?knowingly

knowingly發(fā)音

英：[?n????l?]　　美：[?no???l?]

英：　　美：

knowingly中文意思翻譯

adv. 故意地；會(huì )意地

knowingly同義詞

shrewdly | by design | deliberately | meaningfully | expressively | knowledgeably | intentionally | wittingly | on purpose | significantly | consciously | eloquently

knowingly反義詞

unknowingly

南丁格爾的誓言是什么？

南丁格爾誓言是美國護士格瑞特（Gretter）為護士所寫(xiě)的誓約[1]。弗洛倫斯·南丁格爾（FlorenceNightingale，1820-1910年），世界著(zhù)名護理專(zhuān)家，近代護理教育的創(chuàng )始人，護理學(xué)的奠基人。1851年在德國一所醫院接受護理訓練。她所撰寫(xiě)的《醫院札記》和《護理札記》兩書(shū)，以及100余篇論文，均被認為是護理教育和醫院管理的重要文獻。1860年在英國圣多馬醫院首創(chuàng )近代護理學(xué)校。她的教育思想和辦學(xué)經(jīng)驗被歐美和亞洲國家所采用。

余謹以至誠，于上帝及會(huì )眾面前宣誓：

終身純潔，忠貞職守。

勿為有損之事，勿取服或故用有害之藥。

盡力提高護理之標準，慎守病人家務(wù)及秘密。

竭誠協(xié)助醫生之診治，務(wù)謀病者之福利。謹誓！

英語(yǔ)版（原版）

I solemnly pledge myself before God and in the presence of this assembly,to pass my life in purity and to practice my profession faithfully.I will abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous,and will not take or knowingly administer any harmful drug.I will do all in my power to maintain and elevate the standard of my profession,and will hold in confidence all personal matters committed to my keeping and all family affairs coming to my knowledge in the practice of my calling.With loyalty will I endeavor to aid the physician in his work,and devote myself to the welfare of those committed to my care.—— The

Environmental Impact Assessment

It is an offence under the Water Resources Act ( 1991) to cause or knowingly permit any poisonous，noxious or polluting matter or any solid waste matter to enter any controlled waters. Failure to comply with the above Act may lead to a criminal prosecution. Lack of intent or negligence are no defence. In addition，expensive civil lawsuits may followif harm is caused to someone else's person or property.

At December 1997 the Environment Agency ( EA) had no defined policy on groundwater pollution caused by grouting in the ground. It is therefore advisable to contact the Agency directly when planning a grouting project for advice on environmental matters for the specific site.

In grouting projects，pollution may result from:

1) Washing plant or clearing up the site.

2) Leakage of grout into controlled water.

3) Long-term degradation of grouts by aggressive conditions that may cause the grout to break down and release polluting chemicals into the groundwater.

The last is relatively unlikely. The major source of pollution is during injection or when washing equipment.

Any environmental impact assessment and especially the decision about admissible limits should be based on two largely independent investigations.

1) The existing conditions need to be assessed before starting work，paying particular attention to groundwater conditions ( chemistry，velocity and direction of groundwater flow， existing and planned use of groundwater and distance to abstraction points etc. ) .

2) The expected polluting effect of the grout and its duration should be determined in relation to the form it could take，e. g. airborne dust，liquid spillages.

Environmental impact，especially the toxicity of the grout and the grout components and their effect on the ground and drinking water and their potential to escape during or after grouting should be considered before grouting begins.

When assessing the grouting material for environmental impact，the aspects belowshould at least be addressed.

1) Whether during processing，transport or grouting，substances can be generated or released that could cause hazards for the environment or the grouting crew.

2) Whether noxious substances can spread upon mixing with groundwater.

3) Whether reaction or degradation products can be produced or released that influence the water quality.

4) The type and quantity of particles that might erode from hardened grout.

5) Chemical reactions between hardened grout and the groundwater.

6) Potential for grout escape during or after grouting.

7) One common effect of grouting is to alter the groundwater level and thus alter the oxygen content and chemistry of the ground. Water level change can vary occasionally lead to the release or production of toxic or aggressive compounds that are harmful to people or structures.

Environmental impact risks on site include:

1) Induced ground movement.

2) Changes of groundwater level.

3) Spreading of grout beyond the intended boundaries.

4) Pollution of groundwater and potential for pollution of surface water by chemicals and suspended matter.

5) Aerial distribution ( dust) .

Arrangements for disposal of excess grout are best made before grouting operations begin. In addition，the following factors are important:

1) Ventilation in confined spaces.

2) Isolation of flammable materials.

3) Catch trays belowgrout pumps.

In viewof the above，the pollution risks associated with grouting should be considered for each grouting project. This ought to include an analysis of the groundwater conditions including hydraulic gradients acting on the grout due to the extraction of water for commercial or industrial use and the flowof the groundwater to water courses，rivers，lakes or aquifers. The potential volume of pollutant should be quantified. The grout composition should be considered and even grouts that may be considered “safe”should be treated with caution. Sodium silicate grouts have been widely used，but inadequate mixes may lead to alkalis and the organic compounds of the reagent being released into the ground. The risks involved in using certain grouts and chemicals might lead to a requirement for alternative techniques or the use of less toxic grouts.