈頓公爵為統帥的歐洲聯(lián)軍，在這里展開(kāi)了一場(chǎng)驚心動(dòng)魄的大決戰。雙方投入的兵力14萬(wàn)多人，戰局幾經(jīng)反復，廝殺異常激烈，田野一片血紅。這場(chǎng)決戰持續了大約12個(gè)小時(shí)，第二天清晨，一只**信鴿銜著(zhù)報捷信飛進(jìn)了倫敦的白金漢宮，歐洲各國的君主們此時(shí)此刻總算松了一口氣，他們終于知道自己的軍隊戰勝了那位不可一世的法國皇帝拿破侖·波拿巴。

這一戰不僅徹底結束了拿破侖·波拿巴的軍事生涯和政治生命，改變了歐洲的歷史進(jìn)程，也使這一大片堆滿(mǎn)了六萬(wàn)多具將士尸骨的土地永遠載入史冊，成為一代又一代人憑吊的古戰場(chǎng)，“滑鐵盧”這三個(gè)字也從此成為“失敗”的代名詞而流傳下來(lái)，并在全世界廣泛使用。

NO.8色當戰役（1870年）

色當戰役(BattleofSedan)是普法戰爭(Franco-PrussianWar)的一個(gè)重大戰役。

普奧戰爭結束以后，普魯士日漸強大，但是，緊靠法國南部的四個(gè)小國還仍然沒(méi)有被俾期麥統一，而俾斯麥是下決心要統一除奧地利以外的所有德意志的國家。

1871年1月28日，普法簽訂《巴黎停戰協(xié)定》，宣布法國投降。5月10日，雙方在法蘭克福簽訂《法蘭克福和約》，法國割讓了阿爾薩斯和洛林給德國，并賠償50億法郎，宣告戰爭結束。

色當戰役在歷史上被稱(chēng)為"色當慘敗"，它使德國最后完成了統一。

NO.9 對馬海戰(1905年)

日本聯(lián)合艦隊司令東鄉平八郎，根據俄國艦隊補給供應情況，斷定俄國艦隊將通過(guò)對馬海峽直接前往海參崴，1905年5月20日東鄉下令，全艦隊進(jìn)入戰位，等待著(zhù)俄國艦隊的到來(lái)。5月25日，俄國艦隊從臺灣附近出發(fā)，26日到達上海附近，27日清晨進(jìn)入對馬海峽，鉆進(jìn)了日本艦隊的包圍圈。

28日清晨5時(shí)過(guò)后，殘余俄國艦隊緩緩地朝海參崴方向行駛，但在上午9時(shí)，再次被日本艦隊包圍，遭到日艦猛烈的炮擊，擔任俄國艦隊司令的涅鮑加托夫海軍少將決定投降。10時(shí)53分，“尼古拉一世”、“海軍上將阿普拉克辛”、“海軍上將謝尼亞文”、“鷹”等4艘戰列艦投降，而日本艦隊在看到俄方投降信號后，依然進(jìn)行不人道的炮擊，直到俄國軍艦掛出日本旗為止。載有艦隊司令羅日捷斯特文斯基的“魯莽”號也向日方投降。

NO.10 斯大林格勒會(huì )戰（1942—1943年）

蘇聯(lián)在斯大林格勒會(huì )戰取得的勝利具有重大的政治、軍事意義。這次勝利，對爭得蘇聯(lián)偉大衛國戰爭乃至整個(gè)第二次世界大戰的根本轉折作出了決定性貢獻。斯大林格勒會(huì )戰的結果，使蘇軍從德軍手中奪取了戰略主動(dòng)權，并一直保持到戰爭結束，同時(shí)它鼓舞了各國人民同法西斯占領(lǐng)者進(jìn)行更加堅決的斗爭。

貝寧共和國關(guān)于歷史和文化的英語(yǔ)介紹

貝寧共和國（法語(yǔ)：La République du Bénin）是非洲西部國家，舊名達荷美（Dahomey），前法國殖民地，1960年8月1日獨立。貝寧南瀕幾內亞灣，東鄰尼日利亞，北與尼日爾接壤，西北與布基納法索相連，西和多哥接壤；面積112.620平方公里，人口7,041,490（2000年），首都波多諾伏（Porto-Novo）是國民議會(huì )所在地，科托努（Cotonou）則是政府所在地。

歷史

主條目：貝寧歷史

因地形及部族因素，原名達荷美之貝寧在獨立前即分為西南，東南，北部三大派系相互傾軋不已。1960年獨立建國后紛爭愈烈，首任總統馬加（Hubert Maga）在1963年欲藉軍方力量彈壓反對派，自己反遭罷黜。軍人還政文人后至1972年止，先后發(fā)生五次政變事件，政權六度易手，而1970年所設由三地區領(lǐng)袖每二年輪任總統職之制度實(shí)為各類(lèi)妥協(xié)方法試用殆盡后不得已之對策，亦未收效。至1972年10月26日克雷庫中校發(fā)動(dòng)政變，改弦易轍，正式采用馬列主義，1975年12月1日并改國號為貝寧人民共和國，進(jìn)行軍事集權。1989年12月7日因經(jīng)濟瀕臨崩潰，宣布放棄馬列主義。1990年3月1日再改國號為貝寧共和國。

經(jīng)濟

是世界最不發(fā)達國家之一。經(jīng)濟以農業(yè)為主。由于南部地區一些強大的部落王國自古以來(lái)便支持與歐洲人的往來(lái)，因此促使農業(yè)經(jīng)濟過(guò)早地專(zhuān)業(yè)化，糧食方面不能自給。南方地區和達荷美高原種植經(jīng)濟作物油棕櫚。棕櫚仁和棕櫚油是貝寧最主要的出口項目，其棕櫚油的特點(diǎn)是胡蘿卜素含量高（1.7%-2%）。糧食作物有薯蕷、木薯、甘薯、玉米、豌豆、蠶豆及花生。

貝寧獨立之前，一些大型種植園中有巨大的棕櫚油工廠(chǎng)。全國共有四座這樣的工廠(chǎng)，年產(chǎn)量為20000噸棕櫚油。貝寧獨立之后將種植園和工廠(chǎng)收歸國有，導致產(chǎn)量急劇下降，在中國和蘇聯(lián)的援助下方緩慢上升。還有兩家用棕櫚油制作肥皂的工廠(chǎng)，數家生產(chǎn)椰干的工廠(chǎng)。

棉花的種植方式比其他非洲國家細致，因此質(zhì)量較好。一半的棉花產(chǎn)量和全部棉籽均供出口?；ㄉ某隹诒壤?。

比爾馬河流域有少量露天沙金?？茷醢驳碌貐^有金紅石和鈦鐵礦。石油探明儲量約為1000萬(wàn)噸。

Benin (pronounced /bɨˈnɪn/), officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in West Africa. It borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north; its short coastline to the south leads to the Bight of Benin.

Its size is just over 110000 km2 with a population of almost 8,500,000. Its capital is the Yoruba founded city of Porto-Novo but the seat of government is the Fon city of Cotonou.

A democratic government between 1960 and 1972 was followed by a self-proclaimed "Marxist-Leninist" dictatorship between 1972 and 1991, which was highly repressive and led to economic collapse. Multiparty elections have taken place since 1991. About a third of the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 per day.[3] Main income sources are subsistence agriculture and cotton.

History

Main article: History of Benin

The Kingdom of Dahomey formed from a mixture of ethnic groups on the Abomey plain. Historians theorized that the insecurity caused by slave trading may have contributed to mass migrations of groups to modern day Abomey, including some Aja, a Gbe people who are believed to have founded the city. Those Aja living in Abomey mingled with the local Fon people, also a Gbe people, creating a new ethnic group known as "Dahomey".

The Gbe peoples are said to be descendents of a number of migrants from Wyo. Gangnihessou, (a member of an Aja dynasty that in the 16th century along with the Aja populace had come from Tado before settling and ruling separately in what is now Abomey, Allada, and Porto Novo), became the first ruler of the Dahomey Kingdom. Dahomey had a military culture aimed at securing and eventually expanding the borders of the small kingdom with its capital at modern day Abomey.

The Dahomey Kingdom was known for its culture and traditions. Young boys were often apprenticed to older soldiers, and taught the kingdom's military customs until they were old enough to join the navy. Dahomey was also famous for instituting an elite female soldier corps, called Ahosi or "our mothers" in the Fongbe language, and known by many Europeans as the Dahomean Amazons. This emphasis on military preparation and achievement earned Dahomey the nickname of "black Sparta" from European observers and 19th century explorers like Sir Richard Burton.

Though the leaders of Dahomey appeared initially to resist the slave trade, it flourished in the region of Dahomey for almost three hundred years (beginning in 1472 with a trade agreement with Portugese merchants), leading to the area being named "the Slave Coast". Court protocols, which demanded that a portion of war captives from the kingdom's many battles be decapitated, decreased the number of enslaved people exported from the area. The number went from 20,000 per year at the beginning of the seventeenth century to 12000 at the beginning of the 1800s. The decline was partly due to the banning of the trans-Atlantic trade by Britain and other countries. This decline continued until 1885, when the last Portuguese slave ship departed from the coast of the present-day Benin Republic.

By the middle of the nineteenth century, Dahomey started to lose its status as the regional power. This enabled the French to take over the area in 1892. In 1899, the French included the land called Dahomey within the French West Africa colony. In 1958, France granted autonomy to the Republic of Dahomey, and full independence as of August 1, 1960. The president who led them to independence was Hubert Maga.

For the next twelve years, ethnic strife contributed to a period of turbulence. There were several coups and regime changes, with three figures dominating — Sourou Apithy, Hubert Maga, and Justin Ahomadegbé — each of them representing a different area and ethnicity of the country. These three agreed to form a presidential council after violence marred the 1970 elections.

On May 7, 1972 Maga turned over power to Ahomadegbe. On October 26, 1972 Lt. Col. Mathieu Kérékou overthrew the ruling triumvirate, becoming president, and stating that the country will not "burden itself by copying foreign ideology, and wants neither Capitalism, Communism, nor Socialism", then on November 30 announcing that the country was officially Marxist, under the control of the Military Council of the Revolution (CNR), which nationalized the petroleum industry and banks. On November 30, 1975 he renamed the country to People's Republic of Benin.

In 1979, the CNR was dissolved, and Kérékou arranged show elections where he was the only allowed candidate. Establishing relations with the People's Republic of China, North Korea, and Libya, he put nearly all businesses and economic activities under state control, causing foreign investment in Benin to dry up.[4] Kérékou attempted to reorganize education, pushing his own aphorisms such as "Poverty is not a fatality", resulting in a mass exodus of teachers, along with a large number of other professionals.[4] The regime financed itself by contracting to take nuclear waste from France.[4]

In 1980 Kérékou converted to Islam and changed his first name to Ahmed, then changed his name back after claiming to be a born-again Christian.

In 1989, riots broke out after the regime did not have money to pay its army. The banking system collapsed. Eventually Kérékou renounced Marxism. A convention forced the Kérékou to release political prisoners and arrange elections.[4]

The name of the country was changed to the Republic of Benin on March 1, 1990, once the newly formed country's constitution was complete, after the abolition of marxism-leninism in the nation in 1989.[5][6]

In 1991 Kérékou was defeated by Nicéphore Soglo, and became the first black African president to step down after an election. Kérékou returned to power after winning the 1996 vote. In 2001, a closely fought election resulted in Kérékou winning another term, after which his opponents claimed election irregularities.

Kérékou and former president Soglo did not run in the 2006 elections, as both were barred by the constitution's restrictions on age and total terms of candidates. Kérékou is widely praised[citation needed] for making no effort to change the constitution so that he could remain in office or run again, unlike many African leaders.

On March 5, 2006 an election was held that was considered free and fair. It resulted in a runoff between Yayi Boni and Adrien Houngbédji. The runoff election was held on March 19, and was won by Boni, who assumed office on April 6. The success of the fair multi-party elections in Benin won praise internationally. Benin is considered by a few to be a model democracy in Africa, but with such a short track record that only time will tell.

Arts

See also: Literature of Benin and Music of Benin

Beninese literature had a strong oral tradition long before French became the dominant language.[15] Felix Couchoro wrote the first Beninese novel, L'Esclave in 1929.

Post-independence, the country was home to a vibrant and innovative music scene, where native folk music combined with Ghanaian highlife, French cabaret, American rock, funk and soul, and Congolese rumba.

Singer Angélique Kidjo and actor Djimon Hounsou were both born in Cotonou, Benin