1、affirming

affirming發(fā)音

英：　　美：

affirming中文意思翻譯

常用釋義：肯定

vt.肯定；斷言（affirm的現在分詞）

vi.確認；斷言（affirm的現在分詞）

affirming變形

過(guò)去式--affirmed；過(guò)去分詞--affirmed；現在分詞--affirming；第三人稱(chēng)單數--affirms。

affirming雙語(yǔ)使用場(chǎng)景

1、There are a lot of witnesses around the world , affirming that they chanced to have seen some strange things in the sky .───世界各地有許多目擊者聲稱(chēng)曾經(jīng)在偶然的情況下看到天空上有奇怪的飛行物。

2、We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations.───我們美化了自己的記憶，把自己置于自我肯定的情境中。

3、The exhibition is an enjoyable and, ultimately, life-affirming experience.───這個(gè)展覽是一次不但令人愉快，而且還鼓舞人心的體驗。

4、Fathers challenge their children by affirming the truth of God's Word as they live it out in front of them.───父親以身作則活出上帝的話(huà)語(yǔ)，確認其中的真理，并挑戰孩子也如此行；

5、Then before you know it the negativity will be gone and it will be replaced with a positive and self-affirming way of being.───于是，在你注意到其出現前，這個(gè)消極思想已經(jīng)消逝并被一個(gè)積極的、自我肯定的方式取代。

6、looking at us, listening to us, respecting our input, affirming our value, giving us a sense of dignity, Papa was unquestionably our most influential teacher.───爸爸看著(zhù)我們，傾聽(tīng)我們，尊重我們的想法，肯定我們的價(jià)值，給我們尊嚴感，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，他是對我們最有影響力的老師。

7、We define love as a delight in the presence of the other person and an affirming of his value and development as much as one's own.───我們把愛(ài)情定義為一種和另一個(gè)人相處時(shí)的愉悅，一種像肯定自己一樣對他人價(jià)值和發(fā)展的肯定。

8、As you read through the gospels, you see over and over again the affirming words of the relationship that we have with God.───看看福音書(shū)，一次又一次你會(huì )讀到一定肯定的話(huà)語(yǔ)，肯定我們跟神的關(guān)系。

9、On this, there arose an earnest contention between the two young princes, each of them affirming himself to be the elder.───負責行刑者來(lái)到囚室，問(wèn)誰(shuí)是長(cháng)子。兩位年輕王子馬上激烈爭辯起來(lái)，都說(shuō)自己是兄長(cháng)。

affirming相似詞語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)

1、reaffirming───vt.再肯定，重申；再斷言

2、affixing───v.粘貼；使…附于（affix的ing形式）

3、affirmant───n.確認者；斷言者

4、firming───adj.使（皮膚）變得更緊的；v.（使）堅實(shí)，有彈性；把（植物）固定在土壤中；（價(jià)格）小幅回升；（使）協(xié)議（或計劃）清楚明了（firm的現在分詞）

5、affording───vt.買(mǎi)得起；給予，提供；n.(Afford)（英、美）阿福德（人名）

6、affiancing───v.（詩(shī)、文）使訂婚；n.婚約，信托

7、affirmingly───肯定地

8、afforcing───vt.加強陣容

9、disaffirming───vt.否認；廢棄（以前的判決）；取消

2、新視野大學(xué)英語(yǔ)4：Unit3 TextB(課文+譯文)

　Building the dream of Starbucks

　構筑星巴克夢(mèng)想

　1.Howard Schultz is not a household name to most North Americans, but those living in urban or suburban communities know his company: the specialty coffee retailer Starbucks. With impressive velocity, Starbucks has grown into the largest coffee roaster and retailer of specialty coffee in North America in a span of only a decade. By 2000, its coffee house could be found in more than 3000 locations worldwide; even President Bill Clinton was seen in a snapshot with a Starbucks brew in his hand. According to the US weekly magazine, Newsweek, Schultz’s merging of the three Cs - coffee, commerce and community - surely ranks as one of the ‘90s greatest retail successes.

　1.霍華德·舒爾茨對大多數美國人來(lái)說(shuō)不是一個(gè)家喻戶(hù)曉的名字,但是住在城市或郊區的人知道他的公司:專(zhuān)門(mén)的咖啡零售商星巴克。以令人印象深刻的速度,星巴克已經(jīng)在短短十年內成長(cháng)為北美最大的咖啡烘焙商和專(zhuān)業(yè)咖啡零售商。到2000年,其咖啡館可以在全世界超過(guò)3000個(gè)地點(diǎn)找到;就連克林頓總統在他的手上也看到了星巴克咖啡。根據美國周刊《新聞周刊》,舒爾茨的三個(gè)cs-咖啡、商業(yè)和社區的合并-當然是90年代最偉大的零售成功之一。

　2.Schultz was born in 1953 and grew up in an extremely poor section of the Brooklyn borough of New York City. His mother worked as a receptionist, and his father held a variety of jobs, none of which offered decent pay or medical insurance. When Schultz was seven, his father lost his job as a delivery driver when he broke his ankle in an accident. In the ensuing months, the family was literally too poor to put food on the table.

　2.舒爾茨出生于1953年,在紐約市布魯克林區一個(gè)極其貧窮的地區長(cháng)大。他的母親作為接待員工作,他父親持有各種工作,沒(méi)有一個(gè)提供像樣的工資或醫療保險。當舒爾茨7歲時(shí),他的父親在一次事故中摔斷了腳踝,他失去了作為送貨司機的工作。在接下來(lái)的幾個(gè)月里,這個(gè)家庭簡(jiǎn)直太窮了,不能把食物放在桌子上。

　3.During his youth, Schultz was hounded by the shame of his family’s “working poor” status. He escaped the hot Brooklyn summer one year to attend camp, but would not return when he learned it was for low-income families. He was teased by boys in high school and ashamed to tell his girlfriend where he lived. The harsh memories of those early times stayed with him for the rest of his life.

　3.在他年輕的時(shí)候,舒爾茨受到家庭“工作不佳”狀態(tài)的羞辱。他逃離了布魯克林炎熱的夏天去參加夏令營(yíng),但當他得知這是給低收入家庭時(shí),他不會(huì )回來(lái)。他被高中男孩取笑,羞于告訴他的女朋友他住在哪里。那些早期的嚴酷記憶留在他的余生中。

　4.Sports became an escape from the shame of poverty. Schultz earned an athletic scholarship to Northern Michigan University in 1975. He was the first person in his family to graduate from college as none of his predecessors had training beyond vocational school.

　4.體育成為擺脫貧窮的恥辱。舒爾茨在1975年獲得了北密歇根大學(xué)的運動(dòng)獎學(xué)金。他是家中第一個(gè)從大學(xué)畢業(yè)的人,因為他的前任沒(méi)有一個(gè)是職業(yè)學(xué)校的培訓。

　5.The bud of inspiration for his phenomenal coffee business began growing in a 1983 visit to Milan, Italy. Schultz conceived of a new American way of life in the coffee bars of Milan. He sought to recreate such forums for people in the US to start their days or visit with friends. In 1987, at the age of 34,Schultz organized a group of investors and purchased the company that had formerly employed him, the Starbucks Coffee Company in Seattle, which he restructured as the Starbucks Corporation.

　5.他非凡的咖啡業(yè)務(wù)的靈感萌芽于1983年訪(fǎng)問(wèn)意大利米蘭。舒爾茨在米蘭的咖啡館里想出了一種新的'美國式生活方式。他試圖為美國人民重建這樣的論壇,以開(kāi)始他們的日子或訪(fǎng)問(wèn)與朋友。1987年,在34歲時(shí),舒爾茨組織了一批投資者,購買(mǎi)了以前聘用他的公司,西雅圖的星巴克咖啡公司,他作為星巴克公司進(jìn)行了改組。

　6.The public verdict was overwhelmingly positive. Schultz's premium coffee bars were an instant success, acting as a stimulus of rapid growth and expansion not only for Starbucks but also for the coffee industry around the world. In 1992, Starbucks became the first specialty coffee company to go public, affirming its magnitude and prospects.

　6.公眾的判決非常積極。舒爾茨的優(yōu)質(zhì)咖啡酒吧是一種即時(shí)的成功,它作為一種刺激,不僅為星巴克,而且為世界各地的咖啡工業(yè)迅速增長(cháng)和擴張。1992年,星巴克成為第一家上市的專(zhuān)業(yè)咖啡公司,肯定其規模和前景。

　7.Starbucks' first major venture outside of the northwestern part of the nation was Chicago, where the company's specialty sales division developed new business with department stores and established Starbucks coffee bars adjacent to the business sections in national bookstores. Starbucks also formed a partnership with PepsiCo to create and distribute a new ready-to-drink coffee -based beverage, and entered into a licensing agreement with Kraft Foods. As company seeking to develop with a multilateral approach, Starbucks even developed a relationship with the music industry to sell Starbucks-tailored CDs of classical brass and orchestral music in the coffee bars.

　7.星巴克在美國西北部的第一個(gè)主要風(fēng)險企業(yè)是芝加哥,該公司的專(zhuān)業(yè)銷(xiāo)售部門(mén)與百貨商店發(fā)展了新業(yè)務(wù),并在國家書(shū)店的業(yè)務(wù)部門(mén)附近建立了星巴克咖啡店。星巴克還與百事可樂(lè )建立了伙伴關(guān)系,以創(chuàng )建和分發(fā)一種新的現成的咖啡飲料,并與卡夫食品達成一項許可協(xié)議。作為尋求發(fā)展多邊途徑的公司,星巴克甚至發(fā)展了與音樂(lè )行業(yè)的關(guān)系,在咖啡吧出售量身定制的經(jīng)典黃銅和管弦樂(lè )唱片。

　8.When Starbucks opened its first store in New York City, it was a homecoming for Schultz, but he did not act like the head of the reigning royalty of coffee he had became. The New York Times commented, "The soft-spoken Mr.Schultz has barely a trace of a New York accent and a timid, almost apologetic manner."

　8 .當星巴克在紐約開(kāi)了第一家商店時(shí),它是舒爾茨的回家之旅,但他不像以前的咖啡版稅頭頭那樣行事?！都~約時(shí)報》評論道,“這位軟說(shuō)話(huà)的先生?！?。舒爾茨幾乎沒(méi)有一絲紐約口音和一種膽怯的,幾乎是歉意的態(tài)度。

　9.Schultz has also attracted considerable attention with his unconventional employment policies. He wanted to give Starbucks' employees both a philosophical and a financial stake in the business. He decreed that employees who worked the quota of 20 hours a week or more were eligible for medical, dental, and optical coverage as well as for stock options. At a time when other companies were trimming benefits as a cost-cutting measure, Schultz, who grew up in a family without any medical coverage, was vocal in his belief that genuinely caring about your employees is critical to building a sturdy workforce. "Service is a lost art in America," he told The New York Times. "I think people want to do a good job, but if they are treated poorly they get beaten down. We want to provide our people with dignity and self-esteem, and we can't do that with lip service." Starbucks stipulates that every employee with at least half-time hours can receive health-care benefits. Schultz credits the utilization of such a benefits policy as the key to the company's growth because it has given Starbucks a more dedicated workforce and an extremely high level of customer service. The chain also achieved a dramatically low turnover rate, half that of the average fast food business. This creates a significant numerical payoff for Starbucks, since new employee represents an expenditure of $3000 in recruiting and training costs and productivity losses.

　9.舒爾茨的非傳統的就業(yè)政策也引起了人們的注意。他想給星巴克的員工一個(gè)哲學(xué)和財務(wù)上的利益。他規定,每周工作20小時(shí)或以上的員工有資格獲得醫療、牙科和光學(xué)覆蓋以及股票期權。在其他公司削減成本作為削減成本的措施時(shí),在沒(méi)有任何醫療保險的家庭中長(cháng)大的舒爾茨,堅信真正關(guān)心員工對于建設一支強健的員工隊伍至關(guān)重要?！胺?wù)是美國失去的藝術(shù),”他對《紐約時(shí)報》說(shuō)?！拔艺J為人們想做一個(gè)好工作,但是如果他們被待遇很差,他們就會(huì )被打敗?！?。我們要為我們的人民提供尊嚴和自尊,我們不能用嘴唇來(lái)做。"星巴克規定,每個(gè)至少有半小時(shí)的員工可以享受醫療保健福利.舒爾茨把利用這種福利政策作為公司增長(cháng)的關(guān)鍵,因為它賦予了星巴克一個(gè)更專(zhuān)門(mén)的員工隊伍和一個(gè)極高的客戶(hù)服務(wù)水平。該連鎖店還實(shí)現了一個(gè)極低的周轉率,平均快速食品業(yè)務(wù)的一半。這為星巴克創(chuàng )造了可觀(guān)的數字回報,因為新員工在招聘和培訓成本和生產(chǎn)力損失方面的支出為3000美元。

　10.Schultz has remained firmly committed to employee and community enrichment, a philosophy which is embedded in the very core of Starbucks' business culture. He has never grown accustomed to success enough to forget his working-class roots. He dedicated his book to the memory of his father, whom he had once spoken harshly to and accused of a lack of ambition. They were words Schultz would regret the rest of his life, a reminiscence he wished he could scrub from his memory. His father received the diagnosis of lung cancer and died before his son became a millionaire. Schultz once told his audience that his crowning success was that “I got to build the kind of company that my father never got to work for.”

　10 .舒爾茨仍然堅定地致力于員工和社區的豐富,一種根植于星巴克商業(yè)文化核心的哲學(xué)。他從未習慣于成功地忘記自己的階級出身.他把書(shū)獻給了他父親的記憶,他曾經(jīng)嚴厲地對他說(shuō)過(guò),并指責他缺乏野心。他們是舒爾茨會(huì )后悔他的余生,他希望他能從記憶中擦洗的回憶。他的父親接受了肺癌的診斷,在他兒子成為百萬(wàn)富翁之前去世了。舒爾茨曾經(jīng)告訴他的聽(tīng)眾,他最大的成功是“我必須建立一種公司,這是我父親從未為的?！?/p>

　拓展閱讀：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作技巧

　一、文章結構

　英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作和漢語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作一樣，要寫(xiě)出好文章除了要有好的內容外還少不了好的結構，而結構的好壞又取決于選詞造句。

　1. 切合主題

　寫(xiě)作都有固定的主題，最忌諱的就是跑題。因此，一定要確保文章的內容與主題一致，否則再好的文章也是失敗之作。

　2. 措詞

　在寫(xiě)作時(shí)要選擇準確、生動(dòng)而形象的詞，要有意識地使用俗語(yǔ)、成語(yǔ)等，這樣可避免語(yǔ)言的單調貧乏，令文章生動(dòng)而富有內涵。

　3. 句子

　寫(xiě)作忌枯燥乏味，不要用同一模式反復表達，可以嘗試用多種方法來(lái)表達同一概念，不斷變化句子結構，使語(yǔ)言豐富多彩。

　二、 語(yǔ)法

　我們寫(xiě)的文章，有時(shí)整篇沒(méi)有幾句通順的話(huà)，這是因為忽視了語(yǔ)法。簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)，語(yǔ)法就是一個(gè)句子的構成。明白了句子的構成就不會(huì )寫(xiě)出支離破碎的句子了。

　語(yǔ)法學(xué)習很簡(jiǎn)單。有人或許會(huì )選擇買(mǎi)厚厚的語(yǔ)法書(shū)來(lái)看，其實(shí)沒(méi)有必要?？凑Z(yǔ)法書(shū)枯燥無(wú)味，毫無(wú)感覺(jué)可講，不如換種方法，放棄死記硬背，在閱讀中學(xué)習語(yǔ)法。在閱讀過(guò)程中我們會(huì )發(fā)現，同一個(gè)單詞可能多次出現，而且作用不同，學(xué)會(huì )將這些常用詞分類(lèi)學(xué)習，語(yǔ)法學(xué)習也就容易多了。

　三、單詞

　在大學(xué)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習過(guò)程中，單詞對于大多數同學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)都是一大難題，然而在寫(xiě)作中單詞的積累尤為重要。

　對于記單詞，我們可以在小本上抄寫(xiě)10個(gè)左右的單詞，作為一天的任務(wù)，這樣久而久之就會(huì )積累大量單詞。另一種方法就是通過(guò)閱讀記單詞，在讀的同時(shí)配合手寫(xiě)，這樣不僅會(huì )讀而且會(huì )寫(xiě)。

　大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作提升技巧

　(1) 改變時(shí)態(tài)

　The bell is ringing now. (一般)

　There goes the bell! (高級)

　(2) 改變語(yǔ)態(tài)

　People suggests that the meeting be put off. (一般)

　It is suggested that the meeting be put off. (高級)

　(3) 使用不定式

　He is so kind that he can do me a favor. (一般)

　He is so kind as to do me a favor. (高級)

　(4) 使用過(guò)去分詞

　Lisa walked out of the room and many guys followed her. (一般)

　Followed by many guys, Lisa walked out of the lab. (高級)

　(5) 使用v-ing 形式

　When she arrives, please give me a call. (一般)

　On her arriving, please give me a call. (高級)

　(6) 使用名詞性從句

　She happened to have met him. (一般)

　It happened that she had met him. (高級)

　(7) 使用定語(yǔ)從句

　The girl is spoken highly of. Her homework was well done. (一般)

　The girl whose homework was well done is spoken highly of. (高級)

　(8) 使用狀語(yǔ)從句

　I won’t believe what he says. (一般)

　No matter what he says, I won’t believe. (高級)

　(9) 使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣

　The patient didn’t die because there were the efforts of the doctor. (一般)

　But for the efforts of the doctor, the patient would have died. (高級)

　(10) 使用強調句型

　I was born in 1987. (一般)

　It was in 1987 that I was born. (高級)

　(11) 使用倒裝

　Though I’m sick, I’ll carry on. (一般)

　Sick as I am, I’ll carry on. (高級)