?mutated

mutated發(fā)音

['mju:teit]

英：　　美：

mutated中文意思翻譯

vi. 變異, 突變

vt. 使變異, 使突變

mutated詞形變化

形容詞: mutative | 動(dòng)詞第三人稱(chēng)單數: mutates | 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式: mutated | 動(dòng)詞現在分詞: mutating | 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞: mutated |

mutated常見(jiàn)例句

1 、Furthermore, when he dissected the genes of these mutated bacteria by sequencing them, he found mutations in no areas other than the one where there was selection pressure.───不止如此，當他通過(guò)對這些突變細菌的基因測序并將其分離出來(lái)之后，發(fā)現只有那些有選擇壓力的領(lǐng)域發(fā)生了突變。

2 、A mutated strain of bird flu has genetic make up that increases its chance of transferring to people.───變異的禽流感病毒株具有的基因組成，增加了它轉移到人類(lèi)的可能性。

3 、Research on the Isolation of Mutated Major Gene Controlling Wheat Grain Hardness from Aegilops───從山羊草中分離小麥籽粒硬度主效基因突變體的研究

4 、Microorganism Breed Mutated by the Method of Low Energy Ion Injection───低能離子注入法誘變微生物育種

5 、IBV is a sRNA virus,the gene of the virus always mutated owing to it's point-mutation and gene recombination, so the virus have many serotypes.───IBV是單股RNA病毒,該病毒基因可因點(diǎn)突變和重組而發(fā)生變異,故傳染性支氣管炎病毒血清型較多。

6 、Normally inoled in the response to stress and repair of DNA, ATM is mutated in the rare genetic disorder ataxia-telangiectasia (AT).───ATM正常情況下參與應激反應和DNA修復，在罕見(jiàn)的遺傳性紊亂疾病--共濟失調性毛細血管擴張癥（AT）中，ATM發(fā)生變異。

7 、Once the mutation has started, it cannot be stopped.─── 一旦突變開(kāi)始 就無(wú)法停下

8 、The redhead sprang from a mutated gene in Europe thousands of years ago.───幾千年前的歐洲，紅頭發(fā)的人因為基因變異的關(guān)系憑空出現。

9 、that's when it's active, when it can mutate.─── 已經(jīng)激活了已經(jīng)變異了

10 、Within each tissue type, they calculated the frequency that multiple genes were mutated in the same sample.───在每種組織類(lèi)型中，他們計算了在相同的標本中多基因變異的頻率。

11 、Different genes were mutated in cancers of the same type, and the genes contributing to breast cancer were different from those mutated in colorectal cancers.───同種類(lèi)型的癌癥有不同的基因突變，引起乳腺癌的基因不同于結直腸癌中的基因突變。

12 、But keep in mind that the scientists say this mutated gene may be rare.───但是讓人記住的是，科學(xué)家說(shuō)這種突變基因可能是罕見(jiàn)的。

13 、They mutated a worm gene that produces a protein named beta spectrin, which helps keep nerve cells flexible.───“但到目前為止，用這種策略處理的小鼠僅顯示了神經(jīng)細胞再生能力輕微的增高?！?/p>

14 、As Sherry and Claire look for a way out of the city, they are stalked by the mutated Birkin.───在雪莉和克萊爾尋找逃離的路的過(guò)程中，發(fā)生了突變的伯肯一直在向他倆潛近。

15 、For example, plants can sometimes transmit somatic mutations to their descendants asexually or sexually where flower buds develop in somatically mutated parts of plants.───例如，植物有時(shí)將體細胞突變通過(guò)無(wú)性或有性過(guò)程傳遞給后代，而花芽可能由植物的體細胞變異部分發(fā)育。

16 、No it's not harmless. It's mutating.─── 不 它是有害的 它在變異

17 、After Chris kills the mutated form of Alexia once and for all, he attempts to escape with Claire, only to be interrupted by Wesker.───在克里斯徹底終結了阿列克西婭后，正要和克萊爾一起逃離，結果卻被威斯克從中打斷。

18 、It had originally been used for benevolent purposes, for seeking improved physical vehicles for those that had incarnated into physical bodies that mutated into half man half beast abominations.───它本來(lái)是用于和平的目的，用于為那些進(jìn)入變異成半人半獸的怪物的身體的（靈魂）尋求改良的身體媒介。

19 、ataxia telangiectasis mutated───共濟失調毛細血管擴張綜合征突變基因

20 、By using long-distance inverse PCR, Arg (cgt) and Arg (egg) in the expression fragment of phytase phyA gene (GenBank : accession numbers AF218813 and AAF25481) were mutated synonymously to Arg (aga), which is a bias code of yeast.───對來(lái)源于本課題組自主分離的黑曲霉N25(Aspergillus niger China Strain)的植酸酶基因phyA(GenBank:基因注冊號為AF218813,蛋白質(zhì)序列號為AAF25481)進(jìn)行PCR介導的定點(diǎn)突變。

21 、They determined (to)it mutated from (the)a bird flu,but they are not sure where or when that happened.───他們肯定這是從禽流感病毒變異過(guò)來(lái)的，但是他們不確定那是發(fā)生在何時(shí)何地。

22 、Diploid individuals can repair a mutated section of its DNA via homologous recombination, since there are two copies of the gene in the cell and one copy is presumed to be undamaged.───二倍個(gè)體可以通過(guò)同源重組，修復它DNA的一個(gè)突變片段，因為在細胞中有兩個(gè)拷貝的基因，其中一個(gè)拷貝假定為未被損壞的。

23 、As cells turn cancerous, however, the genes that code for one or the other of these proteins become mutated or otherwise inactivated.───不過(guò)，當細胞癌化后，負責這兩種蛋白質(zhì)之一的基因不是出現突變，就是失去活性。

24 、Using wild type Aspergillus oryzae isolated from natural fermented millet catsup as original strain(S),several mutated strains were obtained by ultraviolet mutation.───以自然發(fā)酵的粟米醬中分離的野生型米曲霉為出發(fā)菌株(S),經(jīng)分離、純化后,采用紫外線(xiàn)誘變育種的方法,獲得新的變異菌株。

25 、According to WHO experts, there are currently no signs that the H1N1 virus has mutated to a more virulent or lethal form.───WHO的專(zhuān)家指出，當前沒(méi)有跡象表明H1N1病毒已經(jīng)變異成毒性更強更致命的形式。

26 、The 8 new mutations included three in genes that normally suppress the growth of tumor cells, one being the PTPRT tyrosine phosphatase gene, which is sometimes found mutated in colon cancer.───8個(gè)新的突變位點(diǎn)中，有3個(gè)基因通常起到抑制腫瘤細胞生長(cháng)的功能，另外一個(gè)PTPRT酪氨酸**酸酶基因在結腸癌中會(huì )發(fā)生突變。

27 、We had we had reports of possible mutation.─── 我們 我們收到過(guò)關(guān)于病毒變異的報告

28 、This led us to suppose that the mutated RNA polymerase was incapable of transcribing certain sporulation genes and so blocked spore formation.───上述結果說(shuō)明利福霉素能以某種方式影響RNA聚合酶的構象或它的修飾，從而導致孢子形成性狀的改變。

29 、Skywalker was able to free the mutated captives and destroy the laboratory.───天行者解放了被變異的囚徒并摧毀了實(shí)驗室。

30 、Using public databases of DNA sequences, they found that people who speak non-tonal languages commonly have mutated versions of two different genes.───利用DNA序列的公共數據庫，他們發(fā)現說(shuō)非聲調語(yǔ)言的人通常有兩種不同基因的突變形式。

31 、But keep a in mind that the scientists say this mitotic mutated gene maybe may be rare.───但請注意，科學(xué)家稱(chēng)這種變化的基因是罕見(jiàn)的。

32 、As a result of,not be feed and fountainhead, present love is packed how extravagantly beautiful, but the character of love already mutated however.───不是由于飼料和水源，現在的愛(ài)情包裝得多么奢侈美麗，但愛(ài)情的品質(zhì)卻已變異。

33 、Keywords chymosin;microbe;screening;mutated isolation;enzymic properties;───凝乳酶;微生物;篩選;誘變選育;酶活特性;

34 、RAPD analysis further proved the genetic difference existed between the initial and mutated stra...───RAPD分析進(jìn)一步證明,突變株和出發(fā)菌株存在遺傳差異.

35 、This paper presents a nonlinear control scheme for static synchronous compensators (STATCOM ) consisting essentially of a self com mutated IGBT inverter.───對于包含基于自換向絕緣雙極型晶閘管(IGBT)逆變器的靜止補償器(STATCOM),提出了一種非線(xiàn)性控制策略。

36 、Also, DNA repair mechanisms are able to mend most changes before they become permanent mutations, and many organisms have mechanisms for eliminating otherwise permanently mutated somatic cells.───另外，DNA修復機制能夠在這些改變成為永久性的突變之前糾正其中的大部分；而且，許多生物有消除永久性突變體細胞的機制。

37 、Identifcation of Rose Cultivars and Its Irradiation Mutated lines by RAPD Markers───RAPD標記基因鑒別小花型觀(guān)賞月季品種及其輻射育種突變系的研究

38 、In this study, the researchers focused on how mifepristone influences the way the mutated gene functions in tissue, using mice with the rodent version of the mutated gene.───在這項研究中，科研人員用有變異的基因信息的嚙齒動(dòng)物老鼠進(jìn)行研究，該研究專(zhuān)注于米非司酮是如何影響變異的基因在組織中的功能的。

39 、As an original strain, Mortierella isabellina was mutated by diethyl sulfate (DES) treatment and a mutant named XM 1 was obtained.───以深黃被孢霉為出發(fā)菌 ,通過(guò)硫酸二乙酯 (DES)誘變 ,獲得優(yōu)化的變異菌株 XM-1 .經(jīng)初篩、復篩及傳代實(shí)驗 ,表明其是穩定的變異株 .

40 、In hindsight we had distorted enough that our language had mutated and indeed our Sirian family could not hear our cries for help.───在事后我們充分地扭曲，我們的語(yǔ)言變異，而確實(shí)我們的天狼星家庭沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到我們求助的哭泣。

41 、The 1918 pandemic was triggered by a bird irus that mutated into one that could attack humans, going on to kill a staggering 50 million people worldwide in a matter of months.───1918年的廣泛流行是由一個(gè)突變?yōu)榭晒羧祟?lèi)的禽流感引起，此病毒在世界范圍內幾個(gè)月內持續導致5000萬(wàn)人死亡。

42 、Burak lugged along the mutated fruits he had smuggled aboard the VT before liftoff.───伯拉克則邊走邊費力拖著(zhù)個(gè)包，里面是變形機上天前就偷運進(jìn)去的變種果子。

43 、Other antivirus products that rely on signature databases and file scanning do not even work in theory to protect against new, mutated, or targeted malware.───其他反病毒產(chǎn)品的依賴(lài)于簽名數據庫和檔案掃描甚至不工作的理論，以防止新的，變異，或有針對性的惡意軟件。

44 、9 It is complete with misleading tips about wasteland dangers, rambling notes about mutated creatures, and laughably naive suggestions about rebuilding humanity.───書(shū)中記錄了有關(guān)廢墟危險的誤導消息，關(guān)于變異生物的記錄和關(guān)于改造人類(lèi)的天真建議。

45 、There was a positive correlation between C-MYC protein and p-TNM stages of the cancer （P0.05）.───C-MYC蛋白表達與腫瘤p-TNM分期呈正相關(guān)（P0.05）。

46 、Smokers with two mutated copies of that gene were 22.47 times more likely to deelop AMD than nonsmokers with two mutated copies of LOC387715.───LOC387715基因中兩位點(diǎn)突變的患者中，吸煙者患AMD幾率是非吸煙者的22.47倍。

47 、In each iteration, the position of particles which is satisfied the mutation condition are mutated with many functions,and each function is endowed a probability.───在每次迭代中，符合變異條件的粒子，以多種變異函數方式進(jìn)行變異，而這些變異函數被賦予了一定概率，概率的劃分取決于特定的優(yōu)化問(wèn)題。

48 、BEIJING, April 11 -- There is no clear evidence in China indicating the H5N1 human bird flu virus has mutated into a pandemic strain, according to the Ministry of Health on Friday.───北京4.11日報道，據周五衛生部：沒(méi)有明顯的證據說(shuō)明，在中國H5N1禽流感病毒變異為全國流行的緊張局面。

49 、No cancer had more than six mutated CAN-genes in common with any other cancer.───任何癌癥同其他的癌癥一樣沒(méi)有超過(guò)六種突變的CAN基因。

50 、SU-DHL-9 had homozygous deletion of p16 gene. Meanwhile, SU-DHL-1 and Daudi cell lines had mutation of the second exon of p16 gene. GAC in codon 30 mutated into AAC.───SU-DHL-9有p16基因的純合缺失,而SU-DHL-1和Daudi細胞系有p16基因的第二外顯子的突變,SU-DHL-1的測序結果為密碼子30的GAC突變?yōu)锳AC,密碼子35的GCT突變?yōu)锳CT,密碼子40與41之間**入了一個(gè)C;

51 、"It is a sequence of DNA that has been altered or mutated from its original form, the proto-oncogene."───它是去氧核糖核酸(DNA)的一種序列，已從原本形式(原致癌基因)變化或突變。

52 、mutated evolutionary algorithm───變異機制

53 、ON THE OTHER HAND, maybe cells can become malignant even before any master genes, oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes are mutated.───另一方面，或許在任何的主控基因、致癌基因或是腫瘤抑制基因產(chǎn)生突變之前，細胞就可能轉變成惡性。

54 、It's a mutation, it's a very groovy mutation.─── 這是種突變 一種非常時(shí)髦的突變

55 、And the older you get, the more chance your p53 gene has to acquire mutations because mutations can happen throughout the lifetime of a cell.─── 年齡越大 p53基因發(fā)生突變的幾率越高 因為在細胞的生命周期中 突變隨時(shí)會(huì )發(fā)生

56 、For a tumor suppressor gene, a lost allele may effectively put the gene out of commission, either because the remaining copy is already mutated or because of the haploinsufficiency effect.───對某個(gè)腫瘤抑制基因而言，失去對偶基因之一就可能有效地解除了基因的任務(wù)，因為剩下的一個(gè)可能已經(jīng)遭到突變，或是受到單套缺失的影響。

57 、I believe that if we introduce the mother cell into the dna of a mutated animal, we could possibly synthesize a cure, but here's the problem: in order to do that, we need an animal who has mutated and has not been exposed to the mother cell.─── 我認為如果我們將母細胞 引入變異動(dòng)物的DNA中 就可能能制造出解藥 但問(wèn)題是 要這樣做 我們就需要 已變異但未接觸過(guò)母細胞的動(dòng)物

58 、Some of the patient's mutated genes appeared to promote cancer growth.───一些變異基因的出現加速了癌細胞的生長(cháng)。

59 、But keep at in mind that the scientists say this nutation mutated gene may be rare.───但記住科學(xué)家說(shuō)的，這種突變基因是非常稀少的。

60 、[10] Pfeifer wrote in Science that cigarette smoke causes changes in the gene p53, which protects against cancer when normal but promotes cancer growth when mutated.───[10]普法伊費爾在《科學(xué)》雜志上寫(xiě)道，吸煙使p53基因發(fā)生改變，這種基因在正常情況下起著(zhù)防癌的作用，但在發(fā)生突變時(shí)，就會(huì )加快癌癥的發(fā)展。

61 、Secondly theories of super structure of the physics subsequently are reshuffled and mutated due to such unification of expression for fundamental concepts in physics .───其次是基于這種物理學(xué)基本概念表述的統一使得物理學(xué)的上層建筑理論發(fā)生了重組和突變。

62 、A mutated form of a gene that produces dystrophin-a protein that strengthens muscle cells-is the most common.Without this protein, muscles weaken to the point where sufferers cannot survive.───產(chǎn)生dystrophin（一種能增強肌肉細胞的蛋白質(zhì)）的基因突變形式是最普遍的，沒(méi)有這種蛋白質(zhì)，肌肉將會(huì )虛弱到患者不能生存的地步。）

63 、But sometimes when the mutated BRAF gene is expressed in melanocytes, those cells go into a state of permanent hibernation via a process known as senescence.───但是對于有些發(fā)生了BRAF基因突變的黑色素細胞來(lái)說(shuō)，他們則會(huì )進(jìn)入持續的休眠期，即被稱(chēng)為衰老。

64 、The next step is to look at the code Jester mutated without breaking the test suite and see if you need to write a test for it.───下一步是在不破壞測試套件的情況下查看Jester改變的代碼,看看是否需要為它編寫(xiě)測試。

65 、In turn, they mutated into further varieties.───它們依次進(jìn)一步轉變?yōu)椴煌N類(lèi)。

66 、MCC gene(mutated in colorectal carcinoma)───大腸癌突變基因

67 、The other mutated genes seemed to be tumor suppressors, the body's natural defense against dangerous genetic mistakes.───其他的基因突變可以抑制腫瘤，是人體對抗因基因突變而產(chǎn)生危險的天然防御機制。

68 、This is most likely an intermediate step in the progression to carcinoma, the proliferation of mutated cells.───變異的細胞分裂，很可能是癌變的中間過(guò)程。

69 、Mutated ant colony algorithm-based neural network and speed identification in DTC───變異蟻群神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò )及其對DTC轉速的辨識

70 、Oh no! you've been exposed to radiation, and a mutated hand has grown out of your stomach! what's the best course of treatment?───哦不!你被暴露在輻射中，因為變異，你得肚子上長(cháng)出了一只手，你覺(jué)得最好得治療過(guò)程是什么?

71 、In order to improve the optimum temperature of lipases, The Penidilum expansuin lipase (PEL) gene was mutated by site-directed mutagenesis using overlap extension PCR technique.───利用重疊延伸PCR法對擴展青霉堿性脂肪酶(PEL)基因作了體外定點(diǎn)突變，獲得了最適作用溫度有所提高的突變體。

72 、There is widespread concern that the viral strain that could eventually cause a pandemic will be a mutated form, invalidating the stockpiles based on the current epidemic strain.───人們廣為擔心，最終導致流感大流行的病毒將是一種變異的毒株，這將會(huì )使基于目前流行毒株所生產(chǎn)的庫存疫苗完全失效。

73 、What is occurring in your body is certainly not a disease: you are being naturally mutated and rearranged.───在你們身體里所發(fā)生的一切當然不是一種疾?。耗銈冋谧匀坏霓D變和重新排列。

74 、Meanwhile, the Conservatives have somehow mutated into big spenders who also grandly dole out tax cuts.───同時(shí)，保守黨在某種程度上變得異常揮霍，還慷慨地進(jìn)行小幅減稅。

75 、Mutation's go from single cell organi*s to being the dominate form of reproductive life on this planet, infinite forms of variations with each generation all through mutation.─── 突變讓單細胞生物進(jìn)化成 這顆星球上占絕對主導地位的 可以繁殖的生命體 每一代都會(huì )發(fā)生各種不同的變化 都是通過(guò)突變形成的

76 、Studies of acute toxicity and mutated actions in mice from Chinese Ginseng Extract(CGE)───國產(chǎn)西洋參急性毒性及致突變作用的研究

77 、Women who inherit mutated forms of those genes are at increased risk of deeloping breast cancer earlier in life.───存在這些遺傳變異的這些基因的女性會(huì )增加早發(fā)乳腺癌的風(fēng)險。

78 、China's space program claims to have produced numerous mutated fruits and vegetables by exposing seeds to space radiation, capsule pressure and weightlessness.───中國的太空計畫(huà)宣稱(chēng)藉由將種子暴露在太空輻射、氣壓空盒和無(wú)重狀態(tài)中，生產(chǎn)出多樣變種蔬果。

79 、ING1, a recently identified candidate tumor suppressor gene, is downregulated and is deleted and mutated in a variety of primary tumors and established cell lines.───ING1基因是新近發(fā)現的一種抑癌基因，在不同的腫瘤及細胞株中發(fā)現ING1基因有不同程度的缺失、突變以及表達異常，對腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展起促進(jìn)作用。

80 、Ever since his earlier ingestion of the mutated fruits, his mind had been reeling, locked in a kind of revelatory state, where answers came to him full-blown, like short-lived explosions of light.───從最初到現在，每當他食用那種變異水果后，他的大腦就會(huì )開(kāi)始暈眩，就像是被鎖在一種啟示性的狀態(tài)，突然間，答案會(huì )從中一涌而出，就像光線(xiàn)短暫性的迸發(fā)。

81 、If so, the B cell can use the particles to mold ammunition against the particle's origin which, to review, could be mutated cells, non-resident bacteria, and infectious agents.───如果這樣，B細胞就能用顆粒去塑造子彈抗擊病人的源點(diǎn)，觀(guān)察，就是突變細胞，非寄居細菌，和傳染原。

82 、Nelson, I discovered a mutation, a mutation that would allow us to augment the human mind.─── 尼爾森 我發(fā)現了一種基因突變 一種可以擴張人類(lèi)思維的突變

83 、Analysis of Dominant-recessive Mutated Character of nfr Genes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Its Mutual Interaction with the Chloroplastic psbA Gene───基因的顯隱性突變性質(zhì)及其與葉綠體psbA基因之間的相互作用分析

84 、Bad genes are actually mutated good genes which, because of altered DNA messages, do not function normally.───壞基因實(shí)際上是好基因經(jīng)過(guò)突變而形成的。因DNA遺傳信息的變異，它失去了正常的功能。

85 、Study on the Breeding of a New Variety of Cordyceps Militaris by Mutated with Ultraviolet Radiation───原生質(zhì)體紫外誘變選育蛹蟲(chóng)草新菌種的研究

86 、Alas the language that we spoke as a species had mutated over time and was no longer a pure Sirian language as spoken by our ancient ancestors.───唉，我們作為一個(gè)物種所說(shuō)的語(yǔ)言隨時(shí)間已變異，而不再是我們的遠古祖先所說(shuō)的一種純天狼星語(yǔ)。

87 、Mexico's Health Ministry says the new virus has reached epidemic levels, it described as it is a former swine flu, which is mutated and being passed to humans.───墨西哥衛生部表示，這種新病毒已構成流行病，認為它曾是一種豬病毒，后經(jīng)過(guò)變異，現在在人之間傳播。

88 、And if a mutation has happened in either that egg nucleus or that sperm nucleus, then there's the capacity for those mutations to be passed on to the next generation, so for those mutations to be inherited.─── 如果在卵子的細胞核 或者*的細胞核中發(fā)生了突變 那么這些突變則有機會(huì ) 傳給下一代 因此這些突變可以被遺傳

89 、The mutated P53 protein and mutaion in the sequence of P53 gene were detected simultsneously in BPDE transformed human bronchial epithelium cells.───BPDE誘導人氣管上皮細胞的轉化細胞可同時(shí)檢測到P53突變蛋白的表達及P53基因序列的突變。

90 、Nonsmokers with two mutated copies of LOC387715 were 6.3 times more likely to deelop AMD than nonsmokers with normal copies of the gene.───LOC387715基因中兩位點(diǎn)突變的非吸煙者患AMD是該基因正常非吸煙者的6.3倍。

英語(yǔ)的歷史 英文版

具體如下：

English is a West Germanic language branch. It was first used by medieval Britain and has become the most widely used language in the world because of its vast colonies. The Anglo tribe, the ancestor of the British, is one of the Germanic tribes that later migrated to the island of Great Britain, known as England.

英語(yǔ)是一種西日耳曼語(yǔ)支，最早被中世紀的英國使用，并因其廣闊的殖民地而成為世界使用面積最廣的語(yǔ)言。英國人的祖先盎格魯部落是后來(lái)遷移到大不列顛島地區的日耳曼部落之一，稱(chēng)為英格蘭。

Both names come from Anglia on the Baltic Peninsula, which is closely related to Frisian and lower Saxon. Its vocabulary is influenced by other Germanic languages, especially Nordic (North Germanic), and is largely written in Latin and French.

這兩個(gè)名字都來(lái)自波羅的海半島的Anglia，該語(yǔ)言與弗里斯蘭語(yǔ)和下撒克森語(yǔ)密切相關(guān)，其詞匯受到其他日耳曼語(yǔ)系語(yǔ)言的影響，尤其是北歐語(yǔ)（北日耳曼語(yǔ)），并在很大程度上由拉丁文和法文撰寫(xiě)。

English has developed for more than 1400 years. The earliest form of English is a group of West Germanic dialects brought to Britain by Anglo Saxon immigrants in the 5th century, which are collectively referred to as ancient English.

英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)發(fā)展了1400多年，英語(yǔ)的最早形式是由盎格魯-撒克遜人移民于5世紀帶到英國的一組西日耳曼語(yǔ)支（Ingvaeonic）方言，被統稱(chēng)為古英語(yǔ)。

英語(yǔ)的歷史 英文版

Old English, until 1066

Immigrants from Denmark and NW Germany arrived in Britain in the 5th and 6th Centuries A.D., speaking in related dialects belonging to the Germanic and Teutonic branches of the Indo-European language family. Today, English is most closely related to Flemish, Dutch, and German, and is somewhat related to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish. Icelandic, unchanged for 1,000 years, is very close to Old English. Viking invasions, begun in the 8th Century, gave English a Norwegian and Danish influence which lasted until the Norman Conquest of 1066.

Old English Words

The Angles came from an angle-shaped land area in contemporary Germany. Their name "Angli" from the Latin and commonly-spoken, pre-5th Century German mutated into the Old English "Engle". Later, "Engle" changed to "Angel-cyn" meaning "Angle-race" by A.D. 1000, changing to "Engla-land". Some Old English words which have survived intact include: feet, geese, teeth, men, women, lice, and mice. The modern word "like" can be a noun, adjective, verb, and preposition. In Old English, though, the word was different for each type: gelica as a noun, geic as an adjective, lician as a verb, and gelice as a preposition.

Middle English, from 1066 until the 15th Century

The Norman Invasion and Conquest of Britain in 1066 and the resulting French Court of William the Conqueror gave the Norwegian-Dutch influenced English a Norman-Parisian-French effect. From 1066 until about 1400, Latin, French, and English were spoken. English almost disappeared entirely into obscurity during this period by the French and Latin dominated court and government. However, in 1362, the Parliament opened with English as the language of choice, and the language was saved from extinction. Present-day English is approximately 50% Germanic (English and Scandinavian) and 50% Romance (French and Latin).

Middle English Words

Many new words added to Middle English during this period came from Norman French, Parisian French, and Scandinavian. Norman French words imported into Middle English include: catch, wage, warden, reward, and warrant. Parisian French gave Middle English: chase, guarantee, regard, guardian, and gage. Scandinavian gave to Middle English the important word of law. English nobility had titles which were derived from both Middle English and French. French provided: prince, duke, peer, marquis, viscount, and baron. Middle English independently developed king, queen, lord, lady, and earl. Governmental administrative divisions from French include county, city, village, justice, palace, mansion, and residence. Middle English words include town, home, house, and hall.

Early Modern English, from the 15th Century to the 17th Century

During this period, English became more organized and began to resemble the modern version of English. Although the word order and sentence construction was still slightly different, Early Modern English was at least recognizable to the Early Modern English speaker. For example, the Old English "To us pleases sailing" became "We like sailing." Classical elements, from Greek and Latin, profoundly influenced work creation and origin. From Greek, Early Modern English received grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. Also, the "tele-" prefix meaning "far" later used to develop telephone and television was taken.

Modern English, from the 17th Century to Modern Times

Modern English developed through the efforts of literary and political writings, where literacy was uniformly found. Modern English was heavily influenced by classical usage, the emergence of the university-educated class, Shakespeare, the common language found in the East Midlands.