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serf是什么意思,serf中文翻譯,serf發(fā)音、用法及例句

2025-06-19 投稿

serf是什么意思,serf中文翻譯,serf發(fā)音、用法及例句

?serf

serf發(fā)音

英:[s?:f]  美:[s?:f]

英:  美:

serf中文意思翻譯

n.農奴, 奴隸

serf詞形變化

名詞: serfdom |

serf同義詞

untroubled | noiseless | laid-back | content | quiet | peaceful | collected | calm | composed | unagitated | tranquil | pacific | patient | orderly | cool | unruffled | placid | easeful | still | silent | equable | peaceable

serf反義詞

furious

serf常見(jiàn)例句

1 、Czar, Alexander II, annulled serf system and its related land possession system in 1861.───1861年沙皇亞歷山大二世廢除了農奴制及其土地制度。

2 、Reactionary, backword schedule serf system, was tremendous tie ofdevelopment society.───反動(dòng)、落后的農奴制制度,對社會(huì )的發(fā)展是極大的束縛。

3 、relational serf───關(guān)系自我

4 、Serfdom vt. The state or fact of being a serf; slavery───農奴的境遇;奴役

5 、Serf owners regarded their serfs as animals that could talk.───農奴主把農奴當做會(huì )說(shuō)話(huà)的牲口。

6 、A saying circulated among serfs,"All a serf can carry away is his own shadow,and all he can leave behind is his footprints."───農奴中流傳著(zhù)這樣的話(huà):“能帶走的只是自己的身影,能留下的只有自己的腳印?!?/p>

7 、In this film about serfs' poor lives in the Qing Dynasty ,I played a serf owner exploiting the serfs.───在這部關(guān)于清代農奴們貧苦生活的**中,我扮演的是剝削農奴的農奴主。

8 、The serf gives up, the proletarian receives.───農奴是交出,無(wú)產(chǎn)者是得到。

9 、There went with them the prints made by some lumbering serf and a little lad, whom he got to do the foul work him.───伴隨足跡的有些沉重的奴仆和小孩的腳印,他們隨著(zhù)他干骯臟的工作。

10 、In the Middle Ages, a lord and a serf had very different places in life.───中世紀, 農奴主和農奴在生活中是兩個(gè)截然不同的階級。

11 、In the Middle Ages,a lord and a serf had very different places in life.───中世紀,農奴主和農奴在生活中是兩個(gè)截然不同的階級。

12 、They laid the blame on the serf and beat him brutally.───他們賴(lài)到這個(gè)農奴身上,把他毒打了一頓。

13 、the legal status or condition of a villein or feudal serf───封建農奴的合法地位

14 、You're mad about me burning the serfs still.─── 你還為燒死奴仆的事而生我的氣

15 、serf system───農奴制

16 、It's not surprising that our serfs are in rebellion, the way we treat them.─── 考慮到我們對待農奴的方式 我不驚訝他們會(huì )起義

17 、The state of one who is bound as a slaveor serf.───奴役一個(gè)人被迫做奴隸或農奴的狀態(tài)。

18 、When Sengir Autocrat leaves play, remove all Serf tokens from the game.───當辛格氏獨裁者離場(chǎng)時(shí),將所有農奴衍生物移出游戲。

19 、6. A saying circulated among serfs, "All a serf can carry away is his own shadow, and all he can leave behind is his footprints."───農奴中流傳著(zhù)這樣的話(huà):“能帶走的只是自己的身影,能留下的只有自己的腳印。收藏指正

20 、The great rambling house, with its unstained plank floors, was furnished with the simplest rough sofas and chairs and tables made of their own birch-trees by the labor of their serf carpenters.───房子很寬敞,地板沒(méi)有油漆,家具也很簡(jiǎn)單:幾只硬沙發(fā),幾張桌椅,這些都是家里的木匠用自己家里的樺木做的。

21 、A person in servitude; a serf.───農奴,奴隸處于受奴役狀態(tài)的人;農奴

22 、therefore be not the serf and bondman of sin.───因此,不要再作罪的奴仆了。

23 、The serf owners safeguarded the feudal serfdom with savage punishments.───農奴主以野蠻、殘酷的刑罰維護封建農奴制度。

24 、In the end, I suspect a disgruntled serf, or chef.─── 最后我懷疑只是個(gè)心存不滿(mǎn)的奴仆或者廚子

25 、Plants under the seal serf society system in earth SiZhinei, the corresponding cultural decline is the inevitable fate.───就是說(shuō),無(wú)論弱勢文化中的個(gè)體生命多么輝煌,但只要他所依附的社會(huì )體系已朽壞,在歷史潮流沖擊下,也逃脫不掉如微塵般迸散落下的命運。

26 、serf - established school───子弟學(xué)校

27 、They boldly stood up and charged the serf - owner with his crimes.───他們大膽站起來(lái)譴責農奴主的罪行。

28 、Why seed can not be reserved by insect resistant hybrid cotton it serf───抗蟲(chóng)棉品種為何不宜自留種

29 、Then they smashed the shackles of the feudal serf system and took their destiny in their own hands.───之后,他們砸爛了封建農奴制的枷鎖,把命運掌握到自己手中。

30 、A Study of the Variation between Southern American Slavery and Russian Serf System───美國南方奴隸制度和俄羅斯農奴制度的差異

31 、economy of feudalistic serf system───封建農奴制經(jīng)濟

32 、In the first half of the 19th Century, Russia, with serf system, gradually shook off the strong chains of feudalism and began industrialization.───19世紀上半葉,農奴制的俄國逐漸突破嚴密的封建桎梏,走上了工業(yè)化的道路。

33 、A serf! He forced my brother to draw upon him, and fell by my brother's sword," said the nobleman.───一個(gè)農奴!他迫使我兄弟拔出劍來(lái)對著(zhù)他,然后就倒在我兄弟的劍下,"那個(gè)貴族說(shuō).

34 、a person who is not a serf or a slave.───不是農奴或奴隸的人。

35 、Hopefully. It just says it has to be four cubits deep, and you cannot enlist the aid of a serf or oxen.─── 但愿 上面只說(shuō)了要1.8米深 不能借助奴隸或者牛的幫助

36 、The influence of the Black Death had shaken the serf system and contract obiligation to the root in rural areas. ?───但災難的發(fā)生最終卻加速了采邑制度和契約義務(wù)在農村的瓦解。

37 、The feathered quarrel hissed viciously, unsuspectedly, and a serf who stood between and a little behind Robin himself and Scarlett crupmled down without a sound, for the point had entered his brain.───而這只弓箭出其不意狠狠地發(fā)射出去,一位站在羅賓及史考烈特稍后中間的農奴一聲不響倒了下去,因為箭射中了他的腦袋。

38 、This article focuses on the history of the marriage market in Tibetan serf society and explores the causes and consequences of the female marriage squeeze in Tibetan serf society with some examples.───從藏族農奴制社會(huì )婚姻市場(chǎng)的歷史入手,結合實(shí)例,探討了藏族農奴制社會(huì )女性婚姻擠壓的原因、后果。

39 、Through it all, an unwieldy caste system governed lord and serf alike.───一個(gè)同時(shí)主宰統治者與被統治者的龐大遲滯的階層體系,貫串整個(gè)時(shí)代。

40 、Gulf roof chief serf blief proof handkerchief.───海灣邊,屋頂上,首領(lǐng)奴仆兩相望,誰(shuí)說(shuō)他們無(wú)信仰,證據寫(xiě)在手帕上。

41 、When Sengir Autocrat comes into play, put three 0/1 black Serf creature tokens into play.───當辛格氏獨裁者進(jìn)場(chǎng)時(shí),將三個(gè)0/1黑色農奴衍生物放置進(jìn)場(chǎng)。

42 、After the reform of the serf system in 1861, Russia followed the path of capitalism and began the course of neoteric industrialization.───1861年農奴制改革后,俄國走上了資本主義的發(fā)展道路,開(kāi)始了近代工業(yè)化的進(jìn)程。

43 、And Alexander Graham Bell would not have invented the telephone if he had been a conscripted serf and had lived in a remote village of the Romanow domains.───亞歷山大.格雷厄姆.貝爾如果是一個(gè)身不由己的奴隸,住在羅曼諾夫莊園的一個(gè)偏僻村子里,那他也無(wú)法發(fā)明**。

44 、no - Serf───無(wú)我

45 、The corvee assigned by Gaxag and manorial lords accounted for over 50 percent of the labor of serf households, and could go as high as 70-80 percent.───農奴為噶廈和莊園主支的差,占農奴戶(hù)勞動(dòng)量的50%以上,高者可達70%至80%。

46 、"Through it all, an unwieldy caste system governed lord and serf alike. "───一個(gè)同時(shí)主宰統治者與被統治者的龐大遲滯的階層體系,貫串整個(gè)時(shí)代。

47 、The red flag rouse the serf, halberd in hand,While the despot's black talons held his whip aloft.───紅旗卷起農奴戟,黑手高懸霸主鞭。為有犧牲多壯志,敢教日月?lián)Q新天。

48 、Th serf owners safeguarded the feudal serfdom with savage punishments; they would frequently punish serfs and slaves by gouging out their eyes, cutting off their ears, arms or legs, drowning them or inflicting other terrible penalties.───農奴主以野蠻、殘酷的刑罰維護封建農奴制度,動(dòng)輒對農奴和奴隸實(shí)施剜目、割耳、斷手、剁腳、投水等駭人聽(tīng)聞的酷刑。

49 、Layer - by - layer serf assembly───層層子組裝

50 、"Sheath thy sword," the surly sheriff said, "or surely shall a churlish serf soon shatter thee."───“把你的劍裝回劍鞘吧,”無(wú)禮的郡治安官說(shuō),“否則很快很快就會(huì )有一個(gè)粗野的農奴將你碎尸萬(wàn)段?!?/p>

51 、Last week,we have a debate on whether middlel school students should serf the internet.───1上周我們舉行了一次關(guān)于中學(xué)生是否應該上網(wǎng)的辯論。

52 、The serf owners safeguarded the feudal serfdom with savage punishments;───而下等下級的人如婦女、屠夫、獵戶(hù)、匠人等,其命價(jià)為一根草繩。

53 、serf - learning───自主學(xué)習

54 、By these declarations, kings, popes, priests, aristocrats, all were alike dethroned and placed on a common level, politically, with the lowliest born subject or serf.───在這些宣言面前,所有的國王、教皇、牧師和貴族全都降為平民百姓,全都在政治上與出身最低賤的臣民和農奴同站在一樣的地位;

55 、In the Middle Ages a lord and a serf had very different places in life.───中世紀農奴主和農奴在生活中是兩個(gè)截然不同的階級。

56 、The word "robot" originates from the Czech word for forced labor, or serf.───“機器人”一詞起源于捷克語(yǔ),意為強迫勞動(dòng)力或奴隸。

57 、I'll take away your lands and serfs.─── I'll ruin the Church!

58 、Ideal - Serf───理想自我

59 、The serf owner lashed the serf with a whip.───農奴主用皮鞭抽打農奴。

60 、A slave or serf.───奴隸或農奴

61 、Ye Liana·Baprucrofena's salon and abolishing the serf system reform in 1861───葉蓮娜·巴甫羅夫娜的沙龍與1861年廢除農奴制度改革

62 、The serf - owners had the right to beat,abuse or even kill the serfs at will.───(那時(shí))農奴主有權任意打罵甚至殺害農奴。

63 、The cruel serf-owner put out the serf's eyes.───殘忍的農奴主挖掉了農奴的眼睛。

64 、We treat the court, and then we do not have to burn all the serfs.─── 我們給宮廷進(jìn)行治療 這樣就不必燒死所有仆人了

65 、that was the hardest trial which befell our father, that the husband of his own daughter should be a miserable serf, whom his owner could place for punishment on the wooden horse.───你聽(tīng),風(fēng)是怎樣在敞開(kāi)的大門(mén)里呼嘯,簡(jiǎn)直像守門(mén)人在吹著(zhù)號角!

66 、the legal status or condition of a villein or feudal serf.───封建農奴的合法地位。

67 、Born as a free person, not as a slave or serf.───生來(lái)自由的天生是自由人,而不是奴隸或家奴的

68 、Till cock-crow he must again be a serf.───在雞鳴報曉以前,他必須再度充當一名奴隸。

69 、Plantation gangs began to oust the patch cultivation of the labourer serf in the case of some staple products.───在某些主要農產(chǎn)品的種植上,大農場(chǎng)上的伙役奴隸開(kāi)始攆走了耕種小塊土地的農奴勞動(dòng)者。

70 、A saying circulated among serfs, "All a serf can carry away is his own shadow, and all he can leave behind is his footprints."───農奴中流傳著(zhù)這樣的話(huà):“能帶走的只是自己的身影,能留下的只有自己的腳

71 、The cruel serf - owner put out the serf's eyes.───殘忍的奴隸主挖掉了奴隸的眼睛。

72 、born as a free person,not as a slave or serf───天生是自由人,而不是奴隸或家奴的

73 、The serf has an assured existence, the proletarian has not.───農奴生活有保障,無(wú)產(chǎn)者生活無(wú)保障。

74 、The serf, in the period of serfdom, raised himself to membership in the commune, just as the petty bourgeois, under the yoke of feudal absolutism, managed to develop into a bourgeois.───農奴曾經(jīng)在農奴制度下掙扎到公社成員的地位,小資產(chǎn)者曾經(jīng)在封建專(zhuān)制制度的束縛下掙扎到資產(chǎn)者的地位。

75 、the state of one who is bound as a slave or serf───奴役一個(gè)人被迫做奴隸或農奴的狀態(tài)

76 、Men are sociable and frequently have numerous business acquaintances, golf buddies, and so on. However, friendship does not merely involve a sharing of activities; it is a sharing of serf on a very personal level.───男人喜歡社交,常與大批同仁、高爾夫球友等等人交往,然而,友誼不僅包括參與活動(dòng),也包括在純私人的范圍內分享對方的一切。

77 、According to historical records, in 1943 the aristocrat Chengmoim Norbu Wanggyai sold 100 serfs to a monk official at Garzhol Kamsa, in Zhigoin area, at the cost of 60 liang of Tibetan silver (about four silver dollars) per serf.───據史料記載,1943年,大貴族車(chē)門(mén)·羅布旺杰把100名農奴賣(mài)給了止貢地區噶珠康薩的一名僧官,每個(gè)農奴的價(jià)錢(qián)是60兩藏銀(約合四塊銀元);

78 、However, with its establishment by the end of the 16th century, the primitive communes had been changed by the feudalism and became powerful tools in defensing and enforcing the serf system in Russia.───但在俄國農奴制度16世紀末確立之后,農村公社本身也為封建主義所改造,反過(guò)來(lái)它又成為維護和加強俄國農奴制度的有力工具。

79 、The serf,in the period of serfdom,raised himself to membership in the commune,just as the petty bourgeois,under the yoke of feudal absolutism,managed to develop into a bourgeois.───農奴曾經(jīng)在農奴制度下掙扎到公社社員的地位,小資產(chǎn)者曾經(jīng)在封建專(zhuān)制制度的束縛下掙扎到資產(chǎn)者的地位。

80 、She said she was his serf, his slave, and she opened her yearning heart and took him in.───她說(shuō),她嫁雞隨雞,嫁狗隨狗,然后她就敞開(kāi)自己那扇思念的心扉,放他進(jìn)去了。

81 、abolish the serf system reform In 1861───1861年廢除農奴制度改革

82 、My subjects will be the luckiest serfs in all the lands.─── 我的子民將成為所有土地上最幸運的農奴

83 、2. "Sheath thy sword," the surly sheriff said, "or surely shall a churlish serf soon shatter thee."───“把你的劍裝回劍鞘吧,”無(wú)禮的郡治安官說(shuō),“否則很快很快就會(huì )有一個(gè)粗野的農奴將你碎尸萬(wàn)段?!笔詹刂刚?/p>

84 、Born a serf, Mima Dunzhu for the first time own a piece of field;───世代為奴的米瑪頓珠破天荒地有了自己的土地;

85 、At the same time, other factors such as the industrialization, the residue of the serf system, the Orthodox ethics, and the special geographical location.───而工業(yè)化水平不高、農奴制殘余、東正教倫理、特殊地域條件等是影響俄國城市化進(jìn)程的重要因素。

86 、Perhaps I should have some starving serfs brought in to slaughter, then.─── 那或許我也應該 抓幾個(gè)挨餓的農奴殺殺

87 、Alice would accept such things as serf - pity and class - consciousness, though she'd play hell with me for my stupidity.───盡管艾麗絲斥責了我的愚笨,她還是會(huì )接受諸如自我憐憫和階級意識之類(lèi)的東西的。

88 、serf revolt───農奴起義

西歐封建社會(huì )時(shí)期政治特點(diǎn)論文?

歐封建制度的形成過(guò)程

西歐封建制度的形成,具有兩條相輔相成的線(xiàn)索,一是封主封臣制和封土制的形成和變化過(guò)程,一是自由農民的農奴化過(guò)程,我們把這兩個(gè)過(guò)程稱(chēng)之為封建化過(guò)程.

⒈西歐封建化過(guò)程的起點(diǎn)——薩利克法典

法蘭克人五世紀時(shí)分為兩支,一支遷萊茵河中游,稱(chēng)河濱一里普阿爾人,一支進(jìn)入北高盧,稱(chēng)海濱一薩利克人,即克洛維為王的那一支.

薩利克法典是薩利克人的習慣法匯編,形成于六世紀初, 511 年前后.它反映了五、六世紀法蘭克人在進(jìn)入高盧以后的社會(huì )生活狀況,既包含了日耳曼人的社會(huì )因素,也反映了一些高盧一羅馬人的社會(huì )因素.西歐社會(huì )的封建化過(guò)程,就以此為出發(fā)點(diǎn).

克洛維進(jìn)入高盧后,把所占領(lǐng)的無(wú)人居住的土地交給法蘭克人的農村公社,他自己占有羅馬皇室的土地,并把一部分賞賜給貴族和親兵,形成日耳曼大土地所有制,對高盧一羅馬地主和教會(huì )的大地產(chǎn),則很少侵犯.所以法典反映的土地所有制就有三種:農村公社土地所有制,王室土地所有制,貴族地主土地所有制.

一般認為,農村公社是從氏族公社發(fā)展而來(lái)的自由農民的社會(huì )組織,特點(diǎn)是土地公有私耕,行政自治.但也有人認為,它是在中世紀地主莊園內重新形成的.

⒉自由農民的農奴化

最初,法蘭克自由農民都是公社成員,有權利和義務(wù)參加戰爭,分取占利品,使用公社土地,參加社員大會(huì ).到六世紀下半葉,國王希爾伯利克( 561 ~ 584 年)頒布一道修改薩利克法典的敕令,規定死者如無(wú)子嗣,土地由其女兒繼承,而不再交還公社.這樣,公社的耕地逐漸變?yōu)榭梢再I(mǎi)賣(mài)的自主地.這時(shí)的公社稱(chēng)作馬爾克.公社農民內部的經(jīng)濟分化加?。?

但是,法蘭克農民農奴化的主要原由,并不是經(jīng)濟分化的結果,因為當時(shí)系自然經(jīng)濟,經(jīng)濟分化緩慢,而主要是外部暴力所造成.外部暴力來(lái)自?xún)蓚€(gè)方面:一是教俗貴族地主利用特權強力兼并公社農民的自主地,失去土地的農民被迫投靠大地主,逐漸變成農奴.二是 6 ~ 10 世紀戰爭兵役頻繁,對外擴張,外族入侵,社會(huì )不安定,豪強官吏勒索,這一切使自由農民無(wú)法進(jìn)行正常的農業(yè)生產(chǎn);另一方面,軍事制度也有變化,從原來(lái)的步兵或輕裝騎兵發(fā)展成為重裝騎兵,戰斗力加強,但費用開(kāi)支也大大增加.據估計,當時(shí)四家小農方能裝備一名騎兵.這種狀況,使許多農民干脆就近尋找一教俗貴族保護,把土地交給貴族而由自己耕種,只向此貴族一人納稅服役,既避免了官府沉重的軍役、捐稅,也避免了他人的勒索和盜匪的搶劫,此稱(chēng)為“委身式”,也叫“投托”.久之,這些農民就變成了農奴.他們在法國被稱(chēng)為“維蘭”.

在法國,還有一些農奴稱(chēng)為“塞爾夫”( serf ) , 他們大多是奴隸的子孫,地位比維蘭更低.維蘭實(shí)際是永久性佃農,份地世襲,勞役有一定傳統標準.塞爾夫則由主人任意剝削,并可隨土地一并買(mǎi)賣(mài).一般來(lái)說(shuō),維蘭比自由農、佃農的境遇往往要好.

八世紀前半期查理·馬特采邑制改革以后,法蘭克農民農奴化進(jìn)程加速.

847 年,西法蘭克國王禿頭查理的墨爾森法令規定,“任何自由人都必須選擇一主人,或是國王,或是國王的臣屬”.

自由農民的農奴化過(guò)程一直延續到 11 世紀.

封主封臣制與封土制的形成與發(fā)展

第一階段:墨洛溫王朝時(shí)期,六、七世紀,國王采取賜地封土的辦法給其官員,封地與公職相聯(lián)系,這種土地分封是無(wú)條件的,久而久之,大貴族勢力上升,國王軍事經(jīng)濟實(shí)力削弱.

第二階段:到八世紀查理·馬特任宮相時(shí),進(jìn)行采邑制改革,將封地與附庸制度結合起來(lái),從而向西歐封建制度邁出了極其重要的一步.采邑制改革的另一契機是軍事制度發(fā)生變化.西歐在與阿拉伯人的接觸中,學(xué)會(huì )了使用馬蹬,馬蹬的出現,使騎兵從輕裝發(fā)展為重裝,鎧甲及貴族族徽都隨之出現.更重要的,是由此需要專(zhuān)職作戰的騎士,普通法蘭克農民既難以負擔,也無(wú)此技藝,而騎士則需要土地和農民來(lái)養活.這樣,馬蹬→軍制改革→社會(huì )制度(采邑制)改革.

中國明末時(shí)傳教士鑄造的西洋火炮為何不能引起中國社會(huì )制度的變革?顧準這樣提出了問(wèn)題.

馬特沒(méi)收了叛亂貴族和教會(huì )的大量地產(chǎn),分封給他的附庸騎士.受封者,即封臣則以服騎兵役為條件,并向封主宣誓效忠,這種軍事封地稱(chēng)為采邑.受封者若不能履行封臣的職責,封主有權收回采邑.這種權利和義務(wù)是雙方的,是一種契約關(guān)系,封主也要保護封臣,不能欺侮他的妻女,若違反,封臣也可另找封主.西歐封建制度的特征就是它的相互性,在封建制度下,沒(méi)有人是權力無(wú)限的統治者.若上面對下面的權力是絕對的,不可反抗的,那就不是西歐封建制度,而是絕對君主制了.這與我們通常所理解的中國封建制度的概念大不相同.

查理·馬特的采邑制改革,到加洛林王朝的矮子丕平和查理曼時(shí)繼續實(shí)行,因為即使查理曼當時(shí)也無(wú)足夠財力搞職業(yè)軍隊.而各級領(lǐng)主,也有自己的附庸騎士,形成層層分封.打仗時(shí),這些附庸的附庸在王室軍隊中參加其直接領(lǐng)主指揮的軍隊,并且只是單線(xiàn)聯(lián)系,形成“我的附庸的附庸,不是我的附庸”.

采邑制的廣泛推行,導致以下后果:①加速了封建化進(jìn)程,大小封建主竟相爭奪勞動(dòng)力,把自由農民變成農奴;②鞏固了中小封建主的地位,奠定了騎士制度的基礎,排除了農民當兵的權利;③形成了金字塔式的、依次互為主從的封建等級制度.

每一騎士都靠自己采邑的農民的賦稅和勞役生活,這一騎士對自己的采邑擁有行政、司法、稅收等管理權.國王有時(shí)還把一些豁免權賜給一些大領(lǐng)主和教會(huì )貴族,豁免權也叫特恩權,指這些領(lǐng)主的領(lǐng)地可不受?chē)?*人或官員管轄.這樣一來(lái),就使采邑領(lǐng)地具有獨立王國的趨勢.

第三階段:采邑原本是終身的,封臣死亡,采邑交還封主,不得世襲.封臣的繼承者若要繼續從前的關(guān)系,要重搞受封儀式.到九世紀,采邑逐漸變成了世襲領(lǐng)地. 877 年西法蘭克的禿頭查理頒布克爾西敕令,承認采邑和特權世襲.

查理曼死后,王權的分散,無(wú)休止的內戰,外族的入侵,使原本有序的金字塔式的等級統治走向混亂.原來(lái)的封疆大吏一一伯爵,以自己的附庸為后盾,從王室官員演變?yōu)楠毩⒌牡胤酵豕?。從本質(zhì)上說(shuō),政治分裂是封建制度最正常、最普遍的社會(huì )狀態(tài)。對王權而言,封建制度的興盛正是王權的陰暗時(shí)代。

fv補充單詞?

大多數以f結尾的名詞,其復數形式是去f變v加es.

以下單詞例外:roof, gulf, cliff, staff, serf, belief, proof, chief

它們都是直接在后面加s

有些單詞兩種變化均可,即既可加s也可以去f變v加es:handkerchief, scarf

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