?genotype

genotype發(fā)音

英：['d?en?ta?p]　　美：['d?en?ta?p]

英：　　美：

genotype中文意思翻譯

n.基因型, 遺傳型

genotype詞形變化

副詞: genotypically | 形容詞: genotypic | 名詞: genotypicity |

genotype常見(jiàn)例句

1 、For primer 2, AA and AB genotype was observed, but the result of sequencing indicated that there were no mutation.───P2的PCR-SSCP產(chǎn)物有AA型和一個(gè)AB型個(gè)體,但PCR產(chǎn)物測序結果顯示:AA型和AB型未有堿基改變。

2 、D and DD genotype frequency was obviously higher in IGT group than in NGT group (P───IGT組 (n=79)和 NGT組 (n=40 )相比 ,D型等位基因和 DD基因型頻率升高 (P

3 、AGT genotype frequencies in ISR group were as follows, MM: 10.7%, MT: 57.1%, TT: 32.1%, compared with 4.7%, 56.3%, 39.1% in non-ISR group.───PTCA支架置入后再狹窄患者AGT基因三種基因型頻率分別為MM型10.7%,MT型57.1%,TT型32.1%; 未狹窄患者M(jìn)M型、MT型、TT型的頻率分別為4.7%、56.3%、39.1%。

4 、However,the DD genotype and D allele had higher frequency in NIDDM with retinopathy than without.───DD 型與D 等位基因在DR（ ＋ ） 組出現頻率高，DR（ ＋ ） 組與DR（ － ） 組相比，基因型及等位基因分布差異具顯著(zhù)性。

5 、DD genotype and D allele is closely related to IR and abnormal plasm lipid metabolism,but I allele is not.───ACE基因DD型和D等位基因與IR及血脂代謝異常有關(guān) ,與I等位基因則無(wú)關(guān)

6 、Cirrhosis and pituitary hypogonadism were common in males with this genotype, and one man had cardiomyopathy.───具有這種基因型的男性，肝硬化和腦垂體促性腺功能低下皆很常見(jiàn)，其中一位患有心肌病。

7 、Using phio57 marker to test BC1F1,the separate regulation of O2O2 genotype and o2o2 genotype accord with Meng Del heredity separate proportion (1:1 ).───利用標記phi057對回交一代群體進(jìn)行檢測,兩種基因型o_2o_2和o_2o_2的分離符合孟德?tīng)栠z傳分離比例(1:1)。

8 、Title： Does the Effect of H BV Antivirus Treatments Relate to the Virus Genotype?───乙型肝炎患者抗病毒治療療效與病毒基因型有關(guān)嗎?

9 、BB genotype at S2 site can be the marker genotype of multi-trait marker in assistance selection.───在體重和產(chǎn)絨量性狀上S2位點(diǎn)的BB基因型,可以作為多性狀標記輔助選擇的標記基因型。

10 、Having one or the same genotype, form, or structure through a series of developmental changes.───單態(tài)的在一系列發(fā)展變化中只有一種或相同的基因型、形狀或結構的。

11 、Title： Study of Genotype Discrepancy between Main Quality Characters and Environment Reciprocity in Yellow-Seeded Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.───關(guān)鍵詞：甘藍型黃籽油菜;品質(zhì)性狀;密肥效應;基因型差異

12 、Compared with CC genotype,subjects with TT genotype has decreasing risk of CHD(Adjusted OR=0.49,95%CI:0.25-0.98).───TT基因型者患冠心病的危險性降低(校正OR=0.49,95%CI:0.25~0.98);

13 、Positive genotype of RANTES gene promoter -28G may be related to DN.───RANTES基因啟動(dòng)子-28G**基因型可能與糖尿病腎病相關(guān)。

14 、Genotype 102 was an ideal material for embryoid induction, and the frequency could reach 32.78 embryos per bud.───其中102號產(chǎn)胚量最高，達到32.78個(gè)／蕾；

15 、The genotype of the individual is permanently set.───個(gè)體的基因型就永久地被固定下來(lái)。

16 、Of or designating a pair of crosses in which the male parent in one cross is of the same genotype or phenotype as the female parent in the other cross.───倒易移位的屬于或表明一對混血種的，其中一個(gè)混血種的父親與另一個(gè)混血種的母親具有相同的基因型或表現型

17 、Frequency of AA genotype is the highest,and that of A allele is obviously higher than that of B allele in two yak breeds.───在兩種牦牛品系中,AA基因型頻率最高,A等位基因頻率均明顯高于B等位基因頻率.

18 、No significant difference was found between two groups on the distribution of APOE-219G/T genotype.───兩組間不存在-219G/T基因型頻率分布的差異(P>0.39)。

19 、The genotype frequencies for Pro/Ala,Pro/Pro were 10% and 90%,respectively,in the DM group,and 5%,95% in the control subjects.───IDDM患者基因型Pro/Ala、Pro/Pro頻率分別為10%、90%,x2=3.39,P>0 05,而對照組Pro/Ala、Pro/Pro頻率分別為5%、95%;

20 、The relative risk suffered from PHC for GA genotype was 2.786 times for GG genotype(OR=2.786,95% CI=1.057~7.343).───兩組差異均有顯著(zhù)性(P

21 、The 20 days weight of AA genotype animals was 0.406Kg higher than that of AB genotype.───AA型個(gè)體的平均體重比AB型個(gè)體高0.406Kg。

22 、In addition,the rate for showing efficacy and efficacy in patients with DD genotype were higher than those in patients with II and ID genotype(P───DD型患者的顯效率、有效率高于II、ID兩型患者(P

23 、Genotype distribution of Tf and Pa followed Hardy weinberg law.───Tf和Pa兩個(gè)基因座基因型分布均符合Hardy weinberg定律 ;

24 、E+/e genotype was present in China Holstein Red-white Cattle and Luxi Yellow Cattle.───中國荷斯坦紅白花牛和魯西黃牛還存在E+/e基因型。

25 、In normal population from Shanghai the genotype frequency of II was 47.70%, ID was 43.51%, and DD was 8.79%.───上海地區正常人的ACEI/D基因型分布是 :II型 47.70%、ID型 43.5 1%、DD型 8.79%。

26 、No significant differences of genotype and allele frequencies between the matched groups were found.───各相匹配組間比較未發(fā)現基因型和等位基因頻率的顯著(zhù)性差異。

27 、The frequency of 48G alleles and the AG/ GG genotype of DRD1 were significantly higher in HDCP group than that in control group (P───HDCP組DRD1基因AG/GG型顯著(zhù)高于正常孕婦組(P

28 、The frequency of MTP- Q3H polymorphism is 43.1% in ** genotype, 46.3% in QH genotype and 10.6% in HH genotype.───MTP-Q3H位點(diǎn)基因型頻率分別為**43.1%,QH46.3%,HH10.6%,其等位基因頻率分別為Q66.25%、H33.75%。

29 、That is, there is no direct feedback from the body (phenotype) to the gene (genotype).───也就是說(shuō)，不存在從肉體（顯型）到基因（基因型）的直接反饋。

30 、We found that the frequency of bb genotype was counted for 91. 7%and Bb for 8. 3% in Shenyang women.───VDR基因的bb型占總數的91.7%； Bb型僅占8.3%，而且BB基因型完全不存在。

31 、Multiplex PCR showed that HBV-Brandt is HBV genotype A.───Multiplex PCR基因型鑒定表明HBV-Brandt屬于乙型肝炎病毒A型。

32 、The DD genotype was found in 17 patients (25%), the ID genotype in 22 patients (32%), and the II genotype in 29 patients (43%).───68例高血壓LVH患者中 ,ACE基因DD型 17例 (2 5% )、ID型 2 2例 (3 2% )、II型 2 9例 (43% ) ,D和I等位基因頻率分別為 0 41和 0 59。

33 、Next, the mechanics of inheritance split from mechanics of survival, and evolution evolved the dual system of genotype and phenotype.───再接下來(lái)，遺傳機制從幸存機制中分離出來(lái)，進(jìn)化逐漸演變?yōu)榛蛐秃惋@型的雙型系統。

34 、TNB and NBA of both Suzhong and Erhualian sows with 152/170 genotype are large.───二花臉豬和蘇鐘豬172/152基因型都有較高的總產(chǎn)仔數和產(chǎn)活仔數。

35 、Having one or the same genotype,form,or structure through a series of developmental changes.───單態(tài)的在一系列發(fā)展變化中只有一種或相同的基因型、形狀或結構的

36 、In the breeding, selection of the combined genotype AAAA will further improve the litter size of Laiwu black pigs.───在育種實(shí)踐中，選擇AAAA合并基因型可進(jìn)一步提高萊蕪黑豬的繁殖性能。

37 、The Jining Grey does with genotype FG had 0.76 (P───FG基因型濟寧青山羊產(chǎn)羔數最小二乘均值比FF基因型的多0.76只(P

38 、Therefore, P should be substituted by a response surface for each genotype.───因此，p必須被各個(gè)基因型的反應面所代替。

39 、BB genotype at S5 site was favorable marker genotype for cashmere fineness trait.───在體重性狀上,S2位點(diǎn)的BB基因型和S3位點(diǎn)的AA基因型可以作為標記基因型,在絨細度性狀上,S5位點(diǎn)的BB基因型可以作為標記基因型。

40 、In control group the frequencies of (+/-) genotype and (+) allele were 10.7% and 5.3%, lower than Caucasian and Japanese population.───其中對照組 (+ - )基因型和 (+)等位基因的頻率分別為 10 7%和 5 3% ,低于報道的白種人及日本人變異頻率 ;

41 、A gene can have many alleles and individuals can have a homozygous or heterozygous genotype.───一個(gè)基因可有許多等位基因，而個(gè)體可有純合或雜合的基因型。

42 、Individuals with the GSTM1 null genotype were at higher risk of HNs.───GSTM1基因純合子缺失者發(fā)生惡性血液病的風(fēng)險增加。

43 、In an earlier study, genotype 1 HE recombinant protein accine was shown to be effectie in nonhuman primates.───在一項較早的研究中，HE基因型1重組蛋白疫苗對非人類(lèi)靈長(cháng)目有效。

44 、The sequence analysis indicated that8 strains of the20 belonged to H1 genotype.───從54份咽拭子和尿液標本中分離出20株麻疹病毒,8株經(jīng)核酸序列分析鑒定為H1基因型。

45 、AG genotype with high frequency of 58%,AA and GG genotype frequency was 33%and 9%for separate.───其次是AA基因型,基因型頻率分別為33%。 GG基因型頻率為9%。

46 、The best construction of plant type was studied through man-made changement of plant type for two different genotype sorghums.───利用兩個(gè)不同基因型高粱分別進(jìn)行人工改型，以求最佳株型結構。

47 、Genotype analysis of147miconazole-sensitive candida albicans isolates and60miconazole-resistant isolates was conducted with ERIC-PCR method.───ERIC-PCR指紋方法比較147株白色念珠菌咪康唑敏感株及60株咪康唑耐藥株的基因型。

48 、In the RXRB polymorphism, no genotype TT was observed in patients with psoriasis guttata with a positive personal history of repeated tonsillitis.───在RXRB基因多態(tài)性上，基因型TT沒(méi)有出現在扁桃體炎反復發(fā)作的點(diǎn)滴狀銀屑病患者中。

49 、The frequency distribution of VDR genotype was bb86 0%,Bb10 0% and BB4 0%.───VDR基因型分布頻率為BB型 4 0% ,Bb型 10 0% ,bb型 86 0% ;

50 、They have the ALDH2 *2*2 genotype and experience adverse symptoms when drinking alcohol such as nausea and flushness.───他們擁有ALDH2*2*2基因型，當他們飲酒時(shí)會(huì )產(chǎn)生惡心、臉紅等副作用；

51 、Only the patients carrying the allele M235T have correlation between genotype DD of ACE and preeclampsia.───ACE基因DD型與子癇前期的相關(guān)性限于攜帶有M235T等位基因的患者。

52 、CC genotype was not found both in CVD and control group.───在研究總對象中沒(méi)有發(fā)現CC基因型。

53 、Both genotype and environment had significant effects on milling, Theological, starch, pentosan content, AWRC, SRC and cookie characters.───1 小麥品質(zhì)總體狀況

54 、The observable properties of a cell or an organism, which result from the interaction of the genotype and the environment.───在基因型和環(huán)境的共同作用下,生物實(shí)際表現出的性狀特征。

55 、TNB of Erhualian sows in later parties with 170/152 and 168/140 genotype and NBA with 170/152 are large.───二花臉豬經(jīng)產(chǎn)總產(chǎn)仔基因型170/152、168/140較高，產(chǎn)活仔數基因型170/152較高。

56 、The frequency of D allele genotype in ISR group (51.7%) was far higher than that of non-ISR group (28.8%).───卡方檢驗結果顯示再狹窄組D等位基因頻率(51.7%)明顯高于未狹窄組D等位基因頻率(28.8%)。

57 、Meanwhile the genotype with more grain number was also physiologically based on higher seed setting rate.───同時(shí)大穗多?；蛐鸵惨暂^高的可孕小花結實(shí)率為生理基礎。

58 、Patients with HCV genotype 1 (G1) and high viral load (HVL) have historically been considered "difficult-to-cure" with response rates ───HCV基因1型和高病毒載量的患者一直被認為是難治的患者，應答率

59 、NUE of three types of NF exist genotype difference.───各類(lèi)型氮肥的利用率均具有基因型差異。

60 、Meanwhile,the unique genotype was DHA for all positive strains in years 2004 and 2005,As for 2006,ACT-1 genotype has appeared in three strains.───其中2004、2005年所檢出的均為DHA基因型,2006年分別從2株大腸埃希菌和1株肺炎克雷伯菌中檢出ACT-1基因。

61 、Although RBV dose adherence is critical in the treatment of HCV genotype 1 (G1) pts, higher doses can be associated with hemolytic anemia.───利巴韋林劑量的依從在治療慢性丙肝基因1型的患者中較難，較高劑量易引起溶血性貧血。

62 、The DD genotype frequency was significantly higher in hypertension group than that in type 2 diabetic mellitus without hypertension (?P?< 0.05 ).───2并發(fā)高血壓組 DD型及 D等位基因頻率顯著(zhù)高于無(wú)高血壓組 (P

63 、The odds ratio (OR) for developing asthma between patients with DD genotype and those with ID genotype and II genotype was 5.04 and 3.15, respecively.───哮喘組和正常組比較 ,DD型與ID型、DD型與II型的優(yōu)勢比OR分別為 5 .0 4和 3.15 ( 95%可信區間 )。

64 、PCR products were eletrophoresed on an ABI 377 DNA sequencer. Genescan3. land Genotype 2. 1 software were used for LOH scanning and analysis.───PCR產(chǎn)物在A(yíng)BI Prism 377自動(dòng)熒光測序儀進(jìn)行電泳3小時(shí)，以GeneScan3.1和Genotyper 2.1軟件進(jìn)行基因分型。

65 、The reductions in UAE and serum ACE activity were the highest in DD genotype, higher in ID genotype and lowest in II genotype.───U AE、血清 ACE活性下降的百分率在 DD型組最高、ID型組次之、II型組最低 ,差異有顯著(zhù)性 (P

66 、And as I mentioned, before, if you achieve RVR up to 90% cure rate in genotype 1 patients.In a very very relatively short period of time.───同時(shí)我前面還說(shuō)到，基因1型的患者快速病毒應答還能達到90%以上，這是一個(gè)相對來(lái)說(shuō)很迅速的時(shí)間。

67 、On the other hand, we detected a part of them (22 ASC, 30 CHB) HBV-DNA level and HBV genotype.───PCR熒光定量HBV-DNA檢測。 80例中,病理G/S診斷,HBV基因型及HBV-DNA定量結果三項完整者共52例,其中ASC22例,CHB30例。

68 、Genotype is not the same as mutant. Mutation is a new event in a particular nucloetide whereas genotype is a whole different set of nucleotides.───**病毒基因型和其變異型是不同的。變異型是在某一個(gè)核苷酸的新變故,而基因型則是一組不同的核苷酸。

69 、At the same time, there was no difference in SBP, DBP and PP (P>0.05) between II and ID genotype in male EH group.───同時(shí),EH組II、ID基因型的男性的收縮壓、舒張壓、脈壓差異均無(wú)統計學(xué)意義(P>0·05)。

70 、The impact of different genotype over maximal produce of former 5th baby is no notable(P> 0.05).───不同的基因型對前5胎最高產(chǎn)仔數的影響差異不顯著(zhù)(P>0.05)。

71 、Trp/Arg genotype distributions of two groups were consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.───兩組觀(guān)察對象的Trp/Arg多態(tài)性分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg定律。

72 、Our results indicated that SAD was inversely associated with C/C genotype and C allele of NQO1 gene.───NQO1基因多態(tài)性與SAD發(fā)病明顯關(guān)聯(lián) ,NQO1基因 6 0 9序列C/C基因型、C等位基因與SAD發(fā)病呈明顯負關(guān)聯(lián)。

73 、In truly doubtful cases, only test crosses will reveal the actual genotype.───在確實(shí)可疑的情況下，只有通過(guò)雜交試驗才能揭示出真正的基因型。

74 、All the samples have clear genotype.───全部樣本的每個(gè)STR基因座都獲得了清晰的基因型分型。

75 、The C/T and T/T genotype frequencies in the ACI group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P───VEGF基因936位點(diǎn)C/C與C/T+T/T之間基因型頻率在兩組人群中的比較差異有統計學(xué)意義,P

76 、The 4G/4G genotype was associated with family history of coronary heart disease or cere-bral infarction (P───4G/4G基因型缺血性心腦血管病患者有家族傾向(P

77 、The genotype frequency of BB, Bb, and bb were 75.8%, 23.3% and 0.9% respectively in normal females volunteers.───健康女性PTH基因BB型(絕經(jīng)前120例,絕經(jīng)后118例),Bb型(絕經(jīng)前37例,絕經(jīng)后36例)和bb型分布頻率分別為75.8%,23.3%和0.9%;

78 、The genotype GG frequencies in IGT and DM groups were 8.7% and 11.6% respectively,which were significantly higher than those in NGT group.───IGT組、DM組GG基因型頻率分別為8.7%和11.6%,顯著(zhù)高于NGT組(4.5%),GG基因型攜帶者脂聯(lián)素水平顯著(zhù)降低。

79 、The SPB, SS, SSB, PBD showed high effect of genotype and low effect of seeding date whereas DPB displayed high effect of seeding date.───2)現存一次枝梗數、現存二次枝梗數、現存穎花數、一次枝梗分化數4個(gè)指標的基因型值較大，播期效應值較??；一次枝梗退化數播期效應值較大。

80 、In these cases, the parental cells differ at least with respect to genotype if not phenotype as well.───在這些情況下，親本細胞即使不在表現型上至少也在基因型上有區別。

基因表達的多態(tài)現象？

多態(tài)性是指在一個(gè)生物群體中，同時(shí)和經(jīng)常存在兩種或多種不連續的變異型或基因型（genotype）或等位基因（allele），亦稱(chēng)遺傳多態(tài)性（genetic polymorphism）或基因多態(tài)性。從本質(zhì)上來(lái)講，多態(tài)性的產(chǎn)生在于基因水平上的變異，一般發(fā)生在基因序列中不編碼蛋白的區域和沒(méi)有重要調節功能的區域。對于一個(gè)體而言，基因多態(tài)性堿基順序終生不變，并按孟德?tīng)栆幝墒来鄠鳌?/p>

生物群體基因多態(tài)性現象十分普遍，其中，人類(lèi)基因的結構、表達和功能，研究比較深入。人類(lèi)基因多態(tài)性既來(lái)源于基因組中重復序列拷貝數的不同，也來(lái)源于單拷貝序列的變異，以及雙等位基因的轉換或替換。按引起關(guān)注和研究的先后，通常分為3大類(lèi)：DNA片段長(cháng)度多態(tài)性、DNA重復序列多態(tài)

2015考研復習：微生物學(xué)筆記（八）

第八章微生物的遺傳變異和育種遺傳性：親代具有把他所有的形狀給子代的特性。變異性：子代具有改變親代遺傳性狀的特征。遺傳型(genotype)，表型(phenotype)，變異(varition)，飾變(modification)。

第一節

遺傳變異的物質(zhì)基礎三個(gè)典型實(shí)驗： 轉化試驗：1928 年，F. Griffith，肺炎雙球菌， Streptococcus pneumoniae。1944 年,O.T.Avery DNA RNA 蛋白質(zhì)多糖DNA+DNA 酶RⅡ RⅡ RⅡ RⅡ RⅡ 少量SⅢ - - - ___ 噬菌體感染試驗:1952 年,A. D. Hershey(侯喜) M. Chase(蔡斯) 病毒的重建試驗: 1956 年，H. Fraenkel-Conrat (弗朗克-康勒脫) 噬菌體感染試驗和病毒的重建試驗的說(shuō)明圖見(jiàn)下頁(yè)

朊病毒的發(fā)現和思考：蛋白質(zhì)是否是遺傳的物質(zhì)基礎?prpsc，蛋白質(zhì)折疊。DNA 的結構基本單位是核苷酸：核糖(戊糖)+堿基+**酸。堿基有四種：腺嘌呤(A)，鳥(niǎo)嘌呤(G)，胸腺嘧啶(T)， 胞嘧啶(C)。單鏈上的堿基不受配對的限制，決定了遺傳的多樣性。半保留的自我復制保證了生物遺傳的相對穩定。

第二節

基因突變和誘變育種20 基因突變(gene mutation)：突變細胞的遺傳物質(zhì)的分子結構或數量發(fā)生可遺傳的變化。突變的類(lèi)型： 營(yíng)養缺陷型(auxotroph)菌株:野生型菌株發(fā)生基因突變而喪失合成一種或幾種生長(cháng)因子的能力,從而不能在基本培養基上生長(cháng)的變異菌株?？剐酝蛔冃?(resistant mutant)菌株:野生型菌株發(fā)生基因突變而對某化學(xué)藥物或致死物理因子產(chǎn)生抗性的菌株。

條件致死突變型(conditional lethal mutant)菌株:菌株發(fā)生基因突變后,在某種條件下可正常生長(cháng)，而在另一種條件下無(wú)法生長(cháng)。形態(tài)突變型(morphological mutant)菌株:菌株發(fā)生基因突變，而在個(gè)體形態(tài)或菌落形態(tài)上發(fā)生突變的菌株?？乖蛔冃?antigenic mutant)菌株:菌株發(fā)生基因突變，而在細胞抗原結構上發(fā)生變異的菌株。產(chǎn)量突變型(metabolite quantitative mutant)菌株:菌株發(fā)生基因突變，在代謝產(chǎn)物產(chǎn)量上明顯有別于原始菌株的突變株。正變株(plus-mutant);負變株(minus- mutant)。突變率(mutation rate)：一個(gè)細胞每一世代某一性狀突變的幾率;群體中每一世代(分裂一次)產(chǎn)生突變的個(gè)數。突變率：10-8 基因突變的特點(diǎn)： 不對應性：突變的性狀與引起突變的原因之間沒(méi)有直接的對應關(guān)系; 自發(fā)性(10-6～10-9);稀有性;獨立性;可誘變性;穩定性; 可逆性：回復突變(reverse(back)mutation)。證明基因突變自發(fā)性和不對應性的實(shí)驗： 變量試驗(fluctuation test)：波動(dòng)試驗、彷徨試驗;1943 年;S. E. Luria& M. Delbruck。涂布試驗：1949 年，H.B.Newcombe 影印平板培養法(replica plating):1952 年,J. Lederberg 微生物產(chǎn)生抗藥性的途徑： 基因突變而產(chǎn)生抗藥性; 抗藥性質(zhì)粒的獲得(R 因子); 生理上的適應?；蛲蛔兗捌錂C制： 右圖為突變的類(lèi)型。

誘變(induced mutation)： 堿基的置換(substitution)，轉換(transition)，顛換(transversion)。兩個(gè)例子:亞硝酸;5-溴尿嘧啶(堿基類(lèi)似 物base analog)。移碼突變(frame-shift mutation phase-shift mutation)

染色體畸變(chromosomal aberration) 轉座(transposition)：DNA 序列通過(guò)非同源重組的方式，從染色體某一部位轉移到同一染色體的另一部位或其它染色體上的某一部位。轉座因子(transposable element):具有轉座作用**入序列(insertion sequence，IS);轉座子(transposon，Tn); 轉座噬菌體(transposable phage) 自發(fā)突變(spontaneous mutation)：由微生物自身有害代謝產(chǎn)物引起;由DNA 復制過(guò)程中堿基配對錯誤引起;由背景輻射和環(huán)境因素引起。遺傳密碼改變的表型效應：

紫外線(xiàn)對DNA 的損傷及其修復紫外線(xiàn)(ultraviolet ray)對DNA 的損傷;嘧啶二聚體; 光復活作用(photo reactivation，photo restoration) 切除修復(excision repair) 突變與育種自發(fā)突變與育種( Breeding by spontaneous mutation) 從生產(chǎn)中育種;定向培育優(yōu)良菌株。自然選育的目的：維持原有的產(chǎn)物的合成水平(穩產(chǎn));誘變后的菌株群體中表現出各種生理特性需要純化。誘變育種 (breeding by induced mutation) 誘變育種的幾個(gè)方向：提高產(chǎn)量;改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量;產(chǎn)生新的生物活性物質(zhì)誘變育種的基本環(huán)節(左圖所示) 出發(fā)菌株→誘變→初篩→復篩→放大→獲得優(yōu)良變異株。誘變育種兩個(gè)主要的環(huán)節：誘變(induced mutation);篩選(screening)。誘變育種中的幾個(gè)原則： 誘變劑的選擇：簡(jiǎn)便有效; 誘變劑的種類(lèi)：物理誘變劑，化學(xué)誘變劑，擬輻射物質(zhì)(radiomemetic chemical); 誘變劑量的選擇：存活率或死亡率曲線(xiàn)，劑量-誘變率曲線(xiàn); 出發(fā)菌株(original strain)的選擇：處理細胞所處的狀態(tài)，一般為單孢子懸液; 表型延遲(phenotype lag)：遺傳型雖已突變,但表型卻要經(jīng)染色體復制、分離和細胞的分裂后才表現出來(lái)。利用復合處理的協(xié)同效應(synergism);利用和創(chuàng )造形態(tài)、生 理和產(chǎn)量之間的相關(guān)指標;設計高效的篩選方法：推理選育。突變株的篩選:產(chǎn)量突變株的篩選,抗藥性突變株的篩選,營(yíng)養缺陷型菌株的篩選

營(yíng)養缺陷型突變株：野生型菌株(wide type strain);原養型(prototroph); 回復突變株(back mutant, reverse mutant);基本培養基(minimum medium,MM); 補充培養基(supplemented medium，SM);完全培養基(complete medium，CM)。前體1→A→B→C→D→前體2 途徑α β γ 酶↑ ↑ ↑ a b c 基因一個(gè)基因一條多肽鏈篩選營(yíng)養缺陷型菌株的四個(gè)環(huán)節： 誘變;淘汰野生型(抗生素法，菌絲過(guò)濾法);檢出缺陷型(夾層培養法，限量補充法，逐個(gè)檢出法，影印平板法);鑒定缺陷型(生長(cháng)譜法)。維生素的生長(cháng)譜營(yíng) 養缺陷型菌株的應用：賴(lài)氨酸，研究代謝途徑。氨基酸的生長(cháng)譜

研究代謝途徑： 粗糙鏈孢霉(Neurospora crassa) 瓜氨酸- + + 鳥(niǎo)氨酸- - + 突變株Ⅰ 突變株Ⅱ 突變株Ⅲ 精氨酸+ + + 前體→鳥(niǎo)氨酸→瓜氨酸→精氨酸→.. 艾姆氏試驗(Ames test)：生物的遺傳物質(zhì)是核酸;凡對微生物有效的誘變劑對高等動(dòng)物同樣有效;化學(xué)藥劑對細菌的誘變率與其對動(dòng)物的致癌率成正比;凡致癌物質(zhì)都是誘變 劑，但并非所有的誘變劑都能致癌;95%的致癌劑有誘變作用， 約90%的非致癌劑就沒(méi)有誘變劑的作用。材料：鼠傷寒沙門(mén)氏菌組氨酸缺陷型菌株，老鼠肝臟抽提液。

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