?immunology

immunology發(fā)音

英：[??mj?'n?l?d??]　　美：[??mj?'nɑ:l?d??]

英：　　美：

immunology中文意思翻譯

n.免疫學(xué)

immunology詞形變化

名詞: immunologist | 副詞: immunologically | 形容詞: immunologic |

immunology常見(jiàn)例句

1 、T opics in Paediatrics include neonatology, cardiology, haematology, oncology, endocrinology, gastroenterology and immunology.───兒科課題包括初生嬰兒，心臟，血液，癌癥，內分泌，腸胃，免疫等學(xué)術(shù)的研究。

2 、The appliance of bilingual teaching of Medical Immunology offers an effective means of mastery and communication of the medical essential subject.───雙語(yǔ)教學(xué)在醫學(xué)免疫學(xué)教學(xué)中的應用,為掌握和交流這門(mén)醫學(xué)基礎學(xué)科提供了一種有效的手段。

3 、The immunology, Virology of patients in our areas are blood transmitted, and infected patients.───從免疫學(xué)、病毒學(xué)上，我們區域內的病人主要是血源傳播和受感染。

4 、He returned to Southern California in 2000 when he was appointed professor in the department of immunology at Scripps in La Jolla.───于2000年返回南加州，被任命為普斯拉霍亞斯克里免疫系教授。

5 、Therefore, many scholars have done a lot of researches in Cryptosporidium parvum immunology.───因而,許多學(xué)者在隱孢子蟲(chóng)免疫方面進(jìn)行了大量研究。

6 、Other important milestones recommended for the top prize included the development of imaging techniques, the contraceptive pill, immunology and computers.───其它被推薦成為最重要里程碑的，還包括顯像技術(shù)、**藥、免疫學(xué)，及計算機。

7 、This study will make necessarily foundation for the study of biochemistry, molecular biology, pharmacology and immunology and so forth.───為生物化學(xué)、分子生物學(xué)、藥理學(xué)、免疫學(xué)等后續課程的學(xué)習奠定必要的有機化學(xué)基礎。

8 、MLT may induce the apoptosis of hepatoma cells in vivo and enhance NK activity, speculating that Bcl-2, Bax and body immunology system were involved in the anticancer effect of MLT.───MLT在體內有促進(jìn)腫瘤細胞凋亡的作用 ,且可使NK殺傷活性增高 ,推測Bcl 2、Bax和機體的免疫系統參與了褪黑素的抗腫瘤作用

9 、Abstract: Objective: To study the pharmacological effects of Zengxuean capsule (ZC) on immunology and hematopoiesis.───摘 要： 目的：研究增血安膠囊在免疫和造血方面的藥理學(xué)作用。

10 、Objective To study the immunology effects of the combination immunity of attenuated live hepatitis A vaccine (HAV) and measles vaccine (MV) on the immunity of HAV.───摘要目的觀(guān)察甲肝減毒活疫苗與麻疹減毒活疫苗聯(lián)合免疫對甲肝疫苗免疫學(xué)效果的影響。

11 、So this project used mice to make 11 experiments from five aspects to value the curative effect and function mechanisms of BTDC on immunology, organization pathology, anti-inflammation, analgesia and acute toxic effect completely.───所以本課題以正常大、小鼠作為實(shí)驗動(dòng)物,從免疫學(xué)、組織病理學(xué)、抗炎、鎮痛、急性毒性觀(guān)察五方面入手,選定了11項實(shí)驗項目,以此全面、綜合評價(jià)痹痛定膠囊的療效及其作用機制。

12 、Responsibilities: -Play key role in managing drug discovery projects in caner， CNS， immunology， anti-infective and other...... ...───公司名稱(chēng)：雅培制藥有限公司工作地點(diǎn)：上海市發(fā)布時(shí)間：2009-8-5

13 、There were 30 other cases of healthy women as a healthy group. hemorheology indexes (BV,PV,Ht,ESR) and immunology indexes (Et-RER, C3 ) were detected .───另設健康組30例，觀(guān)測其血液流變學(xué)(BV,PV,Ht,ESR)、免疫學(xué)指標(Et-RER,C3)。

14 、Abstract: The fluorescence immunity analyzer is an important examination equipment microbiology for immunology, pathology and immunity organization chemistries.───[摘 要]熒光免疫分析儀是微生物學(xué)、免疫學(xué)、病理學(xué)及免疫組織化學(xué)中的一種重要的檢測設備。

15 、Lectures and Tutorials in Immunology, Microbiology, and Cytogenetics - includes hypertext, images, and animations.───免疫學(xué),微生物學(xué)和細胞遺傳學(xué)講座和指南。

16 、With advanced method of immunology and molecular research tools, great achievements have been gained in identification of Sarcocystis species.───國內外學(xué)者采用先進(jìn)的免疫學(xué)方法和分子研究手段在肉孢子蟲(chóng)蟲(chóng)種鑒定和分類(lèi)方面做了有效而重要的工作,取得了重大突破。

17 、Research Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology， Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College， Nanchong 637000.───2滑膜細胞的分離與培養實(shí)驗采用滑液中的游離滑膜細胞進(jìn)行培養。

18 、Immunology is not just restricted to investigations on the immune systems of mice and humans.───免疫學(xué)并不僅僅局限于研究鼠和人的免疫系統。

19 、To explore the new teaching approach in the medical immunology to arouse the students' study interests.───探求免疫學(xué)教學(xué)中解決學(xué)生缺乏學(xué)習興趣的新方法。

20 、The branch of immunology that deals with the molecular and genetic basesof the immune response.───免疫遺傳學(xué)免疫學(xué)中研究免疫反應的細胞和基因基礎的分支。

21 、Wender's group collaborated with that of Chris Contag, a professor of pediatrics and of microbiology and immunology at Stanford's School of Medicine, who is a co-author on the paper.───Wender小組的合作者，同時(shí)也是這篇報道的合著(zhù)者，包括：斯坦福醫學(xué)院的兒科學(xué)教授ChrisContag領(lǐng)導的小組，一位微生物學(xué)教授和一位免疫學(xué)教授。

22 、Commitment to multi-year clinical immunology and rheumatology, is in control of rheumatic diseases related to the modernization of basic knowledge.───多年致力于臨床免疫及風(fēng)濕病學(xué)，掌握了有關(guān)風(fēng)濕性疾患的現代化基礎知識。

23 、Based on the antibody clonal selection theory of immunology, the immune clonal selection algorithm(ICSA) to select the best initial shift register of M-sequences is presented here.───基于免疫學(xué)中的抗體克隆選擇,提出了用免疫克隆算法(ICSA)來(lái)搜索M序列最優(yōu)初始移位寄存器值。

24 、It is a bran-new and cross field to combine Plant Toxicology with Immunology to study the mechanism, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of animal plant toxicosis.───摘要植物毒素學(xué)和免疫學(xué)結合，以研究動(dòng)物中毒性疾病的發(fā)生機理、診斷和防治，是一個(gè)全新的交叉性研究領(lǐng)域。

25 、Immunotolerance is an important mechanism of differentiating "self" and "non-self" in immunology system.───免疫耐受是機體免疫系統區別“自我”與“非我”的重要機制。

26 、Emily Martin. "Toward an Anthropology of Immunology: The Body as Nation State." 410-426.───“免疫學(xué)中的人類(lèi)學(xué)趨勢：作為民族國家的主體”，410-426頁(yè)

27 、Sun Guangrong: Research Assistant, Section of Immunology, Department of Research, Hospital of Special Surgery, New York 10021.───孫光榮：研究助理，特殊外科醫院研究部免疫科，紐約10021。

28 、Chinese Journal of Microbiology and Immunology───中華微生物學(xué)和免疫學(xué)雜志

29 、Research development in antiviral immunology───抗病毒免疫研究進(jìn)展

30 、By comparing with LBL group,this paper studies the effects of PBL group in medical immunology experiment teaching.───與傳統教學(xué)法相比較,分析PBL在本科醫學(xué)免疫學(xué)實(shí)驗課的教學(xué)效果。

31 、Objective: To observe the immunology function change of the ovarian cancer patients before and after operation.───摘要目的：探討卵巢癌患者術(shù)前術(shù)后免疫功能的變化。

32 、Responsibilities: -Play key role in managing drug discovery projects in caner, CNS, immunology, anti-infective a...... ...───公司名稱(chēng)：雅培制藥有限公司工作地點(diǎn)：上海市發(fā)布時(shí)間：2009-3-31

33 、All the above advances ofmodern immunology have greatly impacted the development of modern medicine.───所有這些都對現代醫學(xué)的發(fā)展，起到了重大的推動(dòng)作用。

34 、Sam Breit at St Vincent's Centre for Immunology, who originally cloned the MIC-1 gene, said he believed the findings could have a significant impact on a range of appetite-related disorders.───山姆。布雷特在圣。文森特中心從事免疫學(xué)研究工作,他首次克隆出MIC-1基因,他說(shuō),他相信這項發(fā)現能夠在食欲相關(guān)疾病研究領(lǐng)域將產(chǎn)生一定程度上的重要影響。

35 、Furthermore, clonalselection theory was established as the paradigm of modern immunology.───克隆選擇學(xué)說(shuō)的建立奠定了現代免疫學(xué)的理論框架。

36 、He shared a 1908 Nobel Prize for discoveries and advances in immunology.───他因在免疫學(xué)方面的發(fā)現和貢獻而與人共獲1908年諾貝爾獎。

37 、He published many articles on bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy.───他在細菌學(xué)，免疫學(xué)和化學(xué)療法領(lǐng)域發(fā)表了許多文章。

38 、International Association of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.───國際變態(tài)反應與臨床免疫學(xué)會(huì )。

39 、From 7 patients blood depart gives the as scanty as uncle family name helicoid is very similar helicoid on immunology two individual plant.───從7例患者血液分離出免疫學(xué)上與伯氏疏螺旋體非常相似的螺旋體兩株。

40 、Abstract： Objective: To research the immunology reinforcement effect of AMK from the viewpoint of immunity.───摘 要： 目的：從免疫功能方面探討中藥白術(shù)的強身健體作用。

41 、It is an ideal instrument for research of cytology,immunology,hematology and genetics etc .───同時(shí)還可以用于沉積巖相的分析研究，半導體中雜質(zhì)的檢驗，以及環(huán)境保證，微量化學(xué)，法醫等領(lǐng)域。

42 、Whenever any pathogen is introduced, the body has an immunological response.─── 每當有病原體入侵的時(shí)候 身體都會(huì )產(chǎn)生免疫反應

43 、Objective: To investigate the role of capsule of RuXianKang in treating Hyperplasia of mammary glands and explore the change in molecular hemorheology and serum immunology.───摘要目的：探討乳腺康膠囊對乳腺增生病的治療作用，分析其治療前后血清免疫學(xué)和血液流變學(xué)的改變。

44 、Research in immunology and biological therapy of skin tumors.I am conscientious and responsible in my teaching work, imparting knowledge and educating students.───專(zhuān)業(yè)特長(cháng)：皮膚真菌性疾病的診斷治療及皮膚腫瘤的免疫和生物治療研究。

45 、Abstract : Vaccination is an effective measure of prevention for foot and mouth disease(FMD).With development of molecular biology and immunology , new type vaccines of FMD were developed.───摘要 ： 疫苗接種是預防口蹄疫的有效手段,隨著(zhù)分子生物學(xué)、免疫學(xué)等學(xué)科的迅猛發(fā)展,口蹄疫新型疫苗的研究取得了較快發(fā)展。

46 、The paper is the result of the consideration of 22 national experts in PRRS, virology, immunology, and vaccinology.───[該白皮書(shū)是來(lái)自22個(gè)國家的PPRS、病毒學(xué)、免疫學(xué)和疫苗學(xué)方面的專(zhuān)家聯(lián)合編寫(xiě)的。]

47 、The Latin American Society of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (SLAAI) is a non-profit organization that includes 19 National Societies from Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal).───拉丁美洲變態(tài)反應，哮喘和免疫學(xué)會(huì )（SLAAI）是一個(gè)非盈利性的組織，她包括了來(lái)自拉丁美洲和伊伯利亞半島（西班牙和葡萄牙）的19個(gè)國家的學(xué)會(huì )。

48 、The branch of immunology that deals with the molecular and genetic bases of the immune response.───免疫遺傳學(xué)免疫學(xué)中研究免疫反應的細胞和基因基礎的分支

49 、He has done extensive research in virology, immunology and diabetes.In 1986 he received the Paul Ehrlich Prize.───他的專(zhuān)業(yè)研究范圍涵蓋了病毒學(xué)、免疫學(xué)和糖尿病，在1986年榮獲埃利希獎。

50 、Immunology To make (an individual) nonreactive or insensitive to an antigen.───使減感：使（某個(gè)體）對某抗原不敏感或不發(fā)生反應

51 、New Scientist Archive: October story quotes JHU biochemist emphasizing glycobiology as the future of immunology, neurology, developmental biology,and disease research.───2002年-新科學(xué)家檔案:10月故事引述JHU生化學(xué)家強調醣體生物學(xué)作為未來(lái)免疫學(xué)、神經(jīng)學(xué)、發(fā)展生物學(xué),及疾病研究之基礎。

52 、That's right. It's a natural immunological response to a foreign substance.─── 沒(méi)錯 這是對 外來(lái)雜質(zhì)的自然免疫反應

53 、The problems lie not only in doubtful blood sources, but also in blood immunology and the quality of blood transfusion.To upgrade such quality and insure the transfusion saafety, a better unde...───其影響因素有血源問(wèn)題，也有血液免疫學(xué)因素和輸血工作質(zhì)量問(wèn)題。

54 、From the mutual relation of TCM and modern immunology, the pathogenetic mechanism of SLE is explored, it may be suuplied a theoretical base for the TCM treatment of SLE clinical...───從中醫藥學(xué)與現代免疫學(xué)的互相聯(lián)系中來(lái)探討SLE的發(fā)病機理,可以提供中醫藥治療SLE的理論依據,指導臨床,從而探索一條治療SLE的新途徑。

55 、Animal immunology is a science dealing with the principles and rules of special immune responses， the function character of immune-organs, immunocyte, and related material in animal.───“動(dòng)物免疫學(xué)”是研究、論述動(dòng)物免疫器官、免疫細胞、免疫相關(guān)物質(zhì)（因子）的性質(zhì)功能和特異性免疫應答原理及規律的科學(xué)。

56 、Kunkel Professor in 1995 and director of the Christopher H.Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases in 1998.───Kunkel教授，1998年被任命為克里斯托福布朗中心免疫學(xué)和免疫疾病主任。

57 、Immunology,an important required course for medical students,poses difficulties to teaching because of its abstract and logical knowledge.───免疫學(xué)作為醫學(xué)生一門(mén)重要的必修課,由于其知識抽象且邏輯性強,給教學(xué)帶來(lái)了難度。

58 、By the same method, the reaction of immunology were negative both in plasma and tissues of goats, rats and mice (C57BL, LACA, AMM).───在山羊,大鼠和小鼠各種系的血漿和組織的血管內皮中未測出**反應。

59 、This year the Latin American Society of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (LASAAI) will celebrate its 45th anniversary during the XIV Latin American Congress of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (LACAAI).───今年，在即將舉辦的第十四屆拉丁美洲變態(tài)反應，哮喘和免疫學(xué)會(huì )議（LACAAI）上將慶祝拉丁美洲變態(tài)反應，哮喘和免疫學(xué)會(huì )（LASAAI）成立45周年。

60 、Other topics include studies of the interaction between pathogens and host immunity, as well as clinical immunology, emerging immunotherapies, and the immunologic contribution to disease course.───主題內容有病原體和宿主免疫力之間相互作用研究、新興免疫療法、疾病過(guò)程中的免疫作用。

61 、If our immunologies have grown different, there could be a strain to affect them and not us.─── 如果雙方的免疫學(xué)發(fā)展分道揚鑣 就一定會(huì )有一種病毒 只能感染他們

62 、Progress In Microbiology and Immunology───微生物學(xué)免疫學(xué)進(jìn)展

63 、To improve the system's capability of discrimination against danger, a novel immune discrimination algorithm based on the newly developed "Danger Theory" in immunology is proposed.───摘要為提高系統對“危害”的識別能力，基于免疫學(xué)中的“危險理論”提出了一種新的免疫識別算法。

64 、I explain to the nurse and doctor that my allergist (who is a specialist in allergy and immunology, and who also has a Ph.D. in pulmonary medicine) wanted me to receive certain treatments.───我對護士和醫生解釋說(shuō)我的過(guò)敏專(zhuān)科醫生（他是過(guò)敏和免疫學(xué)的專(zhuān)家，還有肺科的博士學(xué)位）希望我進(jìn)行某幾項治療。

65 、Establishment of a model system to the detection and defence against the Trojan horses based on the artifical immunology.───提出了一個(gè)基于人工免疫機制的木馬檢測與防御模型。

66 、Abstract Abstract: With the advances in immunology and molecular biology, new recognition in the patho- genesis, progression, and metastasis of carcinoma have been achieved.───摘要 摘要：隨著(zhù)分子生物學(xué)和免疫學(xué)的發(fā)展,腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及轉移機制的認識日益加深。

67 、German bacteriologist. He shared a1908 Nobel Prize for discoveries and advances in immunology.───埃爾利希，保羅1854－1915德國細菌學(xué)家，因在免疫方面的發(fā)現和成就，獲得1908年諾貝爾獎

68 、Weekly Journal Club - Education - Immunology and Rheumatology ...───周刊雜志俱樂(lè )部-教育-免疫學(xué)和風(fēng)濕病...

69 、The booth of the Austrian Society of Allergology and Immunology in the "National Village" of this EAACI congress was a real success.───作為世界變態(tài)反應組織的一分子，奧地利變態(tài)反應和免疫學(xué)會(huì )在這次EAACI會(huì )議上的表現非常成功。

70 、On September 11-13, 2006, the VI CIS Congress of Immunology and Allergology took place in Moscow.───2006年9月11-13日，在莫斯科召開(kāi)了第六屆獨聯(lián)體國家免疫學(xué)和變態(tài)反應學(xué)會(huì )議。

71 、Institute for Advanced Studies in Immunology and Aging.───免疫與衰老高等研究所。

72 、There are9 divisions as following: Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Pancreatology, Cardiology, Pulmonology, Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hematology and Oncology, Rheumatology Immunology and Allergology, and Infectious Diseases.───共有10個(gè)臨床科，包括了一般內科、腸內科、膽胰內科、臟血管內科、腔內科、臟內科、分泌新陳代謝內科、液腫瘤內科、敏免疫風(fēng)濕內科、感染內科。

73 、Clinical Immunology Review Series: An approach to the patient with recurrent orogenital ulceration, including Behcet's syndrome.───臨床免疫學(xué)綜述系列：走近復發(fā)性口腔-生殖潰瘍（包括白塞氏?。┗颊?/p>

74 、This article outlined the disciplinary development of immunology, and introduced the study of historiography of immunology over past 50 years.───摘要本文概述了免疫學(xué)科發(fā)展的歷史，介紹了過(guò)去50年間免疫學(xué)史研究的概況。

75 、The Latin American Society of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology( SLAAI) is a non-profit organization that includes19 National Societies from Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula( Spain and Portugal).───拉丁美洲變態(tài)反應，哮喘和免疫學(xué)會(huì )（LAAI）一個(gè)非盈利性的組織，她包括了來(lái)自拉丁美洲和伊伯利亞半島（班牙和葡萄牙）19個(gè)國家的學(xué)會(huì )。

76 、Ekaterina Dadachova, associate professor of nuclear medicine and microbiology and immunology at Einstein and lead author of the study.───他同時(shí)也是這項研究的主持人。

77 、Artificial Immunology is a novel intelligent computing research field and research hotspot after artificial neural network and evolutionary computation.───摘要人工免疫學(xué)是繼神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò )、進(jìn)化計算之后新的智能計算研究領(lǐng)域和研究熱點(diǎn)。

78 、According to the pathogenic time 7 d, 14 d, 30 d, 60 d and over 60 d they were divided into five groups, and to test the urine minium albumen, urine routine, 24 h volune of urine albumin, 12 h urine addis count and index of immunology.───按發(fā)病時(shí)間60d進(jìn)行臨床分組(A、B、C、D、E組),并進(jìn)行尿微量蛋白、尿常規、24小時(shí)尿蛋白定量、12小時(shí)尿液addis計數、免疫學(xué)指標的檢查。

79 、Some etiology in immunology is being testified little by little.───免疫學(xué)的病因在一些實(shí)驗中逐漸被證明。

80 、Current Opinion in Immunology, Volume 19, Issue 3, 1 June 2007, Pages 320-326 | Boyman, O.; Purton, J.F.; Surh, C.D.; Sprent, J.───免責聲明：本站數據全部由蜘蛛程序自動(dòng)抓取而來(lái)，且僅提供文章鏈接及部分摘要信息，文章所持觀(guān)點(diǎn)和本站無(wú)關(guān)，請點(diǎn)擊原文鏈接查看原作者和出處！

81 、An advanced model of computer immunology───一種改進(jìn)的計算機免疫模型

82 、It is thought that the key to improve the teaching quality of classroom instruction in medical immunology is to make careful preparations.───提高醫學(xué)免疫學(xué)課堂教學(xué)質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵在于認真進(jìn)行課前準備,包括備內容、備學(xué)生、備方法。

83 、And don‘t be put off just because you don‘t quite know what immunology， paleobiology， international development studies， ethnomusicology， or civil engineering are .───不要因為你不是很清楚什么是免疫學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)，古生物專(zhuān)業(yè)，國際發(fā)展研究專(zhuān)業(yè)，民族音樂(lè )學(xué)或是土木工程，而排除這些專(zhuān)業(yè)。

MIS MDS ALL MICM NAP BCR ABL JAK2 V167F 在醫學(xué)上是什么意思

MDS骨髓增生異常綜合征

ALL急性淋巴細胞白血病

MICM是指國際衛生組織把髓系和淋巴細胞腫瘤分類(lèi)發(fā) 將患者臨床特點(diǎn)與形態(tài)學(xué)（morphology）細胞化學(xué)、免疫學(xué)（Immunology）細胞遺傳學(xué)（cytogenetics）分子生物學(xué)（molecular biology）結合起來(lái)，形成MICM分型法。

NAP中性粒細胞堿性**酸酶 用于區別急性淋巴細胞細胞白血病和急性粒細胞白血病

BCR/ABL融合基因，9號染色體長(cháng)臂上C-ABL原癌基因異位至22號染色體長(cháng)臂的斷裂點(diǎn)簇集區（BCR）形成BCR-ABL融合基因。編碼蛋白酪氨酸激酶，導致慢性粒細胞白血病的發(fā)生。在急性淋巴細胞白血病的病人也可出現此基因。

JAK2基因，導致骨髓增殖性疾病，3種表達方式，分別引起真性紅細胞增多癥、原發(fā)性血小板增多癥、骨髓纖維化。

V167F基因，也是編碼蛋白酪氨酸激酶的基因。

本人為血液病一年級研究生，答案若有不準確之處，歡迎指正。

急需一篇關(guān)于醫學(xué)檢驗方面的專(zhuān)業(yè)醫語(yǔ)的文章和中文翻譯

Immunology is the graduate student object resist original material immunity should answer and its method of living creature- medical science science.Immunity should the answer is the reaction that the machine body resists the original incitement, also is resist the original material to carry on identifying and expeling of a kind of biology process.

As early as more than 1000 year agos, the people discovered the immunity phenomenon, and develop the immunity prevention toward the infectious disease from here.The Chinese invented to use the person first the 痘痂 skin inoculates with the prevention smallpox, and at 15 centuries in the in the late Ming Dynasty 隆 celebrates the year have to compare to improve greatly, and get the extensive application.Afterwards, this great invention spreads Japan North Korea, Russia, Turkey and many nations of British etc..Empress British doctor the piano 納 studies to use the method that the cowpox germ prevent°froms the smallpox on these grounds, developping the vast foreground to the prevention of the infectious disease for the immunology.The whole world ability exterminates the smallpox in the end of 70's in 20 centuries, connecting to get smallpox vaccination the germ to develop the huge function.

End of 19 centuries, the French chemist, the microbiology a 巴斯 is virtuous in study the person and the infectious disease of the animal, analyzed the immunity phenomenon.Combine to inspire in the piano 納 under, he invents to use to reduce the poisonous anthrax rod bacteria seedling stub to make into the vaccine, the anthrax disease of the prevention animal;Use to reduce the poisonous stub of poisonous rabies to make into the vaccine, prevent°from the mankind's rabies.

A zoologist of 著(zhù) plum 契 尼 section man is after long-term research insect gobble up the phenomenon of the foreign body with the animal cell, pointing out the white cell and liver, the 脾 organizations in the bodies in 1883 in of gobble up the cell to have to gobble up and digest the ability of the germs.German bacteriology house, immunology house shell the wood discovers that the immunity has the antitoxin of the anti- diphtheria toxin in the serum in 1890, Japanese bacteriology house north in firewood three the 郎s also discover the anti- tetanus infection the antitoxin of the toxin, two people common research serum therapy success, to the treatment diphtheria and tetanus infection the sufferer obtains the good result.

From now on, the people start inquiry into the immunity mechanism, seeing the neutralization that the cell gobbles up the function and antitoxin is the basis of the particularity immunity, and open the exhibition cell immunity and the body fluid immunity two universitieses to send gradually of contend for the 鳴 .

The leader of the cell immunity school of thought is the plum 契 尼 section man, the leader of the body fluid immunity school of thought is a 埃 of German bacteriology 爾 benefit rare.The benefit of 埃爾 is rare to use the biochemistry method research immunity phenomenon, being the foundation with the protein chemistry and the sugar chemistry especially, the study antigen and essence and its interactions of the antibody, put forward the side chain theory of the antibody formation in 1896, this ory is down to date to still have the actual meaning.Two universities send of contend for 鳴's promoting immunology develop.

To the 60's in 20 centuries, have already attained the level of the molecular biology to the research of the body fluid immunity, have already made the member structure and functions of the pure antibody.At the same time, also made the obvious progress to the research of the cell immunity, think that the small lymphoid cell is to be placed in the decrepitude in the past eventually in last phase, but already affirmative it is the lymphoid cell that a major type of the immune system has the immunity activity now, rising to emphasize to want the function in develop the immunity function.

Henceforth the people further clarified the structure of the small lymphoid cell, and the occurrence of the individual and divide the process, especially at miscellaneous handed over the lump technique to obtain the achievement of the breakthrough, this not only enriched the knowledge of the general cytology, and for acquire the single gram 隆 antibody or lay the quality material to develop a new road.

Many scholars still notice:When the cause microorganism invade, the machine body can acquire the particularity immunity on the other hand, on the other hand also will appear the machine body immunity to injure.Since the late hair style that a section of German bacteriology 赫 research tubercle rod bacteria cause changed the reaction of 態(tài) , the people discover gradually not only germs and its outcomes can cause the machine body immunity to injure, connect the different race serum egg white even many easy chemistry materials enter the machine body again, also will make the machine body the organization encounters the breakage.

Middle of 20 centuries, transplant along with the organization organ of open the exhibition, to transplant the thing to reject, the immunity bear to is repress by sex, immunity, immunity blemish, oneself immunity, the tumor immunity etc. carried on the thorough research, the important meaning that know that the thymus gland, the method surname bag and spleens are in the machine body immunity function, know past the unilateral that the immunity process limits at the anti- infection immunity, also know immunity should answer is since can defendoof infect and protect the machine body and can result in immunity injure and cause a biology process of paroxysm again.Also is to say, immunity is the living creature body to everything not the personal member carries on identify with expel of process, is to maintain a physiology of machine to respond, is the machine body identifies by one's own of a kind of widespread biology phenomenon.

The modern immunology think that the immunity function of the machine body is to resist the original incitement of should answer, but immunity should the answer express again identifies the oneself and expels for the immune system not personal of ability.The immunity function identifies to produce result according to the immunity.This kind of function has mostly:Outward the immunity defense of the source foreign body( is mainly the contagion factor);Do away with the immunity of decline or hurt cell, to keep the oneself stability;Cancellation mutation the immunity surveillance of the cell.

Only the immune system develops the homologous function and keeps the opposite balance under the condition of normal, the machine body then can maintain the existence.If the immunity function take place unusually, by all means cause the machine body balance maladjustment, appear the immunity pathology variety.

The immune system identifies in the process of exertive immunity function is an important premise.The whole living creatures all have this kind of ability.The unicellular living creature has the food of distinguish, invades the microorganism only and oneself the cell composition etc. the low class identifies the function.The machine body immune system of the vertebrates is gradually perfect, not only having the immunity organ anding the immunity cells of the integrity, and living cell of immunity canning but also producing the particularity antibody and the factor of 琳巴s, identifying the oneself thus and accurately, expeling the foreign body to attain the machine body inside the opposite stability of the environment, this all has the great significance towards protecting the oneself and continuing the race and living creatures evolutions.Full development of the immune system of high etc. living creature, it to inside various antigen foreign body of the outside environment stimulate since express a diverse sex and adaptabilities, and then express a particularity and recall sex, this to living creature of evolution process, living creature grow the existence and orientations of the department to have the important influence.

New China was established, the immunology has already very greatly have to make progress in the application on the medical science.The living creature of the prevention and cure infectious disease products to not only satisfy the local demand, but also support a little bit other nations.The new vaccine,such as chemistry vaccine, B a hepatitis vaccine...etc., that recent years research to manufacture, have already neared to advanced level in world.China has already exterminated the smallpox, and exterminate and control the human life plague and true sex choleras basically, waiting the violent infectious disease.The spinal cord ash quality 炎 , measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus infection...etc. outbreak rate of the familiar infectious disease has already lowered consumedly.

The modern immunology develops the theories system of become the current oneself gradually and has independent course of special research method again.It provided some new meanses for the research of the biology.

As early as the beginning of 20 centuries, the people have already made use of the immunology to distinguish analyse the mankind's blood type.The plant classification learn very early application the method of the immunology.Also adopted the immunology technique while study the toxin of the plant and animal.For example,1889-1890 years, the people studies the diphtheria toxin and the tetanus infection toxins with the immunology technique, using it again later on to study the plant toxin, such as the castor toxin, the croton toxin and snake poison, spider poison within the animal toxins.Moreover, the people make use of to precipitate to respond to discriminate the blood stain of the animal early very much.Some new techniques that recent years develop, such as project the immunity, the immunity fluorescence and the 酶 immunity etc., all provided the practical research means for the biology.

Say from the substance, modern immunology however is a branch of the living creature- medical science.But, along with the technical development of science, it sends to living a many independent branch course again, for example, with the modern biology germane member immunology, the immunity biology and the immunity geneticses, learn with germane immunity hematology, the immunity pharmacology of medical science, immunity pathology, grow the immunology and transplant the immunology, tumor immunology, anti- infection immunology, clinical immunology etc..

Now, have already attained the cell level and the member levels to the research of the immunology, the people are work hard the basic physiology regulation of the study living creature- immunity of oneself stability mechanism.Many important problems within medical science, respond such as the oneself immunity, super 敏 , tumor immunity, transplant the immunity, the immunity heredity...etc., will get necessarily better resolve.

免疫學(xué)是研究生物體對抗原物質(zhì)免疫應答性及其方法的生物-醫學(xué)科學(xué)。免疫應答是機體對抗原刺激的反應，也是對抗原物質(zhì)進(jìn)行識別和排除的一種生物學(xué)過(guò)程。

早在1000多年前，人們就發(fā)現了免疫現象，并由此發(fā)展起來(lái)對傳染病的免疫預防。中國人首先發(fā)明了用人痘痂皮接種以預防天花，并且在十五世紀中后期的明朝隆慶年間有較大改進(jìn)，并得到廣泛的應用。后來(lái)，這一偉大發(fā)明傳播到日本朝鮮、俄國、土耳其和英國等許多國家。后英國醫生琴納據此研究出用牛痘菌預防天花的方法，為免疫學(xué)對傳染病的預防開(kāi)辟了廣闊的前景。全世界能在20世紀70年代末消滅天花，接種牛痘菌發(fā)揮了巨大作用。

19世紀末，法國化學(xué)家、微生物學(xué)家巴斯德于研究人和動(dòng)物的傳染病時(shí)，分析了免疫現象。并在琴納的啟發(fā)下，他發(fā)明用減毒炭疽桿菌苗株制成疫苗，預防動(dòng)物的炭疽??；用減毒狂犬病毒株制成疫苗，預防人類(lèi)的狂犬病。

著(zhù)名動(dòng)物學(xué)家梅契尼科夫在長(cháng)期研究昆蟲(chóng)和動(dòng)物細胞吞噬異物的現象后，于1883年指出體內的白細胞和肝、脾組織中的吞噬細胞具有吞噬和消化細菌的能力。德國細菌學(xué)家、免疫學(xué)家貝林于1890年發(fā)現免疫血清中有抗白喉毒素的抗毒素存在，日本細菌學(xué)家北里柴三郎也發(fā)現抗破傷風(fēng)毒素的抗毒素，兩人共同研究血清療法成功，對治療白喉和破傷風(fēng)患者取得良好效果。

從此，人們開(kāi)始探討免疫機制，把細胞的吞噬作用和抗毒素的中和作用看成是特異性免疫的根據，并逐步開(kāi)展細胞免疫和體液免疫兩大學(xué)派的爭鳴。

細胞免疫學(xué)派的首領(lǐng)是梅契尼科夫，體液免疫學(xué)派的首領(lǐng)是德國細菌學(xué)家埃爾利希。埃爾利希用生物化學(xué)方法研究免疫現象，特別是以蛋白質(zhì)化學(xué)和糖化學(xué)作為基礎，探討抗原和抗體的本質(zhì)及其相互作用，于1896年提出抗體形成的側鏈學(xué)說(shuō)，這一學(xué)說(shuō)直到今天還具有實(shí)際意義。兩大學(xué)派的爭鳴促進(jìn)了免疫學(xué)的發(fā)展。

到20世紀60年代，對體液免疫的研究已經(jīng)達到分子生物學(xué)的水平，已經(jīng)弄清抗體的分子結構和功能。同時(shí)，對細胞免疫的研究也取得了明顯的進(jìn)展，過(guò)去認為小淋巴細胞是處于衰老終末期，而現在已肯定它是免疫系統的一大類(lèi)具有免疫活性的淋巴細胞，在發(fā)揮免疫功能中起著(zhù)重要作用。

此后人們進(jìn)一步闡明了小淋巴細胞的結構，以及個(gè)體的發(fā)生和分化過(guò)程，特別是在雜交瘤技術(shù)方面取得了突破性的成就，這不僅豐富了一般細胞學(xué)的知識，而且為獲得單克隆抗體或介質(zhì)物質(zhì)開(kāi)辟了一條新的道路。

許多學(xué)者還注意到：當病原微生物入侵的時(shí)候，機體一方面能夠獲得特異性免疫，另一方面也會(huì )出現機體免疫損害。自從德國細菌學(xué)家科赫研究結核桿菌所引起的遲發(fā)型變態(tài)反應以來(lái)，人們逐步發(fā)現不僅細菌及其產(chǎn)物可以引起機體免疫損害，就連異種血清蛋白甚至許多很簡(jiǎn)單的化學(xué)物質(zhì)再次進(jìn)入機體，也會(huì )使機體組織遭到破壞。

20世紀中期，隨著(zhù)組織器官移植的開(kāi)展，對移植物排斥、免疫耐受性、免疫抑制、免疫缺陷、自身免疫、腫瘤免疫等進(jìn)行了深入的研究，認識到胸腺、法氏囊和脾臟在機體免疫功能中的重要意義，認識到過(guò)去把免疫過(guò)程局限于抗傳染免疫的片面性，也認識到免疫應答是既可防御傳染和保護機體、又可造成免疫損害和引起疾病的一個(gè)生物學(xué)過(guò)程。也就是說(shuō)，免疫是生物體對一切非己分子進(jìn)行識別與排除的過(guò)程，是維持機體相對穩定的一種生理反應，是機體自我識別的一種普遍生物學(xué)現象。

現代免疫學(xué)認為，機體的免疫功能是對抗原刺激的應答，而免疫應答又表現為免疫系統識別自己和排除非己的能力。免疫功能根據免疫識別發(fā)揮作用。這種功能大致有：對外源性異物(主要是傳染性因子)的免疫防御；去除衰退或損傷細胞的免疫，以保持自身穩定；消除突變細胞的免疫監視。

只有免疫系統在正常條件下發(fā)揮相應的作用和保持相對的平衡，機體才能維持生存。如果免疫功能發(fā)生異常，必然導致機體平衡失調，出現免疫病理變化。

免疫系統在發(fā)揮免疫功能的過(guò)程中，識別是個(gè)重要的前提。一切生物都具有這種能力。單細胞生物只具有分辨食物、入侵微生物和本身細胞成分等低級的識別功能。脊椎動(dòng)物的機體免疫系統逐漸完善，不僅具有完整的免疫器官和免疫細胞，而且免疫活性細胞還能產(chǎn)生特異性抗體和琳巴因子，從而準確地識別自己，排除異物以達到機體內環(huán)境的相對穩定，這對保護自己、延續種族和生物進(jìn)化都有重大意義。高等生物的免疫系統充分發(fā)展，它對內外環(huán)境的各種抗原異物刺激既表現出多樣性和適應性，又表現出特異性和回憶性，這對生物的進(jìn)化過(guò)程、生物種系的生存和適應具有重大影響。

新中國成立以來(lái)，免疫學(xué)在醫學(xué)上的應用已經(jīng)有了很大進(jìn)展。防治傳染病的生物制品不僅滿(mǎn)足國內的需要，而且支援其他一些國家。近年研制的新疫苗如化學(xué)疫苗、乙型肝炎疫苗等，已經(jīng)接近世界先進(jìn)水平。中國已經(jīng)消滅天花，并且基本上消滅和控制了人間鼠疫和真性霍亂，等烈性傳染病。脊髓灰質(zhì)炎、麻疹、白喉、百日咳、破傷風(fēng)等常見(jiàn)傳染病的發(fā)病率已經(jīng)大大降低。

現代免疫學(xué)逐步發(fā)展成為既有自身的理論體系、又有特殊研究方法的獨立學(xué)科。它為生物學(xué)的研究提供了一些新的手段。

早在20世紀初，人們已經(jīng)利用免疫學(xué)來(lái)區分人類(lèi)的血型。植物分類(lèi)學(xué)很早就應用免疫學(xué)的方法。在研究植物和動(dòng)物的毒素時(shí)也采用了免疫學(xué)技術(shù)。例如，1889～1890年，人們用免疫學(xué)技術(shù)研究白喉毒素和破傷風(fēng)毒素，隨后又用它來(lái)研究植物毒素，如蓖麻毒素、巴豆毒素和動(dòng)物毒素中的蛇毒、蜘蛛毒。另外，人們很早就利用沉淀反應鑒別動(dòng)物的血跡。近年發(fā)展起來(lái)的一些新技術(shù)，如放射免疫、免疫熒光和酶免疫等，都為生物學(xué)提供了實(shí)用的研究手段。

從實(shí)質(zhì)上說(shuō)，現代免疫學(xué)不過(guò)是生物-醫學(xué)的一個(gè)分支。但是，隨著(zhù)科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，它本身又派生出許多獨立的分支學(xué)科，例如，與現代生物學(xué)有密切關(guān)系的分子免疫學(xué)、免疫生物學(xué)和免疫遺傳學(xué)，與醫學(xué)有密切關(guān)系的免疫血液學(xué)、免疫藥理學(xué)、免疫病理學(xué)、生殖免疫學(xué)、移植免疫學(xué)、腫瘤免疫學(xué)、抗感染免疫學(xué)、臨床免疫學(xué)等。

現在，對免疫學(xué)的研究已經(jīng)達到細胞水平和分子水平，人們正在努力探討生物的基本生理規律——免疫的自身穩定機制。醫學(xué)中的許多重要問(wèn)題，如自身免疫、超敏反應、腫瘤免疫、移植免疫、免疫遺傳等，必將得到更好的解決。

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