1、Ptolemy

Ptolemy發(fā)音

英：　　美：

Ptolemy中文意思翻譯

常見(jiàn)釋義：

n.托勒密（古希臘天文學(xué)家、地理學(xué)家）

Ptolemy雙語(yǔ)使用場(chǎng)景

1、Ptolemy, some Ptolemy, one of the Ptolemies.───托勒密，某位托勒密。

2、Demetrius did so to all the enemy's dead, and sent the prisoners back to Ptolemy with money and presents.───但是德米特里對于所有敵人都是這么做的，同時(shí)所有的戰俘被釋放之后都滿(mǎn)載金錢(qián)和禮物回到托勒密那里。

3、Trying to describe how the five planets in the night sky followed seemingly irregular paths, Ptolemy hit upon an idea he called epicycles.───當設法解釋夜空中的五顆行星為何好象沿著(zhù)不規則的軌道運行時(shí)，托勒密腦海中閃現出一個(gè)觀(guān)念，他稱(chēng)之為“本輪”。

4、Cleopatra VII was the last queen of the Ptolemaic dynasty, ruling as co-regent with her son, Ptolemy XV.───克利奧帕特拉七世是托勒密王朝的最后一位皇后，作為攝政者與其兒子托勒密十五世共同統治國家。

5、The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. ───當時(shí)的智慧來(lái)自于二世紀的天文學(xué)家托勒密，他的復雜天空體系把地球置于所有天體運動(dòng)的中心。

6、this article has simply introduced a number of nature of regular polygon circumscribed circle by means of the Ptolemy's theorems.───文章利用托勒密定理簡(jiǎn)潔地導出了正多邊形外接圓的若干性質(zhì)。

7、He had been the first to turn a telescope to the sky, and he had seen there evidence enough to overthrow Aristotle and Ptolemy together.───他是第一個(gè)用望遠鏡觀(guān)察天空的人，由此獲得的大量證據足以推翻Aristotle和Ptolemy兩人的論據。

8、Ptolemy charted more than 1,000 stars in 48 constellations.───托勒密繪制了48個(gè)星座中1000多顆星的星圖。

9、She had been exiled by her brother Ptolemy the Thirteenth and was fighting to take back power.───她由她的哥哥被流放托勒密十三世，并爭取收回權力。

Ptolemy相似詞語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)

1、optology───光學(xué)

2、Ptolemy II───托勒密二世

3、Ptolemy───n.托勒密（古希臘天文學(xué)家、地理學(xué)家）

4、Ptolemy Is───托勒密是

5、ptooey───托伊

6、-toled───abbr.透明有機發(fā)光二極管；透明有機發(fā)光顯示屏

7、polysemy───n.一詞多義；意義的分歧

8、Ptolemy I───督托勒密一世

9、golem───n.（猶太傳說(shuō)中的）有生命的泥人；機器人；n.(Golem)（美）哥連（人名）

2、哥白尼介紹

Polish name: Mikolaj Kopernik. Polish astronomer and mathematician who, as a student, studied canon law, mathematics, and medicine at Cracow, Bologna, Rome, Padua, and Ferrara. Copernicus became interested in astronomy and published an early description of his "heliocentric" model of the solar system in Commentariolus (1512). In this model, the sun was actually not exactly the center of the solar system, but was slightly offset from the center using a device invented by Ptolemy known as the equant point. The idea that the Sun was the center of the solar system was not new (similar theories had been proposed by Aristarchus and Nicholas of Cusa), but Copernicus also worked out his system in full mathematical detail. Even though the mathematics in his description was not any simpler than Ptolemy's, it required fewer basic assumptions. By postulating only the rotation of the Earth, revolution about the sun, and tilt of Earth's rotational axis, Copernicus could explain the observed motion of the heavens. However, because Copernicus retained circular orbits, his system required the inclusion of epicycles. Unfortunately, out of fear that his ideas might get him into trouble with the church, Copernicus delayed publication of them.

In 1539, Copernicus took on Rheticus as a student and handed over his manuscript to him to write a popularization of the heliocentric theory, published as Narratio Prima in 1540. Shortly before his death, Rheticus convinced Copernicus to allow publication of his original manuscript, and De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium was published in 1543. Copernicus proposed his theory as a true description, not just a theory to save appearances. Unlike Buridan and Oresme, he did not think that any theory which saved appearances was valid, instead believing that there could only be a single true theory. When the work was published, however, Andreas Osiander added an unauthorized preface stating that the contents was merely a device to simplify calculations.

Copernicus adapted physics to the demands of astronomy, believing that the principles of Ptolemy's system were incorrect, not the math or observations. He was the first person in history to create a complete and general system, combining mathematics, physics, and cosmology. (Ptolemy, for instance, had treated each planet separately.) Copernicus's system was taught in some universities in the 1500s but had not permeated the academic world until approximately 1600. Some people, among whom John Donne and William Shakespeare were the most influential, feared Copernicus's theory, feeling that it destroyed hierarchal natural order which would in turn destroy social order and bring about chaos. Indeed, some people (such as Bruno), used Copernicus's theory to justify radical theological views.

Before Copernicus formulated his theory of the solar system, astronomy in Europe had stagnated. After the Almagest had been translated into Latin, European astronomers such as the Austrian mathematician Georg von Peurbach and the German astronomer Regiomontanus proposed no new theories, attempting instead to refine the flawed system already laid out by Ptolemy. The astronomy textbook used for teaching was still The Sphere, the same book that had been in use since the 1200s. Rather than formulating new theories, astronomers had busied themselves in "saving appearances," which consisted of trying to patch it up Ptolemy's cumbersome and inaccurate model. Copernicus, however, wiped the slate clean in a single broad stroke, and proposed a fundamentally different model in which the planets all circled the Sun in De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium. While radically different from Ptolemy's model, Copernicus's heliocentric theory was hardly an original idea. Similar theories had been proposed by Aristarchus as early as the third century B. C., and Nicholas de Cusa, a German scholar, had independently made the same assertion in a book he published in 1440. We know for a fact that Copernicus was well aware of Aristarchus's priority, since his original draft of De Revolutionibus has survived and features a passage referring to Aristarchus which Copernicus crossed out so as not to compromise the originality of his theory. In his belief that his theory was an accurate description of nature rather than just a mathematical model, Copernicus was therefore not truly revolutionary.

What was a little revolutionary was that Copernicus worked out his system in full mathematical detail in De Revolutionibus. By doing this, Copernicus went a step beyond Ptolemy, de Cusa, and Aristarchus. Ptolemy had regarded his theory as simply a mathematic tool for calculation, having no physical basis. On the other side of the coin, de Cusa and Aristarchus had proposed a purely physical model, not endeavoring to mathematically investigate its consequences. Copernicus's most significant achievement was his combination of mathematics and physics, adapting physics to conform to his view of astronomical truth, with a good bit of cosmology thrown in for good measure.

This achievement alone, however, hardly qualifies as a "revolution." Copernicus offered mathematics which were every bit as entangled as Ptolemy's, and because he retained circular orbits, his system required the inelegant inclusion of epicycles and their accompanying complication. To Copernicus's credit, although his description was not any simpler than Ptolemy's, it did require fewer basic assumptions. In addition, Copernicus's theory explained some problems, such as the reason that Mercury and Venus are only observed close to the Sun (their orbits always kept them nearer the sun than Earth ) and Mars's retrograde motion (the Earth, traveling in its smaller orbit, overtakes Mars, causing Mars to appear to move change direction and move backward relative to distant "fixed" stars). However, like Ptolemy, Copernicus could still not explain variations in the brightness of Venus.

Copernicus was the first person in history to create a complete and general system, combining mathematics, physics, and cosmology. Yet, by themselves Copernicus's achievements, do not constitute a revolution. Copernicus had been motivated to this theory by Neoplatonic and Pythagorean considerations. His reasoning seems to have been predominantly motivated by aesthetics. In his view, equally spaced planets in circular orbits would represent harmony in the universe. But Copernicus had made no observations and stated no general laws. His mathematics could describe the motion of the planets, but his theory was of a very ad hoc nature.

It took the accurate observational work of Brahe, the exhaustive mathematics of Kepler, and the mathematical genius of Newton to take Copernicus's theory as a starting point, and glean from it the underlying truths and laws governing celestial mechanics. Copernicus was an important player in the development of these theories, but his work would likely have likely remained in relative obscurity without the observational work of Brahe. It would have been discarded by the wayside, until subsequent investigation brought it back to light. It is likely, in fact, that given Kepler would have independently arrived at a heliocentric theory just in the process of interpreting Brahe's data, and the scientific revolution would have been born anyway. To a large extent, then, Copernicus has achieved his prominent place in history through what amounted to a lucky, albeit shrewd, guess. It is therefore more appropriate to view Copernicus's achievements as a preliminary step towards scientific revolution, rather than a revolution in itself.

波蘭名:哥白尼Mikolaj. 波蘭天文學(xué)家、數學(xué)家,他作為學(xué)生學(xué)習卡法律、數學(xué)、醫學(xué)、克拉科夫、博洛尼亞、羅馬、帕多瓦、Ferrara. 哥白尼天文學(xué)產(chǎn)生興趣,早日出版說(shuō)明"心"模式在太陽(yáng)系 Commentariolus (1512). 這一模式的 太陽(yáng) 其實(shí)并非太陽(yáng)系中心,由中心以彌補略發(fā)明的裝置 心 稱(chēng)為 Equant點(diǎn). 以為 太陽(yáng) 中心的太陽(yáng)之(已提出類(lèi)似理論 Aristarchus 尼古拉的大學(xué)生和,但他創(chuàng )立并制定全面系統的數學(xué)內容. 雖然并沒(méi)有說(shuō)明他的數學(xué)簡(jiǎn)單得多 心的 ,要少要點(diǎn). 只有通過(guò)假定的輪換 地球 , 對革命 太陽(yáng) , 傾斜,對 地球 軸輪,可以說(shuō)明哥白尼發(fā)現天動(dòng)議. 不過(guò),由于保留哥白尼圓形軌道,他必須把epicycles系統. 可惜,擔心他會(huì )想法使他的事情教會(huì )哥白尼推遲公布.

在1539年,哥白尼危機 Rheticus 作為學(xué)生,他交了手,他寫(xiě)的普及心論出版 看來(lái)Narratio 在1540. 他去世前不久, Rheticus 哥白尼使他相信發(fā)表原稿, DeRevolutionibusOrbiumCoelestium 1543年出版. 哥白尼提出的理論是正確的說(shuō)明,不僅使理論出現. 與 Buridan , Oresme 他不相信任何理論,出現了有效,而認為只有一個(gè)真正的理論. 在出版工作,AndreasOsiander擅自增加前言說(shuō)明內容只是手段,簡(jiǎn)化計算.

哥白尼的要求天文物理調整,認為原則 心的 系統錯誤,而不是數學(xué)和意見(jiàn). 他是第一個(gè)創(chuàng )造歷史,完成總系統將數學(xué)、物理、宇宙學(xué). ( 心 例如,分別把每個(gè)星球). 哥白尼的系統的一些大學(xué)教授1500s并未進(jìn)入學(xué)術(shù)界之前約16. 有人稱(chēng)贊約翰,其中最有影響的是英國的威廉,恐怕哥白尼理論,認為它破壞自然hierarchal,從而破壞社會(huì )秩序,造成混亂. 甚至有人(如 布魯諾 )用哥白尼的理論來(lái)解釋根本理論觀(guān)點(diǎn).

在哥白尼提出太陽(yáng)中心論,歐洲天文學(xué)停滯. 在 Almagest 譯成拉丁文、奧地利等歐洲天文學(xué)家數學(xué)家喬治馮 Peurbach 德國天文學(xué)家和 Regiomontanus 沒(méi)有提出新的理論,而是努力完善制度,制定了錯誤 心 . 天文教學(xué)課本還是 領(lǐng)域 ,這本書(shū)中所使用的自1200s. 而不是制定新的理論、天文學(xué)家已經(jīng)忙自己"拯救亮相,其中包括設法補起來(lái) 心的 麻煩和錯誤示范. 哥白尼,喪失了一個(gè)大過(guò),不干凈,提出了根本變化,地球上所有的模式盤(pán)旋 太陽(yáng) 在 DeRevolutionibusOrbiumCoelestium. 而迥異 心的 模型、哥白尼的理論幾乎沒(méi)有一個(gè)心本意. 已提出類(lèi)似理論 Aristarchus 早在公元前三世紀,體育局取消,德國學(xué)者中提出同樣主張獨立成書(shū)于1440年發(fā)表. 我們所知道的是,天知道 Aristarchus的 優(yōu)先,原草案 DeRevolutionibus 渡過(guò)一段內容,指 Aristarchus 哥白尼,以免交叉影響,他的理論創(chuàng )新. 他認為,他的理論是正確的,而非描述性的數學(xué)模型,因此并未真正哥白尼革命.

什么是小革命是哥白尼制定全面系統的數學(xué)細節 revolutionibusde. 對此,關(guān)進(jìn)了超越 心 ,取消體育、 Aristarchus . 他已經(jīng)把心之論的數學(xué)計算工具,并沒(méi)有實(shí)際的. 在另一方面,在體育和 Aristarchus 建議純物理模型,其結果不致力于數學(xué)研究. 哥白尼的最大成就是他綜合數學(xué)、物理、應用物理,他認為天文學(xué)符合事實(shí),好一點(diǎn)的好,學(xué)醫.

這一成績(jì)僅限定幾乎是"革命". 哥白尼數學(xué)所提供不亞于錯綜復雜 心的 ,因為保留循環(huán)的軌道,其制度規定不夠配套,將epicycles復雜. 在哥白尼的貸款,但他沒(méi)有說(shuō)明是不是簡(jiǎn)單 心的 ,確需減少的基本設想. 此外,哥白尼的理論解釋一些問(wèn)題,例如,因為 水星 , 金星 只看到接近 太陽(yáng) (永遠的軌道接近太陽(yáng)比留 地球 和 火星的 落后的議案( 地球 , 旅行小軌道超越 火星 , 令 火星 出現倒退,提出改革的方向與遠"固定"星星. 但如 心 ,也不能說(shuō)明關(guān)亮度的變化 金星 .

哥白尼是歷史上最早建立全面徹底的系統將數學(xué)、物理、宇宙學(xué). 但哥白尼自己的成就,不是革命. 哥白尼是這一理論的自覺(jué),Neoplatonic 定理 考慮. 其主要理由似乎是出于美學(xué). 他認為,地球的圓形軌道間隔同樣將是宇宙和諧. 但哥白尼未表示任何意見(jiàn),一般規律. 他可以說(shuō)數學(xué)的議案 地球 , 但他的理論是一個(gè)非常特別的.

它把準確監測工作 Brahe ,詳細的數學(xué) 本片 和數學(xué)天才 牛頓 采取哥白尼的理論為起點(diǎn),從搜集的基本原理和規律,天體力學(xué). 哥白尼是一個(gè)重要的角色,這些理論的發(fā)展,工作仍然可能會(huì )有比較模糊的觀(guān)測工作,而 Brahe . 就被丟棄在路旁,在調查后發(fā)現帶回. 很可能實(shí)際上,由于 本片 有獨立心論達成剛開(kāi)始使用 Brahe的 數據和科學(xué)革命誕生了. 在很大程度上,再關(guān)他取得突出地位相當于一個(gè)歷史的幸運,但精明,估計. 因此,比較適合哥白尼的科學(xué)成果為革命的第一步,而不是革命本身.