?gradation

gradation發(fā)音

英：[gr??de??n]　　美：[ɡre?de??n]

英：　　美：

gradation中文意思翻譯

n.漸變, 階段, 等級, 刻度,元音交替

gradation詞形變化

副詞: gradationally | 形容詞: gradational |

gradation常見(jiàn)例句

1 、People always ask me how can we charge so much for what amounts to gradations of white.─── 總有人問(wèn)我 這么一張白紙 為什么要收這么多錢(qián)

2 、The creepage of the concrete of natural gradation and the creepage of the concrete of wet-screened second gradation are proportional to related mortar rate.───原級配和濕篩二級配混凝土的徐變比與相應的灰漿率比成正比；

3 、RE-analysis of the rockburst mechanism and discussion on the gradation of the rockburst intensity.───巖爆機理再分析及其烈度級別的劃分。

4 、This article puts forward the concepts of the gradation and the family network of senior-citizen support.───摘要本文提出養老的層次性和養老家庭網(wǎng)概念。

5 、The character shuenn light quadrochromatic faclial color gradation wateriness, lack of contrast.───人物逆平草稿面部階調凡庸，色彩差比充足力度。

6 、Abstract: Spatial construction of Modern City should be attached to influence of spatial perception gradation on the function, scale and landscape of urban space.───文摘:現代城市空間建構，應重視空間形態(tài)內涵對空間功能、尺度、層次、景觀(guān)等的影響。

7 、This paper analyzes the influence of mineral aggregate gradation in asphalt mixture on volume of air voids (vv) by utilizing grey connection analysis theory.───摘要利用灰色關(guān)聯(lián)分析原理，分析了瀝青混合料礦料級配對空隙率的影響。

8 、The gradation teaching is superior to the traditional methods by obeying the principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.───分級教學(xué)遵循了分類(lèi)指導、因材施教的原則，在教學(xué)手段、教學(xué)內容及教學(xué)效果上都比傳統的教學(xué)模式具有更大的優(yōu)勢。

9 、control of fragmentation and gradation───塊度級配控制

10 、For Video, The LX-91 has better colour gradation, contrast, sharpness and noise reduction.───對于視頻，該中心LX - 91具有更好的色彩層次，對比度，清晰度和降低噪聲。The biggest difference was the 3D aspect of the LX-91. 最大的不同是三維方面的中心LX - 91 。

11 、Finally, the paper presents some countermeasures and the gradation not only anti-skid and waterproof but also anti-rutting.───最后給出了若干對策以及既抗水損害也抗車(chē)轍的級配。

12 、Gradation of roof waterproofing into 4 levels and that of roof waterproofing material into 4 levels for 3 kinds were proposed.───提出了屋面防水分為4個(gè)等級和屋面防水材料分為3類(lèi)4個(gè)等級，介紹了設防層次的選擇和多道設防的具體作法。

13 、gradation of soil erosion potential danger───土壤侵蝕潛在危險度分級

14 、According to gradation of tailings,the knowledge bank model can predict the strengths of cemented tailings in different contents of cement or consistence,and guide filling design in mine.───應用知識庫模型可以根據尾砂的級配特性,預測不同水泥含量、不同濃度下的尾砂膠結充填體強度,指導礦山充填設計。

15 、Abstract: After the gradation of recyled aggregate was adjusted, then the mechanical preformance of basic mixture material under different adulterate amounts was studied.───摘要 ：在對再生骨料混合料級配進(jìn)行調整的基礎之上，研究再生骨料不同摻量下基層混合料的力學(xué)性能。

16 、In the former approach, based on gary image, the layered gradation segmentation is adopted and the analysis range is diminished gradually in the image.───前者是一種基于灰度圖像的車(chē)牌**方法，該方法將圖像進(jìn)行分層次分割，不斷減少分析的范圍。

17 、optimum temperature gradation───最佳溫度梯度

18 、Abstract: The characteristics,features,classification,gradation and technical requirements of building sealants are described.The function for sealing building joints is briefly analyzed,and new standards are also introduced.───文摘:概述建筑密封劑的特征、特性、分類(lèi)、分級和技術(shù)要求，對建筑接縫密封設定功能進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要分析并介紹最新標準的情況。

19 、However, the brushwork is stiff and the ink gradation lacks layering and variation, suggesting the work of a later artist to which Wang's name was added.───可是全作的筆法板滯，墨色缺乏層次變化，應是一件后人偽讬王蒙之名的作品。

20 、In the flat tempera painting of medieval art, the gradation of values that produces a three-dimensional effect was almost impossible to achieve.───在中世紀平面的蛋彩畫(huà)中，幾乎不可能由細致的明暗變化來(lái)表現出立體感。

21 、According to the teaching requirements issued by the Ministry of Education, adopting the gradation teaching for fundamental English is the necessity of reforming traditional teaching methods and conforming to the social development.───按照《高職高專(zhuān)教育英語(yǔ)課程教學(xué)基本要求》，實(shí)行基礎英語(yǔ)分級教學(xué)是改革傳統基礎英語(yǔ)教學(xué)模式，順應時(shí)代發(fā)展的必然要求。

22 、Using road-related performance as an evaluation criterion, different kinds of materials and gradation anti-slide asphalt mixtures were studied by means of gyratory test machine (GTM).───摘要用技術(shù)性能作為評價(jià)依據，以旋轉試驗機(GTM)為手段，研究了不同性質(zhì)的原材料、不同級配的抗滑型瀝青混合料的性能和施工技術(shù)。

23 、Combined with the practice,the paper introduced mix design,mixing,transportation,rolling and quality control of expressway cement gradation macadam.───介紹了湖北隨岳高速公路水泥穩定級配碎石的配比設計、拌和、運輸、碾壓的施工工藝及質(zhì)量控制。

24 、In traditional families the relations of daily contact not only have fundamental characteristics,such as gradation,parochialism,human sympathy and complexity and so on,but also have many complicated relations relevant to them.───傳統家庭中的日常交往關(guān)系不僅具有等級性、狹隘性、人情化及復雜性等基本特征,還具有與之相應的復雜關(guān)系。

25 、In earlier epochs of ceramic history in China, we find a complicated arrangement of art making into various orders, a manifold gradation of social rank.───在中國過(guò)去的陶瓷歷史的各個(gè)時(shí)代，我們會(huì )發(fā)現社會(huì )完全被劃分為各個(gè)不同的等級，藝術(shù)也被劃分為不同的等級。

26 、Based on the review of the existing specifications home and abroad, rubber gradation is decided, which obtained by mixing two types of crumb rubber in a certain proportion.───文中通過(guò)對國內、外現有規范的總結，首先確定出試驗膠粉的級配，并選用兩種規格的膠粉按比例摻配得到試驗所用的廢輪胎膠粉改性劑。

27 、two steps enzyme gradation digestion───兩步酶分層消化法

28 、Scientific division of factors index areas is the premise and foundation for the accuracy of farmland gradation.───摘要分等因素指標區的科學(xué)劃分是保證農用地分等結果準確的前提和基礎。

29 、Gradation of coarse aggregate of dam concrete───大壩混凝土的粗骨料級配

30 、Then the comprehensive evaluation and gradation of drilling machines are carried out on the basis of the detection data analysis and expert experiences.───依據檢測數據分析和專(zhuān)家經(jīng)驗,對鉆機等級進(jìn)行綜合評判和分級。

31 、every gradation of feeling from joy to grief───從喜悅到悲傷程度上有差異的感情

32 、"I will name to you several sums which will increase by gradation;───“我向您提幾個(gè)數目，然后逐漸增加。

33 、AA Very Round( less than5% gradation); Good Luster, Good Nacre(.35 of total nacre or better);80-90% Inclusion Free Surface; Good/ Excellent Matching; Top20% of a Pearl Farm's Harvest.───AA 非常圓（于5%那部份的等級）良好的光澤，良好的珠層（.35或以上的珠層含量）80%90%表皮光潔度，好/好的匹配，珠農收成中最好的20%份。

34 、Then the key research image gradation level revises, and gives each algorithm the MATLAB procedure and the movement result.───接著(zhù)重點(diǎn)研究圖像的灰度級修正，并給出各種算法的MATLAB程序及運行結果。

35 、Effect of particle size and gradation of HMX on the shock sensitivity and the output of explosive composition based on HMX[J].Journal of Chinese Safety Science,2000,10(3):71-74.───HMX粒度、粒度級配對混合傳爆藥的性能影響的研究[J].中國安全科學(xué)學(xué)報,2000,10(3):71-74.

36 、They say gradation ceremonies are a good way to celebrate success in the school.───他們說(shuō)畢業(yè)慶典是一個(gè)慶祝學(xué)校成功的好方法。

37 、Methods Carrying out gradation practice under the model of taking up post according professional titles.───方法實(shí)施按職上崗模式下的分層次實(shí)習模式。

38 、After I affirm that the relations of Sino-Japan should develop ahead to an amicable gradation,I expound the the conflict between China and Japan ,the reason and the infuence of the confict.───在肯定中日關(guān)系應友好向前發(fā)展的前提下，主要通過(guò)對中日矛盾及爭端的概述，簡(jiǎn)明的分析了其產(chǎn)生原因及影響。

39 、Introduces the three methods of water measurement on concrete mixing stations, determination of water-content coefficient of sand and rock and revision of gradation ratio, and puts forward effective scheme to control the lump of concrete.───介紹混凝土拌合站水計量所采用的三種方法,砂石含水率的測定及配合比的修訂,為混凝土坍落度的控制提供了有效解決方案。

40 、full responsibility gradation nursing───層級全責護理

41 、The gradation is: Hippophae rhamnoides + Leymus chinensis > Hippophae rhamnoides > Populus simonii + Salix matsudana+Hippophae rhamnoides > Populus simonii + Hippophae rhamnoides.───土壤養分含量大致順序為：沙棘+羊草＞沙棘＞楊樹(shù)+柳樹(shù)+沙棘＞楊+沙棘；

42 、It is hard to understand all the minute gradation of their bureaucracy.───很難弄清楚他們那套官僚體制全部細微的等級分別。

43 、Evaluation and gradation of hidden dangers are important criteria in risk control, which are methods for risk assessment generally used.───對隱患的評價(jià)分級是治理的重要依據,作業(yè)條件危險評價(jià)方法是常用的一種危險評價(jià)方法。

44 、The authors analyzed the effects of thickness, gradation, maximum nominal (dimension) and percent air voids on the rut.───分析了大粒徑瀝青混合料的級配、最大粒徑、空隙率和不同厚度對車(chē)轍的影響。

45 、They are in fact remarkably discerning in color gradation.───事實(shí)上，人眼對顏色梯度具有非凡的分辨能力。

46 、Based on this model, a3- D random convex polyhedron aggregate model considering the actual aggregate content, gradation and shape of aggregate is established.───并在隨機球骨料模型的基礎上,形成隨機凸多面體骨料模型。

47 、In the strict sense of Western philosophy, there are levels or gradation to the nature and conception of reality.───在嚴格的西方哲學(xué)理解中，針對自然和實(shí)相觀(guān)念存在層級或階級。

48 、Based on tests of aggregates and asphalt materials, study on the gradation of asphalt mixture of high performance was performed and recommends to gradation wee given.───在礦料、瀝青材料試驗研究的基礎上開(kāi)展瀝青混合料組成設計試驗研究，提出了供工程使用的高性能瀝青混合料級配組成設計建議范圍。

49 、As a result, to reduce the incidence of backfill-induced wall deformations, gradation limits were made more restrictive;these limits remain in force today.───因此，為了減少因填料變形引起的墻變形，等級極限有了更多的限制，這些限制在今天仍然有效。

50 、In this paper,the basic configuration,development source,evolution gradation,production and market demand, current situation and so on for quinolone antibacterial agents were summarized in detail.───介紹了喹諾酮類(lèi)藥物基本結構、發(fā)展淵源、演變階段、生產(chǎn)和市場(chǎng)近況,對該藥物的最新發(fā)展、新品種、應用前景以及有望作為抗癌和抗真菌方面的藥物也予簡(jiǎn)單論述。

51 、The core sand binder can be characterized with higher strength, easy collapsibility, better gradation and l ess cost, hence it is particularly suitably used in non-ferrous metal castings.───它的主要特點(diǎn)是：強度高、散性好、毒、污染、本低，特別適用于低熔點(diǎn)的鋁、合金及鑄鐵件的生產(chǎn)。

52 、A Design of Gradation Mould for Engine Cover Edges───發(fā)動(dòng)機罩邊框級進(jìn)模的設計

53 、CHEN Zhong-da,YUAN Wan-jie,GAO Chun-hai.Research on design method of multilevel dense builtin gradation[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2006,19(1):32-37.───[7]陳忠達,袁萬(wàn)杰,高春海.多級嵌擠密實(shí)級配設計方法研究[J].中國公路學(xué)報,2006,19(1):32-37.

54 、The paper has put forward and testified four utilizable aggregate gradation.───提出并驗證了四種具有實(shí)用價(jià)值的集料級配組成。

55 、Methods The fractures of the ribs of 512 patients were suspected in clinic, and those CR images were processed with gradation and spatial frequency technology.───方法對臨床懷疑肋骨骨折512例患者的肋骨CR影像應用諧調處理與空間頻率處理的方法進(jìn)行技術(shù)處理。

56 、Use from the lightest shade to the darkest towards the lash line in a gradation effect.───如何打造：由淺至深順次使用四個(gè)眼影，以暈染的方法向睫毛根部層層加深。

57 、Grain gradation, from coarser below to finer above in repeated, truncated sequences within the Ellerslie Sandstone is also evident.───在埃勒斯萊砂巖層段內，重復出現的截頂層序中，自下而上，由粗變細的粒級遞變也是明顯的。

58 、Keeping the filler-asphalt ratio as constant, the intermediate and the nether gradation make up of skeleton-void structure and the upper gradation makes up of skeleton-close structure.───在粉膠比保持不變的情況下，中值級配和下限級配瀝青混合料形成骨架-空隙結構，上限級配的混合料形成骨架-密實(shí)結構。

59 、A good actor can express every gradation of feeling from joy to grief.───一名好演員能夠表現出由快樂(lè )至痛苦的每一階段的感情變化。

60 、Based on this model, a 3-D random convex polyhedron aggregate model considering the actual aggregate content, gradation and shape of aggregate is established.───同時(shí)，研究了細觀(guān)單元屬性判別方法，編制了對含有凸多面體骨料的細觀(guān)區域進(jìn)行結構性有限元網(wǎng)格剖分程序。

61 、The gradation of 8 isolates from bigness to smallness in colonydiameter was BL、GL、LJ、Z、YM、PG、PP and XBC at the same level of nitrogen sources.───在對氮源的綜合利用上各菌株表現也不一致,各菌株菌落直徑由大到小的順序為BL、GL、LJ、Z、YM、PG、PP、XBC。

62 、The gradation of sound absorption property for absorbent products───GB/T16731-1997建筑吸聲產(chǎn)品的吸聲性能分級

63 、For the simon-pure culture could exceed era, politics, nation, phyle, national boundaries, gradation, religion and link with the hearts of everybody.───因為真正的文化可以超越時(shí)代、政治、民族、種族、國界、階級、宗教連接起每一顆精純的心。

64 、full responsibility gradation nursing mode───層級全責一體化護理模式

65 、So, it"s very important to study the theory, the method and the procedure of farmland gradation and evaluation at present.───所以，對農用地分等定級估價(jià)的理論、方法、程序進(jìn)行研究探索，具有十分重要的現實(shí)意義。

66 、For small gravel particles should not result in sand mud wrapped Micronesia and the blocking phenomenon in cold pipelines gravel gradation strict control strict admission related raw materials.───對于因碎石顆粒偏小，宜造成砂子泥漿包裹不密，且堵寒管道的現象，嚴格控制碎石級配，嚴把原材料入場(chǎng)關(guān)。

67 、In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a manifold gradation of social rank.───在過(guò)去的各個(gè)歷史時(shí)代，我們幾乎到處都可以看到社會(huì )完全劃分為各個(gè)不同的等級，看到社會(huì )地位分成的多種多樣的層次。

68 、Five jiao fields, the Jinqiao gradation center commerce tectonic plate deal was active.───五角場(chǎng)、金橋等次中心商務(wù)板塊成交活躍。

69 、During Superpave mixture gradation design, Bailey method is very useful in gradation selection and evaluation.───在進(jìn)行 Superpave混合料級配設計時(shí) ,貝雷方法可以作為重要的級配選擇和評價(jià)工具。

70 、More importance has been attached to the grading and land price evaluation of a city than to the gradation of different cities in the present land market.───摘要現行的城市土地市場(chǎng)中，常常只注重對一個(gè)城市內部的定級與基準地價(jià)評估，而缺乏宏觀(guān)調控城鎮土地價(jià)格的分等研究。

71 、Gradation Design of Andesite Aggregate───安山巖集料級配設計

72 、The test methods of VCA(subscript DRF) and VCA(subscript AC) were introduced in the light of the application of gradation design for SAC13 in an actual project.───摘要結合將在實(shí)際工程中應用的SAC13級配的設計過(guò)程對VCA(下標DRF)和VCA(下標AC)礦料級配檢驗方法進(jìn)行了具體介紹。

73 、Based on laboratory tests, an anlysis is made of the influence of state and degree of gradation segregation on volume parameter, service performance and mechanic performance of asphalt mixture.───摘要通過(guò)室內試驗，分析混合料級配離析狀態(tài)和離析程度對瀝青混合料體積參數、路用性能和力學(xué)性能的影響。

74 、And then you said your daughter gradated from college.─── 然后你說(shuō)你的女兒已經(jīng)大學(xué)畢業(yè)了

75 、The cultivated land classification and gradation is virtually an evaluation of the quality of the land, in which the impersonal appraisal is the foundation.───摘要耕地分等定級實(shí)質(zhì)上是對耕地質(zhì)量的評價(jià)，客觀(guān)的評價(jià)是以構建科學(xué)的評價(jià)模型為基礎的。

76 、The Cockatoo Ridge reserve shiraz1999 has a strong flavour of acinus, complexity, gradation and perfect subtle oak.───充滿(mǎn)成熟漿果香，復雜，極有層次，有完美的橡木味。

77 、Computation of bed-load gradation composition in natural river───天然河流床沙級配的計算

78 、I have noticed the subtle gradation in colour in this painting.───我已經(jīng)注意到這幅畫(huà)中色彩的漸變。

79 、The percentage passing of(0.075 mm) on Bailey method was as a test index,which perfected the evaluation to critical sieve percentage passing of design gradation.───在貝雷法級配設計的基礎上,提出將混合料中0.075 mm篩孔通過(guò)率也作為檢驗指標,從而使貝雷法的控制指標更趨于完善;

80 、The gradation of the space character is so clear , just like affacting music blowing in the air which is full of arousing and rhythm.───層次分明的空間本質(zhì)，就像動(dòng)人的樂(lè )音在空氣中流轉**，純凈中充滿(mǎn)詩(shī)意的感動(dòng)與韻律。

81 、Remarks: The products can be adjusted in grain gradation, color, density according to the concrete requirements of clients.───備注:以上產(chǎn)品顏色可根據客戶(hù)具體要求進(jìn)行調整。

82 、Color Image Input Index Influence Reproduction of Gradation───彩色圖像的輸入指標對層次再現的影響

英語(yǔ)教學(xué)有哪些流派？

英語(yǔ)教學(xué)最新流派：思維導讀法

學(xué)習英語(yǔ)最高效的方法，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)是從建立個(gè)人專(zhuān)屬的英語(yǔ)思維開(kāi)始的。

這一點(diǎn)我們可以從中文的學(xué)習順序中側面證明：中文學(xué)習的起步分三個(gè)階段。

1. 從出生到開(kāi)口說(shuō)話(huà)，是中文思維的形成。

2. 2-4歲是中文表達能力的形成。

3. 4歲以后進(jìn)入學(xué)校，是中文讀寫(xiě)能力訓練的開(kāi)始。

由此，我們可以明了，語(yǔ)言的學(xué)習順序是由思維能力到表達能力，再到讀寫(xiě)能力。其中的思維能力的形成首當其沖。從思維能力入手英語(yǔ)，得到的結果跟學(xué)母語(yǔ)是一樣快捷，一樣方便的。

真理往往是最簡(jiǎn)單的。思維應該是最基本的形態(tài)、最簡(jiǎn)單的邏輯。簡(jiǎn)單到在母語(yǔ)學(xué)習時(shí)不用教，在外語(yǔ)訓練中能看到，這樣才是真正的理解思維。

英語(yǔ)思維在教學(xué)中一直是一個(gè)偽命題，說(shuō)的多做的少，原因是因為切入的視角不對，操作的方案繁瑣。對思維的定義與定型，完全不是母語(yǔ)方式的潛移默化，無(wú)師自通，來(lái)得全不費工夫。而是不能入門(mén)、難以琢磨、無(wú)法參悟的敲邊鼓和瞎起哄。

我們有簡(jiǎn)單易學(xué)的英語(yǔ)思維課程，可以在短時(shí)間內讓學(xué)習者超越語(yǔ)法，構筑信仰，順利底走向英語(yǔ)工具化學(xué)習的正確方向，做到用簡(jiǎn)單規范復雜，用不變擁抱變化。

課程核心：八個(gè)字搞定語(yǔ)法，四個(gè)詞掃蕩思維。

歡迎大家圍觀(guān)公眾號：極簡(jiǎn)英語(yǔ)思維

英語(yǔ)教學(xué)有哪些流派？

英語(yǔ)教學(xué)主要流派有：

① 語(yǔ)法翻譯法(Grammar Translation Method)

The Grammar Translation Method: A method of language or second language teaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities. A typical lesson consists of the presentation of a grammatical rule, a study of lists of vocabulary, and a translation exercise.

語(yǔ)法翻譯法外語(yǔ)或第二語(yǔ)言教學(xué)的一種方法，以翻譯和語(yǔ)法學(xué)習為主要的教學(xué)活動(dòng)。典型的一堂課由介紹語(yǔ)法規則、學(xué)習詞匯表和翻譯練習組成。

② 直接法(Direct Method)

The Direct Method: A method of foreign or second language teaching which insists that (a) only the target language should be used in class (b) meanings should be communicated “directly” (hence the name of the method) by associating speech forms with actions , objects , mime , gestures , and situations (c) reading and writing should be taught only after speaking (d) grammar rules should not be taught to the learners

直接法 \ 直接教學(xué)法: 外語(yǔ)或第二語(yǔ)言的一種教學(xué)方，這種方法要求（a）課堂上應該只使用目的語(yǔ)（b）意思應該通過(guò)將語(yǔ)言和動(dòng)作、物體、模仿、手勢及情景結合起來(lái)直接表達出來(lái)（這是這種方法名稱(chēng)由來(lái)）（c）讀、寫(xiě) 、應該在說(shuō)之后教（d.）不應該向學(xué)生教語(yǔ)法。

③ 聽(tīng)說(shuō)法(Audio-lingual Method)

Audio-Lingual Method: A method of foreign or second language teaching which (a) emphasizes the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing (b) uses dialogues and drills (c) discourage use of the mother tongue in the classroom (d) often makes use of contrastive analysis. The audio-lingual method was prominent in the 1950s and 1960s, especially in the United States, and has been widely used in many other parts of the world.

聽(tīng)說(shuō)法：外語(yǔ)或第二語(yǔ)言教學(xué)的一種方法，這種方法：（a）強調先教聽(tīng)說(shuō)，后教讀寫(xiě)（b）運用對話(huà)和操練（c）反對在課堂上使用母語(yǔ)（d）常利用對比分析。聽(tīng)說(shuō)法的應用在五、六十年代，特別是在美國，尤其突出，它已被其他國家廣泛采用。

④ 口語(yǔ)教學(xué)法（The Oral Approach) \ 情景法(又叫視聽(tīng)法) The Situational Approach (Audio-Visual Method)

The Oral Approach (or Situational Language Teaching) refers to an approach to language teaching developed by British applied linguistics from the 1930s to the 1960s. it is a grammar-based method in which principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new teaching points presented and practiced through meaningful situation-based activities.

口語(yǔ)教學(xué)法（又叫情景教學(xué)法），指的是英國實(shí)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)家于二十世紀30年代到60年代發(fā)展起來(lái)的一種語(yǔ)言教學(xué)方法。此法是以語(yǔ)法為基礎的教學(xué)法，語(yǔ)法與詞匯按難易程度分層次教學(xué)，新的語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)通過(guò)有意義的情景活動(dòng)得到展示與練習。

⑤ 認知法(Cognitive Approach）

The Cognitive Approach (or the cognitive-code method/learning) is an approach to foreign language teaching which is based on the belief that language learning is a process which involves active method processes and not simply the forming of habits. It lays emphasis on the conscious acquisition of language as a meaningful system.

認知法（也稱(chēng)認知-符號法/認知-符號學(xué)習理論）是一種外語(yǔ)教學(xué)法，它認為語(yǔ)言學(xué)習是一種積極的心智活動(dòng)過(guò)程，而不是簡(jiǎn)單的習慣形成過(guò)程。認知法認為語(yǔ)言是一個(gè)有意義的系統，強調在理解的基礎上有意義的學(xué)習語(yǔ)言。

⑥ 交際法 (communicatIve Approach)

The Communicative Approach is an approach to foreign or second language teaching which emphasizes that the goal of language learning is communicative competence. The communicative approach has been developed particularly by British applied linguists as a reaction away from grammar-based approaches such as the aural-oral approach. Teaching materials used with a communicative approach often (a) teach the language needed to express and understand different kinds of functions such as requesting, describing, expressing likes and dislikes, etc. (b) are based on a communicatively organized syllabus (c) emphasize the processes of communication, such as using language appropriately in different types of situations; using language to perform different kinds of tasks, e.g. to solve puzzles, to get information, etc.; using language for social interaction with other people.

交際法是外語(yǔ)或第二語(yǔ)言的一種教學(xué)理論，它強調交際能力是語(yǔ)言學(xué)習的目標。交際法主要由英國應用語(yǔ)言學(xué)家創(chuàng )立，與以語(yǔ)法為基礎的教學(xué)理論如聽(tīng)說(shuō)法相對而言。交際法所采用的教學(xué)材料：(a)教學(xué)表達和理解不同功能所需要的語(yǔ)言，如請求、描寫(xiě)、表示喜惡等 (b)以從交際角度編寫(xiě)的教學(xué)大綱為基礎 (c)強調交際過(guò)程，如不同的場(chǎng)合下恰當地使用語(yǔ)言；運用語(yǔ)言執行各項任務(wù)，如解決問(wèn)題，獲得信息等；運用語(yǔ)言與人們進(jìn)行社交。

⑦ 全身反應法(Total Physical Response)

Total Physical Response (TPR) is a language teaching method built around the coordination of speech and action; it attempts to teach language through physical activity.TPR reflects a grammar-based view of language. Asher states that “most of the grammatical structure of the target language and hundreds of vocabulary items can be learned from the skillful use of the imperative(祈使句) by the instructor”.

全身反應法：倡導把語(yǔ)言和行為聯(lián)系在一起，通過(guò)身體動(dòng)作教授外語(yǔ)。特點(diǎn): 讓第二語(yǔ)言進(jìn)入學(xué)生的右半腦；以"聽(tīng)-做動(dòng)作"為主要教學(xué)組織形式；教授的語(yǔ)言形式以祈使句為主，帶動(dòng)其他句型；對學(xué)生的錯誤采取寬容的態(tài)度。

⑧任務(wù)性教學(xué)法(Task-based Language Teaching )

The Task-Based Language Teaching Approach: The concept of task is central to many theories of classroom teaching and learning, and the school curriculum is sometimes described as a collection of tasks. From this viewpoint, school work is defined by a core of basic tasks that recur across different subjects in the curriculum. The teacher’s choice of tasks determines learning goals, how learning is to take place, and how the results of learning will be demonstrated. In second language teaching, the use of different kinds of tasks is said to make teaching more communicative since it provides a purpose for a classroom activity which goes beyond the practice of language for its own sake.

任務(wù)型語(yǔ)言教學(xué)理論：任務(wù)這一概念是許多課堂教學(xué)理論的中心問(wèn)題，學(xué)校課程有時(shí)被說(shuō)成是一系列的任務(wù)。從這一角度上說(shuō)，體現在課程中不同科目里的基本任務(wù)規定學(xué)校作業(yè)的內容。教師對任務(wù)的選擇決定學(xué)習的目標、學(xué)習進(jìn)行的方式以及學(xué)習成果的表現方式。第二語(yǔ)言教學(xué)中，各種不同任務(wù)的選用據說(shuō)能促進(jìn)教學(xué)中的交際，其原因是他為課堂活動(dòng)設立了目標，不僅僅是為了練習語(yǔ)言而練習語(yǔ)言。