1、lateral thinking

lateral thinking發(fā)音

英：　　美：

lateral thinking中文意思翻譯

橫向思維；水平思考

n.水平思考

lateral thinking雙語(yǔ)使用場(chǎng)景

1、This problem can be solved only through lateral thinking.───這個(gè)問(wèn)題只能用發(fā)散思維來(lái)解決.

2、The section on lateral thinking is both fun and frustrating.───關(guān)于橫向思維的部分即有趣又令人失落。

3、this case, the term "lateral thinking" is not merely a metaphor.───這樣，“縱向思維”術(shù)語(yǔ)不僅僅是一個(gè)比喻。

4、Protecting ships, however, requires lateral thinking.───艦船的保護。 需要橫向思維。

5、Even if they are wrong, a little lateral thinking may help shake up the field.───即便他們是錯的, 他們的這些橫向思考或許能有助于激勵這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的進(jìn)步.

6、It focuses on analysis, the lack of comprehensive thinking and lateral thinking ability.───它注重分析, 缺乏綜合思考和橫向思維能力的培養.

7、Vertical thinking is for using ideas and lateral thinking is for changing them.───縱向思維傾向于利用已有觀(guān)念而橫向思維傾向于改變觀(guān)念.

lateral thinking相似詞語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)

1、lateral line───支線(xiàn)，側線(xiàn)

2、lateral chains───[生物][化學(xué)]側鏈

3、lateral chain───[生物][化學(xué)]側鏈

4、lateral moraine───側（冰）磧；冰川側磧

5、lateralising───側化

6、magical thinking───神奇想法；奇幻思維

7、interlinking───v.互連；連系（interlink的現在分詞）

8、lateralizing───v.（大腦）表現偏側性

9、critical thinking───批判性思維，批判性的思考；批判思考能力，判斷思維

2、霍金的簡(jiǎn)介，中英文對照

斯蒂芬·威廉姆·霍金（Stephen William Hawking）劍橋大學(xué)應用數學(xué)及理論物理學(xué)系教授，當代最重要的廣義相對論和宇宙論家，是本世紀享有國際盛譽(yù)的偉人之一，被稱(chēng)為在世的最偉大的科學(xué)家。生于1942年1月8日的霍金剛好出生于伽利略逝世300周年紀念日之時(shí)。70年代他與彭羅斯一道證明了著(zhù)名的奇性定理，為此他們共同獲得了1988年的沃爾夫物理獎。他因此被譽(yù)為繼愛(ài)因斯坦之后世界上最著(zhù)名的科學(xué)思想家和最杰出的理論物理學(xué)家。

他還證明了黑洞的面積定理?；艚鸬纳绞欠浅８挥袀髌嫘缘?，在科學(xué)成就上，他是有史以來(lái)最杰出的科學(xué)家之一。他擔任的職務(wù)是劍橋大學(xué)有史以來(lái)最為崇高的教授職務(wù)，那是牛頓和狄拉克擔任過(guò)的盧卡遜數學(xué)教授。他擁有幾個(gè)榮譽(yù)學(xué)位，是英國皇家學(xué)會(huì )會(huì )員。

他因患“漸凍癥”（肌萎縮性側索硬化癥），禁錮在一張輪椅上達40年之久，他卻身殘志不殘，使之化為優(yōu)勢，克服了殘廢之患而成為國際物理界的超新星。他不能寫(xiě)，甚至口齒不清，但他超越了相對論、量子力學(xué)、大爆炸等理論而邁入創(chuàng )造宇宙的“幾何之舞”。盡管他那么無(wú)助地坐在輪椅上，他的思想卻出色地遨游到廣袤的時(shí)空，解開(kāi)了宇宙之謎。

霍金的魅力不僅在于他是一個(gè)充滿(mǎn)傳奇色彩的物理天才，也因為他是一個(gè)令人折服的生活強者。他不斷求索的科學(xué)精神和勇敢頑強的人格力量深深地吸引了每一個(gè)知道他的人。

斯蒂芬•威廉姆•霍金于1942年1月8日（伽利略逝世300年忌日）生于英格蘭牛津。他父母原住在倫敦北部，但在第二次世界大戰期間，牛津被認為是一個(gè)生 育孩子較安全的地方。他八歲時(shí)，他家搬到圣•愛(ài)爾本斯，倫敦北面20英里的一 個(gè)小鎮。十一歲時(shí)，史蒂芬到圣•愛(ài)爾本斯學(xué)校上學(xué)，然后上牛津的"大學(xué)學(xué)院 "（University College)--他父親上過(guò)的學(xué)院。雖然他父親想讓他學(xué)醫，但他卻想學(xué)數學(xué)。而大學(xué)學(xué)院沒(méi)開(kāi)數學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)，所以他選擇了學(xué)物理。在大學(xué)學(xué)院學(xué)了 三年，沒(méi)花多大工夫，他被授予自然科學(xué)甲等榮譽(yù)學(xué)位。 然后史蒂芬到康橋做宇宙學(xué)研究，那個(gè)時(shí)候在牛津還沒(méi)有一個(gè)人從事宇宙學(xué)研 究。他的導師是丹尼斯•西馬，雖然他本希望弗雷德•霍依爾做他的導師的， 費雷德•霍依爾當時(shí)正在康橋工作。獲得博士學(xué)位后，他在剛維爾•塞斯學(xué)院先是做助研，后來(lái)便做職業(yè)研究工作。1973年斯蒂芬離開(kāi)天文學(xué)院來(lái)到應用數學(xué)和理 論物理系。自1979年，斯蒂芬做"路克斯"數學(xué)教授。這個(gè)職位是1663年根據萊 佛仁德•亨利•路克斯的遺囑以路克斯留下的錢(qián)作?基金創(chuàng )建的。路克斯曾經(jīng)是 該大學(xué)的英國議員。第一個(gè)獲得"路克斯"數學(xué)教授職位的是依扎克•巴洛， 然后是依扎克•牛頓。 斯蒂芬•霍金一直從事宇宙的基本定律的研究工作。與羅杰•彭羅斯一起，他發(fā)現愛(ài)因斯坦的廣義相對論暗示了空間和時(shí)間是從大爆炸奇點(diǎn)處開(kāi)始而至黑洞結 束。這些結果顯示把廣義相對論與量子理論結合起來(lái)是必要的，這是二十世紀前半世紀的另一個(gè)科學(xué)發(fā)展。他發(fā)現的這樣一個(gè)結合的一個(gè)后果是黑洞不應該是完全黑的，黑洞向外輻射，最終蒸發(fā)，消失。另一個(gè)推測是宇宙在想象的時(shí)間里沒(méi) 有邊緣，它是無(wú)限的。這將意味著(zhù)宇宙形成的方式完全是由科學(xué)定律決定的。 他發(fā)表的著(zhù)作包括：與G.F.R.艾利斯合著(zhù)的《時(shí)空的大規模結構》，與W.以色 列合著(zhù)的《廣義相對論：愛(ài)因斯坦世紀眺望》和與W.以色列合著(zhù)的《重力300年》 。史蒂芬•霍金有兩部暢銷(xiāo)書(shū)：他的最暢銷(xiāo)書(shū)--《時(shí)間簡(jiǎn)史》，和后來(lái)的《黑 洞、嬰兒宇宙及其它》。 霍金教授有十二個(gè)榮譽(yù)學(xué)位。1982年他被授予CBE，1989年獲榮譽(yù)伙伴稱(chēng)號。 他獲得過(guò)許多獎勵，獎金，獎牌。他是英國皇家學(xué)會(huì )會(huì )員和美國國家科學(xué)學(xué)會(huì )會(huì )員。 斯蒂芬•霍金繼續把他的家庭生活（他有三個(gè)子女和一個(gè)孫子女），他的理論物理研究與廣泛的旅行和演講結合起來(lái)。

About Stephen - A Brief History of Mine

Stephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 (300 years after the death of Galileo) in Oxford, England. His parents' house was in north London, but during the second world war Oxford was considered a safer place to have babies. When he was eight, his family moved to St Albans, a town about 20 miles north of London. At eleven Stephen went to St Albans School, and then on to University College, Oxford, his father's old college. Stephen wanted to do Mathematics, although his father would have preferred medicine. Mathematics was not available at University College, so he did Physics instead. After three years and not very much work he was awarded a first class honours degree in Natural Science.

Stephen then went on to Cambridge to do research in Cosmology, there being no-one working in that area in Oxford at the time. His supervisor was Denis Sciama, although he had hoped to get Fred Hoyle who was working in Cambridge. After gaining his Ph.D. he became first a Research Fellow, and later on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College. After leaving the Institute of Astronomy in 1973 Stephen came to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, and since 1979 has held the post of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. The chair was founded in 1663 with money left in the will of the Reverend Henry Lucas, who had been the Member of Parliament for the University. It was first held by Isaac Barrow, and then in 1663 by Isaac Newton.

Stephen Hawking has worked on the basic laws which govern the universe. With Roger Penrose he showed that Einstein's General Theory of Relativity implied space and time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and an end in black holes. These results indicated it was necessary to unify General Relativity with Quantum Theory, the other great Scientific development of the first half of the 20th Century. One consequence of such a unification that he discovered was that black holes should not be completely black, but should emit radiation and eventually evaporate and disappear. Another conjecture is that the universe has no edge or boundary in imaginary time. This would imply that the way the universe began was completely determined by the laws of science.

His many publications include The Large Scale Structure of Spacetime with G F R Ellis, General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey, with W Israel, and 300 Years of Gravity, with W Israel. Stephen Hawking has two popular books published; his best seller A Brief History of Time, and his later book, Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays.

Professor Hawking has twelve honorary degrees, was awarded the CBE in 1982, and was made a Companion of Honour in 1989. He is the recipient of many awards, medals and prizes and is a Fellow of The Royal Society and a Member of the US National Academy of Sciences.

Stephen Hawking continues to combine family life (he has three children and one grandchild), and his research into theoretical physics together with an extensive programme of travel and public lectures.