?staggered

staggered發(fā)音

英：[?st?g?d]　　美：[?st?g?rd]

英：　　美：

staggered中文意思翻譯

動(dòng)詞stagger的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞形式

adj.非常吃驚的

staggered詞形變化

動(dòng)詞現在分詞: staggering | 動(dòng)詞第三人稱(chēng)單數: staggers | 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式: staggered | 名詞: staggerer | 形容詞: staggery | 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞: staggered |

staggered常見(jiàn)例句

1 、At a distance of decades I am staggered by our thoughtlessness in those years.───事隔幾十年后,回顧那些年頭醉生夢(mèng)死的狀況,著(zhù)實(shí)使我驚愕不已。

2 、He picked up the heavy suitcase and set off with a stagger .───他提起沉重的箱子,打個(gè)趔趄就走了.

3 、Working hours are staggered so that not everyone is in the office at once.───上班時(shí)間被錯開(kāi)，這樣不是人人都同時(shí)在辦公室。

4 、He staggered all of us by suddenly announcing that he was leaving the company at the end of the month.───他突然宣布月底要離開(kāi)公司,這使我們都大為吃驚。

5 、Unlike the recent staggered rollout of the .asia domain, the .me registrations are open to everyone from day one.───不像最近交錯鋪設。亞洲域， 。我登記的是開(kāi)放給所有人從第一天開(kāi)始。

6 、I was staggered when I heard who the group's leader was.───聽(tīng)到誰(shuí)是那個(gè)團體的**時(shí),我感到十分震驚。

7 、She staggered and fell.───她踉蹌了幾步，跌倒在地。

8 、The wounded man staggered along.───受傷的人搖搖晃晃地走路。

9 、He was staggered by her bold act.───她的大膽舉動(dòng)令他目瞪口呆。

10 、They reeled and staggered like a drunken man, And were at their wits' end.───27他們搖搖晃晃，東倒西歪，好像醉酒的人；他們的智慧無(wú)法可施。

11 、He heaved the heavy box and staggered off, puffing and blowing from the strain.───他扛起那只沉重的箱子，吭哧吭哧地走了。

12 、They planned to stagger our rehearsing hours.───他們打算錯開(kāi)我們的排演時(shí)間。

13 、His resolution had begun to stagger.───他的意志開(kāi)始動(dòng)搖了。

14 、A punch like that would stagger an ox.───像那樣的一重擊會(huì )使牛都站立不穩。

15 、He got his windmill on a system of easy payments that staggered even the ironmonger himself.───他買(mǎi)下了風(fēng)車(chē)，付款條件之優(yōu)惠，連五金商本人都感到驚異。

16 、Bigger staggered back against the wall breathless for a moment.───別格踉蹌著(zhù)退到墻邊，一時(shí)喘不過(guò)氣來(lái)。

17 、She staggered about whether to reveal it all.───她有些猶豫，不知道是不是應該和盤(pán)托出。

18 、Stagger and stumble suggest unsteady or uncontrolledmovement.───stagger 和stumble 均指不穩的或身不由己的動(dòng)作.

19 、Vacations were staggered so that only one person was away at a time.───休假是錯開(kāi)的，為的是一次只有一個(gè)人不上班。

20 、What they have discovered down here is just staggering.─── 他們在水下的發(fā)現 實(shí)在令人驚嘆

21 、A bowl under the arm, he staggered across the muddy land with a crouching head.───他胳膊窩里夾著(zhù)一只碗，縮著(zhù)脖子在泥地里蹣跚而行。

22 、He got a sack out of the buggy, shouldered it, and staggered with it through the cottage yard, and knocked at the door.───他從馬車(chē)上搬下一只口袋，扛著(zhù)它跌跌撞撞地穿過(guò)院子，敲了敲門(mén)。

23 、Without light, they grope in the dark and stagger like drunkards.───在無(wú)光的黑暗中摸索，踉蹌猶如醉漢。

24 、Shoot him, stagger him, then I'll go in for the kill.─── 開(kāi)**打他 讓他搖晃 然后我去殺他

25 、She staggered less than 10 meters and fell down.───她走路踉踉蹌蹌的，在十米以?xún)染偷搅恕?/p>

26 、He staggered a little under the weight of his backpack.───他身上的背包壓得他有點(diǎn)步履蹣跚。

27 、Die sections will have staggered hole patterns for one-way assembly.───為方便組模模具入子應使用防呆孔方式。

28 、City business hours have to be staggered to relieve traffic congestion.───城市的上班時(shí)間必須錯開(kāi)，以緩和交通擁擠的狀況。

29 、...when she staggers in all, "I wasn't drinking.─── 她搖搖晃晃進(jìn)來(lái)說(shuō)"我沒(méi)喝酒"

30 、Another green-eyed woman, Mahin, aged 52, staggered into an alley clutching her face and in tears.───另一位紅了眼的婦女，五十二歲的瑪欣踉踉蹌蹌地走進(jìn)一個(gè)胡同，捂著(zhù)臉流著(zhù)淚。

31 、A tired and weepy barrel staggered in and fell into a booth in the corner.───一個(gè)疲憊不堪、哭哭啼啼的醉漢，搖搖晃晃地闖了進(jìn)來(lái)，跌倒在拐角處的火車(chē)座里。

32 、Plate finned tube bundles of heat exchangers are generally in staggered and seldom in aligned arrangement.───套片式換熱器的管束排列形式一般都是叉排,順排非常少見(jiàn)。

33 、She staggered to the window and looked out.───她踉踉蹌蹌地走到窗前,往外望去。

34 、Goblin servants staggered after their drow mistresses, arms piled high with purchases.───地精仆人陣列在他們的女主人之前,攜帶者大批的購買(mǎi)商品。

35 、He staggered out of the house.───他跌跌撞撞地出了門(mén)。

36 、No, no, no, no, no, I gotta stagger the intake.─── 不行 我得錯開(kāi)入院高峰

37 、Welding the welds which are stagger first, then is the straight ang long weld.───先焊錯開(kāi)的端焊縫，后焊直通長(cháng)焊縫。

38 、She gave a stagger as she began to feel faint.───她感到頭暈時(shí)身體搖晃了一下。

39 、The wounded soldier staggered to the door.───受傷的士兵搖搖晃晃地朝門(mén)走去。

40 、In this ground state. system energy can be lowered considerably, and a small staggered magnetization can be retained.───在此基態(tài)中，系統的能量可以得到明顯的降低，而且有小的交錯磁序存在。

41 、Some old Christmas tree staggered by, muttering to himself.───一個(gè)老醉鬼東倒西歪，嘴里念念有詞地走過(guò)去了。

42 、Yeomen- Added+4 maximum range to longbowman stagger and defend attacks.───義勇騎兵-長(cháng)弓在分散和防御陣形時(shí)最大射程+(??

43 、He staggered along in the heavy snow.───他在大雪中搖搖晃晃前行。

44 、A boy staggered out of the bus, stumbled, and collapsed on the snowbank at the curb.───一個(gè)男孩跌跌撞撞地走下了校車(chē)，踉蹌著(zhù)摔倒在路邊的雪堆上。

45 、The wounded man staggered and fell flat on the floor.───受傷者搖搖晃晃撲倒在地。

46 、Woodford, M. "Optimizing Models with Nominal Rigidities. Inflation Dynamics with Staggered Price Setting." Chapter 3-2.───《含名義剛性的最優(yōu)化模式。一個(gè)基本粘性?xún)r(jià)格模型》第三章第2節。

47 、I had this idea about a staggered board provision.─── 我想到了一個(gè)主意 就是占有董事會(huì )大部分席位

48 、I was staggered when I heard who the group's leader was .───聽(tīng)到誰(shuí)是那個(gè)團體的**時(shí)，我感到十分震驚。

49 、She staggers over to me, falls in my arms.─── 她搖晃著(zhù)向我走來(lái) 倒在了我懷里

50 、In their respective life of a staggered moment, but do not know each other's existence.───她們在各自人生旅途的某一刻交錯，卻又完全不知道對方的存在。

51 、He staggered in and dropped into a chair.───他蹣跚著(zhù)走進(jìn)來(lái)，一屁股坐在椅子上。

52 、His thin legs can only be staggered, not even a little bit there is no perception.───他那細細的雙腿只能搖搖晃晃，卻連一點(diǎn)兒知覺(jué)也沒(méi)有。

53 、He staggered along like a drunken man, murmuring fervently aloud: "By God!───他像個(gè)醉漢一樣跌跌撞撞地走著(zhù)，嘴里狂熱地前南地叫著(zhù)：“上帝呀！

54 、He gave a stagger on hearing the news.───他聽(tīng)到這一消息兩腿搖晃起來(lái)。

55 、Education, however, has managed to stagger on in spite of these pleasant diversions.───不過(guò),娛樂(lè )歸娛樂(lè ),教育還是照樣進(jìn)行不誤。

56 、He was staggered by his rashness, his weakness, and by the characteristic nature of such an outburst.───他一下子就被自己這樣輕率、軟弱和與生俱來(lái)的易于沖動(dòng)的性格給嚇住了。

57 、He comes staggering out of the room.─── 他從屋子里搖搖晃晃地走出來(lái)

58 、A drunk staggered into a taxi and immediately fell out of the opposite door onto the pavement.───一個(gè)醉漢爬進(jìn)了一輛出租車(chē)，緊接著(zhù)又從另一個(gè)門(mén)摔到了路面上。

59 、He staggered beneath the blow.───他挨了這一下,趕路都不穩了。

60 、They staggered out of the pub, completely drunk.───他們爛醉如泥，踉踉倉倉的走出酒館。

61 、Grandma managed to stagger upstairs.───奶奶好不容易地搖搖晃晃地上了樓。

62 、But she's staggering in the building like she's been drinking.─── 但她是蹣跚著(zhù)進(jìn)樓的 就像喝醉了一樣

63 、In order to avoid the net jam,we'd better stagger our surf hour.───為了避免網(wǎng)絡(luò )堵塞,我們最好錯開(kāi)上網(wǎng)時(shí)間。

64 、The injured woman staggered to her feet.───受傷的女人搖搖晃晃地站起身來(lái)。

65 、All was tranquillity and repose. Suddenly into the picture staggered Walter Cronkite.───一切都安謐與恬靜。突然，沃爾特·克朗凱特蹣跚著(zhù)闖入了畫(huà)面。

66 、I hooked his foot when he passed me and he staggered but didn't fall.───他從我身邊走過(guò)時(shí)我勾住了他的腳，他被絆了一個(gè)趔趄可并沒(méi)摔倒。

67 、In three minutes he was in Saville Row again , and staggered breathlessly into Mr Fogg's room.He could not speak .───他只花了三分鐘，就回到了賽微樂(lè )街的住宅，他一頭栽到?？讼壬孔永?，上氣不接下氣，話(huà)也說(shuō)不上來(lái)了。

68 、They grope in darkness with no light; he makes them stagger like drunkards.───他們無(wú)光、黑暗中摸索、使他們東倒西歪、醉酒的人一樣。

69 、But what little we've found has been staggering.─── 在我們所發(fā)現的一小部分已經(jīng)夠驚人的

70 、He staggered drunkenly to his feet.───他醉醺醺地蹣跚著(zhù)站起來(lái)。

71 、From his face, as he staggered into the office, we gathered it was the morning after the night before.───他搖搖晃晃地走進(jìn)辦公室，從他的臉上，我們猜測他一定喝醉了。

72 、Each staggered while trying to decide who had the better right to the door.───兩人都打了個(gè)趔趄,弄不清到底誰(shuí)有權先通過(guò)大門(mén)。

73 、She was staggered by the news of her husband's death.───丈夫死亡的消息使她驚愕。

74 、He was staggered by the news of his father rs death.───他父親去世的消息令他非常震驚。

75 、Examples are staggered hours, flexi-time, working out of the office and compressed working week.───例如錯開(kāi)辦公時(shí)間,在辦公室以外的地點(diǎn)辦公,以及壓縮一周的工作等。

76 、He persisted in his headlong stagger, guided on by Herb.───他一定要往前踉蹌地走，赫伯給他帶路。

77 、They staggered to the downtown center.───他倆來(lái)到了鬧市中央。

78 、He was not really drunk, but pretended he was intoxicated and staggered along.───他雖然帶著(zhù)五七分酒意，卻裝做十分醉的，前顛后仰，東倒西歪。

79 、The horses staggered and e carriage shuddered and jerked to a halt.───幾匹馬搖搖晃晃，馬車(chē)抖動(dòng)著(zhù)，突然停下來(lái)。

80 、He staggered underneath a burden.───他在重負下?lián)u搖晃晃。

81 、He staggered and fell headlong.───他一個(gè)趔趄,摔了個(gè)倒栽蔥。

82 、Yeomen - Added +4 maximum range to longbowman stagger and defend attacks.───義勇騎兵-長(cháng)弓在分散和防御陣形時(shí)最大射程+4(???

83 、He picked up the heavy suitcase and set off with a stagger.───他提起沉重的箱子，打個(gè)趔趄就走了。

84 、The soldiers staggered under the severe gunfire.───士兵們在猛烈的炮擊下躊躇不前。

85 、They'd only known each other for two weeks, so I was staggered to hear that they'd decided to get married.───他們互相認識才兩個(gè)星期,因此聽(tīng)說(shuō)他們決定結婚我很吃驚。

86 、I know you'll be staggered to hear that.─── 我知道你們聽(tīng)到我這么說(shuō)一定都很驚訝

87 、All was tranquility and repose. Suddenly into the picture staggered Walter Cronkite.───一切都安謐與恬靜。突然，沃爾特?克朗凱特蹣跚著(zhù)闖入了畫(huà)面。

88 、Stagger His risk-taking plan staggered me.───他的冒險計劃使我驚愕。

89 、The troops staggered under the severe gun-fire.───在激烈的炮火面前，部隊動(dòng)搖了。

90 、We should stagger the three ball games.───三場(chǎng)球賽應錯開(kāi)進(jìn)行。

陶瓷的英語(yǔ)介紹？

"陶瓷"是一種通稱(chēng),"陶"和"瓷"在質(zhì)地上、物理性能上有很大區別。中國是最早制造陶器的國家之一,是最早發(fā)明瓷器的國家。

陶器的出現大約在距今1萬(wàn)年左右,中國進(jìn)入新石器時(shí)代,開(kāi)始了定居生活,盛水、蓄物等日常生活的需要,促使了陶器的發(fā)明。中國陶器的分布比較廣泛,主要集中的在黃河流域和長(cháng)江流域。其中仰韶文化是新石器時(shí)期比較有代表性的文化類(lèi)型,以彩陶為特點(diǎn),也稱(chēng)"彩陶文化",它派生出半坡和廟底溝兩個(gè)類(lèi)型,裝飾圖案有很高的藝術(shù)價(jià)值。馬家窯文化是新石器晚期的文化類(lèi)型,比仰韶文化略晚,距今約5000年。黑陶是繼彩陶之后的又一偉大創(chuàng )造發(fā)明,距今約4000年的龍山文化時(shí)期,出現了工藝獨特的蛋殼陶。近些年來(lái),山東、河北一帶多有仿制,有較高的收藏價(jià)值。秦漢時(shí)期的陶俑,是我國古代人物雕塑的高峰,使制陶技術(shù)和藝術(shù)達到了很高的境地。此外,唐代的三彩器、明清兩代的紫砂器等,都是中國陶器文物的重要內容,很值得深入收藏和研究。

陶瓷(Ceramics),陶器和瓷器的總稱(chēng)。陶瓷的傳統概念是指所有以粘土等無(wú)機非金屬礦物為原料的人工工業(yè)產(chǎn)品。它包括由粘土或含有粘土的混合物經(jīng)混煉,成形,煅燒而制成的各種制品。由最粗糙的土器到最精細的精陶和瓷器都屬于它的范圍。對于它的主要原料是取之于自然界的硅酸鹽礦物(如粘土、長(cháng)石、石英等),因此與玻璃、水泥、搪瓷、耐火材料等工業(yè),同屬于"硅酸鹽工業(yè)"(Silicate Industry)的范疇。

陶瓷的發(fā)展史是中華文明史的一個(gè)重要的組成部分,中國作為四大文明古國之一,為人類(lèi)社會(huì )的進(jìn)步和發(fā)展做出了卓越的貢獻,其中陶瓷的發(fā)明和發(fā)展更具有獨特的意義,中國歷史上各朝各代不同藝術(shù)風(fēng)格和不同技術(shù)特點(diǎn)。英文中的"china"既有中國的意思,又有陶瓷的意思,清楚地表明了中國就是"陶瓷的故鄉"。

早在歐洲人掌握瓷器制造技術(shù)一千多年前,中國人就已經(jīng)制造出很精美的陶瓷器。中國是世界上最早應用陶器的國家之一,而中國瓷器因其極高的實(shí)用性和藝術(shù)性而備受世人的推崇。

所謂陶器和瓷器是指用可塑性制瓷粘土和瓷石礦做胎體,用長(cháng)石和石英等原料制釉,并且通過(guò)成型、干燥、燒制而成的制品,主要有日用、藝術(shù)、和建筑陶器等三種?？脊虐l(fā)現已經(jīng)證明中國人早在新石器時(shí)代(約公元前8000)就發(fā)明了陶器。原始社會(huì )晚期出現的農業(yè)生產(chǎn)使中國人的祖先過(guò)上了比較固定的生活,客觀(guān)上對陶器有了需求。人們?yōu)榱颂岣呱畹姆奖?提高生活質(zhì)量,逐漸通過(guò)燒制粘土燒制出了陶器。

隨著(zhù)近代科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,近百年來(lái)又出現了許多新的陶瓷品種。它們不再使用或很少使用粘土、長(cháng)石、石英等傳統陶瓷原料,而是使用其他特殊原料,甚至擴大到非硅酸鹽,非氧化物的范圍,并且出現了許多新的工藝。美國和歐洲一些國家的文獻已將"Ceramic"一詞理解為各種無(wú)機非金屬固體材料的通稱(chēng)。因此陶瓷的含義實(shí)際上已遠遠超越過(guò)去狹窄的傳統觀(guān)念了。

迄今為止,陶瓷器的界說(shuō)似可概括地作如下描述:陶瓷是用鋁硅酸鹽礦物或某些氧化物等為主要原料,依照人的意圖通過(guò)特定的物理化學(xué)工藝在高溫下以一定的溫度和氣氛制成的具有一定型式的工藝巖石。表面可施釉或不施釉,若干瓷質(zhì)還具有不同程度的半透明度,通體是由一種或多種晶體或與無(wú)定形膠結物及氣孔或與熟料包裹體等微觀(guān)結構組成。

陶瓷工業(yè)是硅酸鹽工業(yè)的主要分支之一,屬于無(wú)機化學(xué)工業(yè)范圍.但現代科學(xué)高度綜合,互相滲透,從整個(gè)陶瓷工業(yè)制造工藝的內容來(lái)分析,它的錯綜復雜與牽涉之廣,顯然不是僅用無(wú)機化學(xué)的理論所能概括的。

陶瓷制品的品種繁多,它們之間的化學(xué)成分.礦物組成,物理性質(zhì),以及制造方法,常?；ハ嘟咏诲e,無(wú)明顯的界限,而在應用上卻有很大的區別。因此很難硬性地歸納為幾個(gè)系統,詳細的分類(lèi)法各家說(shuō)法不一,到現在國際上還沒(méi)有一個(gè)統一的分類(lèi)方法。

"Ceramic" is a generic term, "Tao" and "Porcelain" in texture, the physical properties there are very different. China was among the first to create one of the countries of pottery, porcelain was one of the first invention.

The emergence of pottery dating back about 1 million years or so, China has entered the New Stone Age, began to settle in life, water, with objects of daily life, such as the need to promote the invention of pottery. Chinese pottery wider distribution, mainly in the Yangtze River and Yellow River Basin. Yangshao culture which is the New Stone Age culture more representative of the type, characterized by painted pottery, also known as the "painted pottery culture", which derived Banpo and Miao Digou two types of decorative patterns, has high artistic value. Majiayao culture is the culture of the late New Stone Age type than a little late Yangshao culture, since about 5000. Black painted pottery is the second after another great invention, since about 4000 the Longshan Culture period, there has been a unique process of eggshell pottery. In recent years, Shandong, Hebei and more in the vicinity of imitation, there is a high value for collection. Qin and Han Dynasty pottery figurine of China's ancient sculpture of the peak figure, so that the ceramic technology and the arts reached a high position. In addition, three of the color of the Tang Dynasty, the Ming and Qing dynasties such as Yixing, China is an important aspect of pottery relics, it is worthy of collection and research.

Ceramics (Ceramics), the general term for pottery and porcelain. Ceramic refers to the traditional concept of all inorganic non-metallic minerals such as clay as raw material of artificial industrial products. It consists of clay from or containing a mixture of clay by kneading, molding, and calcined made of a variety of products. By the most rough-earth to the most refined of the fine pottery and porcelain are it. For its main raw materials are derived from natural silicate minerals (such as clay, feldspar, quartz, etc.), and glass, cement, ceramic, refractory material, such as industry, with an "industrial silicate" (Silicate Industry ) Area.

The history of ceramics is the history of Chinese civilization is an important part of China, as one of the four ancient civilizations, human development and social progress made outstanding contributions, including the invention of ceramics and the development of a more unique significance , The history of China-North Korea on behalf of all the different artistic styles and different technical characteristics. English of "china" China not only mean, ceramics and mean, clearly demonstrates China is the "hometown of pottery."

As early as the Europeans have porcelain manufacturing technology over 1000 years ago, Chinese people have created a very fine ceramics. China is the world's first application of one of the countries pottery, and porcelain from China for its high artistic quality and relevance of the world have attracted much praise.

The so-called pottery and porcelain refers to the use of plastic ware and porcelain clay quarry to do matrix, quartz and feldspar, and other raw materials-glaze, and through the forming, drying, firing from the products, mainly for daily use, art, and architecture Three pottery. Archaeological discoveries have proved that the Chinese people as early as the Neolithic Age (about 8000 BC) invented pottery. The emergence of primitive society with advanced agricultural production so that the ancestors of the Chinese people lead a life of a relatively fixed, the objective of pottery with the demand. In order to improve people's lives easier, improve the quality of life, gradually burn through the burning out of the clay pottery.

With the development of modern science and technology, and the past 100 years there have been many new varieties of ceramics. They no longer use or the use of small clay, feldspar, quartz and other traditional ceramic materials, but the use of other special materials, and even extended to non-silicate, non-oxide scope, and there have been a lot of new technology. The United States and some European countries have literature "Ceramic" understanding of the term for a variety of solid inorganic non-metallic materials known. Therefore, the meaning of ceramics in fact go far beyond the traditional concept in the past the narrow.

To date, the Definition of ceramics may be generally described as follows: The ceramic is aluminum silicate minerals such as oxides or as the main raw material, in accordance with the intention of people through specific physical and chemical processes at a high temperature to a certain degree of Temperature and atmosphere made of a certain type of rock technology. Glazing may be on the surface or glazing, porcelain has a number of different levels of transparency and a half, the species by one or more of the crystal and amorphous or cement and clinker with pores or inclusions, such as micro-structure.

Portland ceramic industry is one of the main branches of industry, belong to the scope of inorganic chemical industry. However, modern science and highly integrated with each other to infiltrate from the ceramic industry as a whole manufacturing process to analyze the contents of its complex and involve wide, is not only Using the theory of inorganic chemistry can be summarized.

A wide variety of ceramic products, their chemical composition. Mineral composition, physical properties, as well as manufacturing methods, often close to each other staggered, no boundaries, and in the application there is a huge difference. Therefore, it is difficult to be summed up in a few hard and fast system, a detailed classification of the various different view, the international community to now there is no uniform classification.

陶瓷的英語(yǔ)介紹？

展開(kāi)全部

"陶瓷"是一種通稱(chēng),"陶"和"瓷"在質(zhì)地上、物理性能上有很大區別。中國是最早制造陶器的國家之一,是最早發(fā)明瓷器的國家。

陶器的出現大約在距今1萬(wàn)年左右,中國進(jìn)入新石器時(shí)代,開(kāi)始了定居生活,盛水、蓄物等日常生活的需要,促使了陶器的發(fā)明。中國陶器的分布比較廣泛,主要集中的在黃河流域和長(cháng)江流域。其中仰韶文化是新石器時(shí)期比較有代表性的文化類(lèi)型,以彩陶為特點(diǎn),也稱(chēng)"彩陶文化",它派生出半坡和廟底溝兩個(gè)類(lèi)型,裝飾圖案有很高的藝術(shù)價(jià)值。馬家窯文化是新石器晚期的文化類(lèi)型,比仰韶文化略晚,距今約5000年。黑陶是繼彩陶之后的又一偉大創(chuàng )造發(fā)明,距今約4000年的龍山文化時(shí)期,出現了工藝獨特的蛋殼陶。近些年來(lái),山東、河北一帶多有仿制,有較高的收藏價(jià)值。秦漢時(shí)期的陶俑,是我國古代人物雕塑的高峰,使制陶技術(shù)和藝術(shù)達到了很高的境地。此外,唐代的三彩器、明清兩代的紫砂器等,都是中國陶器文物的重要內容,很值得深入收藏和研究。

陶瓷(Ceramics),陶器和瓷器的總稱(chēng)。陶瓷的傳統概念是指所有以粘土等無(wú)機非金屬礦物為原料的人工工業(yè)產(chǎn)品。它包括由粘土或含有粘土的混合物經(jīng)混煉,成形,煅燒而制成的各種制品。由最粗糙的土器到最精細的精陶和瓷器都屬于它的范圍。對于它的主要原料是取之于自然界的硅酸鹽礦物(如粘土、長(cháng)石、石英等),因此與玻璃、水泥、搪瓷、耐火材料等工業(yè),同屬于"硅酸鹽工業(yè)"(Silicate Industry)的范疇。

陶瓷的發(fā)展史是中華文明史的一個(gè)重要的組成部分,中國作為四大文明古國之一,為人類(lèi)社會(huì )的進(jìn)步和發(fā)展做出了卓越的貢獻,其中陶瓷的發(fā)明和發(fā)展更具有獨特的意義,中國歷史上各朝各代不同藝術(shù)風(fēng)格和不同技術(shù)特點(diǎn)。英文中的"china"既有中國的意思,又有陶瓷的意思,清楚地表明了中國就是"陶瓷的故鄉"。

早在歐洲人掌握瓷器制造技術(shù)一千多年前,中國人就已經(jīng)制造出很精美的陶瓷器。中國是世界上最早應用陶器的國家之一,而中國瓷器因其極高的實(shí)用性和藝術(shù)性而備受世人的推崇。

所謂陶器和瓷器是指用可塑性制瓷粘土和瓷石礦做胎體,用長(cháng)石和石英等原料制釉,并且通過(guò)成型、干燥、燒制而成的制品,主要有日用、藝術(shù)、和建筑陶器等三種?？脊虐l(fā)現已經(jīng)證明中國人早在新石器時(shí)代(約公元前8000)就發(fā)明了陶器。原始社會(huì )晚期出現的農業(yè)生產(chǎn)使中國人的祖先過(guò)上了比較固定的生活,客觀(guān)上對陶器有了需求。人們?yōu)榱颂岣呱畹姆奖?提高生活質(zhì)量,逐漸通過(guò)燒制粘土燒制出了陶器。

隨著(zhù)近代科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,近百年來(lái)又出現了許多新的陶瓷品種。它們不再使用或很少使用粘土、長(cháng)石、石英等傳統陶瓷原料,而是使用其他特殊原料,甚至擴大到非硅酸鹽,非氧化物的范圍,并且出現了許多新的工藝。美國和歐洲一些國家的文獻已將"Ceramic"一詞理解為各種無(wú)機非金屬固體材料的通稱(chēng)。因此陶瓷的含義實(shí)際上已遠遠超越過(guò)去狹窄的傳統觀(guān)念了。

迄今為止,陶瓷器的界說(shuō)似可概括地作如下描述:陶瓷是用鋁硅酸鹽礦物或某些氧化物等為主要原料,依照人的意圖通過(guò)特定的物理化學(xué)工藝在高溫下以一定的溫度和氣氛制成的具有一定型式的工藝巖石。表面可施釉或不施釉,若干瓷質(zhì)還具有不同程度的半透明度,通體是由一種或多種晶體或與無(wú)定形膠結物及氣孔或與熟料包裹體等微觀(guān)結構組成。

陶瓷工業(yè)是硅酸鹽工業(yè)的主要分支之一,屬于無(wú)機化學(xué)工業(yè)范圍.但現代科學(xué)高度綜合,互相滲透,從整個(gè)陶瓷工業(yè)制造工藝的內容來(lái)分析,它的錯綜復雜與牽涉之廣,顯然不是僅用無(wú)機化學(xué)的理論所能概括的。

陶瓷制品的品種繁多,它們之間的化學(xué)成分.礦物組成,物理性質(zhì),以及制造方法,常?；ハ嘟咏诲e,無(wú)明顯的界限,而在應用上卻有很大的區別。因此很難硬性地歸納為幾個(gè)系統,詳細的分類(lèi)法各家說(shuō)法不一,到現在國際上還沒(méi)有一個(gè)統一的分類(lèi)方法。

"Ceramic" is a generic term, "Tao" and "Porcelain" in texture, the physical properties there are very different. China was among the first to create one of the countries of pottery, porcelain was one of the first invention.

The emergence of pottery dating back about 1 million years or so, China has entered the New Stone Age, began to settle in life, water, with objects of daily life, such as the need to promote the invention of pottery. Chinese pottery wider distribution, mainly in the Yangtze River and Yellow River Basin. Yangshao culture which is the New Stone Age culture more representative of the type, characterized by painted pottery, also known as the "painted pottery culture", which derived Banpo and Miao Digou two types of decorative patterns, has high artistic value. Majiayao culture is the culture of the late New Stone Age type than a little late Yangshao culture, since about 5000. Black painted pottery is the second after another great invention, since about 4000 the Longshan Culture period, there has been a unique process of eggshell pottery. In recent years, Shandong, Hebei and more in the vicinity of imitation, there is a high value for collection. Qin and Han Dynasty pottery figurine of China's ancient sculpture of the peak figure, so that the ceramic technology and the arts reached a high position. In addition, three of the color of the Tang Dynasty, the Ming and Qing dynasties such as Yixing, China is an important aspect of pottery relics, it is worthy of collection and research.

Ceramics (Ceramics), the general term for pottery and porcelain. Ceramic refers to the traditional concept of all inorganic non-metallic minerals such as clay as raw material of artificial industrial products. It consists of clay from or containing a mixture of clay by kneading, molding, and calcined made of a variety of products. By the most rough-earth to the most refined of the fine pottery and porcelain are it. For its main raw materials are derived from natural silicate minerals (such as clay, feldspar, quartz, etc.), and glass, cement, ceramic, refractory material, such as industry, with an "industrial silicate" (Silicate Industry ) Area.

The history of ceramics is the history of Chinese civilization is an important part of China, as one of the four ancient civilizations, human development and social progress made outstanding contributions, including the invention of ceramics and the development of a more unique significance , The history of China-North Korea on behalf of all the different artistic styles and different technical characteristics. English of "china" China not only mean, ceramics and mean, clearly demonstrates China is the "hometown of pottery."

As early as the Europeans have porcelain manufacturing technology over 1000 years ago, Chinese people have created a very fine ceramics. China is the world's first application of one of the countries pottery, and porcelain from China for its high artistic quality and relevance of the world have attracted much praise.

The so-called pottery and porcelain refers to the use of plastic ware and porcelain clay quarry to do matrix, quartz and feldspar, and other raw materials-glaze, and through the forming, drying, firing from the products, mainly for daily use, art, and architecture Three pottery. Archaeological discoveries have proved that the Chinese people as early as the Neolithic Age (about 8000 BC) invented pottery. The emergence of primitive society with advanced agricultural production so that the ancestors of the Chinese people lead a life of a relatively fixed, the objective of pottery with the demand. In order to improve people's lives easier, improve the quality of life, gradually burn through the burning out of the clay pottery.

With the development of modern science and technology, and the past 100 years there have been many new varieties of ceramics. They no longer use or the use of small clay, feldspar, quartz and other traditional ceramic materials, but the use of other special materials, and even extended to non-silicate, non-oxide scope, and there have been a lot of new technology. The United States and some European countries have literature "Ceramic" understanding of the term for a variety of solid inorganic non-metallic materials known. Therefore, the meaning of ceramics in fact go far beyond the traditional concept in the past the narrow.

To date, the Definition of ceramics may be generally described as follows: The ceramic is aluminum silicate minerals such as oxides or as the main raw material, in accordance with the intention of people through specific physical and chemical processes at a high temperature to a certain degree of Temperature and atmosphere made of a certain type of rock technology. Glazing may be on the surface or glazing, porcelain has a number of different levels of transparency and a half, the species by one or more of the crystal and amorphous or cement and clinker with pores or inclusions, such as micro-structure.

Portland ceramic industry is one of the main branches of industry, belong to the scope of inorganic chemical industry. However, modern science and highly integrated with each other to infiltrate from the ceramic industry as a whole manufacturing process to analyze the contents of its complex and involve wide, is not only Using the theory of inorganic chemistry can be summarized.

A wide variety of ceramic products, their chemical composition. Mineral composition, physical properties, as well as manufacturing methods, often close to each other staggered, no boundaries, and in the application there is a huge difference. Therefore, it is difficult to be summed up in a few hard and fast system, a detailed classification of the various different view, the international community to now there is no uniform classification.