?atrophic

atrophic 發(fā)音

英：[??trɑ?f?k]　　美：[??tr?f?k]

英：　　美：

atrophic 中文意思翻譯

atrophic 詞性/詞形變化，atrophic變形

名詞復數: atrocities |

atrophic 短語(yǔ)詞組

1、atrophic pharyngitis ─── [醫] 萎縮性咽炎

2、atrophic rhinitis ─── [醫] 萎縮性鼻炎

3、atrophic sclerosis ─── [醫] 萎縮性硬化

4、atrophic emphysema ─── [醫] 萎縮性肺氣腫

5、atrophic cirrhosis ─── [醫] 萎縮性肝硬變

6、atrophic gangrene ─── [醫] 萎縮性壞疽

7、atrophic skin ─── [醫] 皮萎縮

8、atrophic excavation ─── [醫] 萎縮性陷凹

9、atrophic catarrh ─── [醫] 萎縮性鼻卡他

10、atrophic aplastic anemia ─── [醫] 骨髓病性貧血

11、atrophic inflammation ─── [醫] 萎縮性炎

12、atrophic kidney ─── [醫] 萎縮腎

13、acute atrophic paralysis ─── [醫] 急性萎縮性麻痹

14、atrophic arthritis ─── [醫] 萎縮性關(guān)節炎, 類(lèi)風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節炎

15、atrophic gastritis ─── [醫] 萎縮性胃炎

16、atrophic laryngitis ─── [醫] 萎縮性喉炎

17、atrophic anemia ─── [醫] 骨髓萎縮性貧血

18、atrophic fracture ─── [醫] 萎縮性骨折

19、atrophic beriberi ─── [醫] 萎縮性腳氣病, 干性腳氣, 麻痹性腳氣病

atrophic 常用詞組

atrophic gastritis ─── [醫]萎縮性胃炎

chronic atrophic gastritis ─── [醫]慢性萎縮性胃炎

atrophic rhinitis ─── 萎縮性鼻炎

atrophic 相似詞語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)

1、atrophies ─── n.萎縮，萎縮癥；發(fā)育停止；vi.萎縮；虛脫

2、trophic ─── adj.營(yíng)養的；有關(guān)營(yíng)養的

3、strophic ─── adj.反復曲式的；（歌曲）分節的

4、agraphic ─── 失寫(xiě)的

5、eutrophic ─── adj.富營(yíng)養的；發(fā)育營(yíng)養正常的；n.發(fā)育營(yíng)養正常促進(jìn)劑

6、atrophied ─── adj.萎縮的；衰退的；v.萎縮（atrophy的過(guò)去分詞）；使衰退

7、atrophias ─── 萎縮

8、atrophia ─── n.萎縮（等于atrophy）

9、-trophic ─── adj.營(yíng)養的；有關(guān)營(yíng)養的

atrophic 常見(jiàn)例句（雙語(yǔ)使用場(chǎng)景）

1、Atrophic atrichia was found on some alopecia area. ─── 臨床表現為頭部毛發(fā)稀疏,部分禿發(fā)區可見(jiàn)毛囊萎縮。

2、No complication such as nasal septal perforation and atrophic rhinitis occurred. ─── 無(wú)鼻中隔穿孔及萎縮性鼻炎等鼻腔并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。

3、Gastritis of A atrophic sex fastens oneself immunity disease, from body antibody positive. ─── a型萎縮性胃炎系自身免疫性疾病，自體抗體陽(yáng)性。

4、Results: Expression of EGFR in non-atrophic gastritis was the lowest among the various gastric mucosal lesions (P01). ─── 結果：EGFR在非萎縮性胃炎組織中的表達顯著(zhù)低于其他胃黏膜病變組織（P0.01）；

5、Anyhow, the reason with spermary atrophic happening is complex, it is a variety of elements the result of joint action. ─── 總之，睪丸發(fā)生萎縮的原因是復雜的，是多種因素共同作用的結果。

6、Chronic atrophic gastritis is one of commonly and frequently encountered diseases.It seriously affects the life of humankind. ─── 慢性萎縮性胃炎是臨床常見(jiàn)病、多發(fā)病，嚴重影響人類(lèi)生活質(zhì)量。

7、Objective To study the protective and therapeutic effects of Hericium caput-medusae (Bull.exFr) Pers on atrophic gastritis in rats. ─── 摘要目的觀(guān)察小刺猴頭子實(shí)體多糖對慢性萎縮性胃炎的影響。

8、Dyspareunia is a common feature of atrophic vaginitis. ─── 性交困難是萎縮性陰道炎的一個(gè)常見(jiàn)癥狀。

9、Gastritis of A atrophic sex fastens oneself immunity disease, from body antibody positive. ─── a型萎縮性胃炎系自身免疫性疾病，自體抗體陽(yáng)性。

10、Autoimmune atrophic gastritis of pernicious anemia ─── 惡性貧血伴自身免疫性萎縮性胃炎

11、Objective To observe the clinical therapeutic effect of "Jiedu Huoxue Decoction" on chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) with mild to moderate intestinal metaplasia(IM). ─── 摘要目的觀(guān)察活血解毒方治療慢性萎縮性胃炎并輕、中度腸上皮化生的臨床療效。

12、Con-Aand DBA were mainly labeled in the ITC and in the chronic atrophic gastritis withmetaplasia. ─── ConA和DBA主要標記在ITC和伴有腸化的慢性萎縮性胃炎中。

13、Atrophic corneal ulcer occurred in his right eye, and a partial lateral tarsorrhaphy was done in that eye before referral to out clinic. ─── 一名45歲男性病人因長(cháng)期甲狀腺亢進(jìn)造成突眼及眼瞼收縮。

14、In reading a picture of asymmetric testicular FDG activity, the possibility of unilateral atrophic testis that absorbs less radioactivity should be kept in mind. ─── 在判讀睪丸不對稱(chēng)之氟-18-去氧葡萄糖攝取活性時(shí)，須注意單側萎縮睪丸導致攝取減少的可能性。

15、The gastric juice of gastritis of chronic and atrophic sex secretes an amount general calibration ordinary person is little. ─── 慢性萎縮性胃炎的胃液分泌量一般較正常人為少。

16、Bowel of gastritis of chronic and atrophic sex is epithelial change unripe, spend not typical hyperplasia gently to part the introduction and! ! How to treat! ! ─── 慢性萎縮性胃炎腸上皮化生，輕度不典型增生分別介紹與??！如何治療??！

17、Important secondary infections are: APP, Pasteurella spp, Mycoplasma, Atrophic Rhinitis, Salmonella, E coli, Erysipelas; Staphylococcus hyicus and Streptococci. ─── 嚴重的繼發(fā)感染包括：放線(xiàn)桿菌胸膜肺炎、巴氏桿菌屬細菌、支原體、萎縮性鼻炎、沙門(mén)氏菌、大腸桿菌、丹毒、豬葡萄球菌和鏈球菌等感染。

18、CLASSIFICATION OF ATROPHIC GASTRITIS ─── 50例萎縮性胃炎的分型探討

19、Suffer financial crisis effect, exit is atrophic, alibaba must depreciate sales promotion, in order to maintain the growth of supplier client. ─── 受金融危機影響，出口萎縮，阿里巴巴必須降價(jià)促銷(xiāo)，以維持供應商客戶(hù)的增長(cháng)。

20、What symptom does the person of atrophic sexual rhinitis have? ─── 得萎縮性鼻炎的人有什么癥狀?

21、Objective To study the effects and mechanisms of Sanshen Ziwei Yin(SZY) on D cells and G cells of gastric mucosa in rats with chronic atrophic gastritis(CAG). ─── 摘要目的：探討三參滋胃飲對慢性萎縮性胃炎(CAG)大鼠胃黏膜G細胞和D細胞的作用及其機制。

22、AMD is classified into nonneovascular (dry or atrophic) and neovascular (wet or exudative) forms of the disease. ─── 年齡相關(guān)性黃斑變性分為非新生血管性（干性或萎縮）和新生血管性疾?。裥曰驖B出性）。

23、chronic atrophic gastric-carditis ─── 慢性萎縮性賁門(mén)炎

24、The ductal system underwent atrophic changes, and thrombotic obliteration of main duct. ─── 3個(gè)月)、纖維修復(1-6個(gè)月)；導管系統上皮脫落，形成栓子阻塞導管。

25、Chronic Atrophic Gastritis (CAG) is one of the common gastrointestinal symptom disease,the common refractory digestive disease in clinics and important pathologic change of gastric cancer. ─── 慢性萎縮性胃炎是臨床常見(jiàn)的老年病和難治病之一,病勢纏綿,病程較長(cháng),若失治誤治易發(fā)生癌變。

26、Objective: To observe the therapeutic efficacy of traditional Chineae medicine treating atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by visual evoked potential (VEP). ─── 摘要目的：利用現代化的視誘發(fā)電位檢測方法來(lái)觀(guān)察中藥治療年齡相關(guān)性黃斑變性萎縮型的療效。

27、MRVC of gallbladders were not created in 4 cases of atrophic cholecyst filled with stones shown on source images. ─── 4例膽囊嚴重萎縮且充滿(mǎn)結石者無(wú)法重建膽囊內窺鏡影像。

28、Following examinations of testes ruled out diseased left testis and revealed an atrophic right testis, which resulted in a decrease in FDG uptake and asymmetric picture. ─── 后續檢查排除左側睪丸之疾患且顯示右側為一萎縮睪丸，導致氟-18-去氧葡萄糖攝取減少，造成睪丸攝取不對稱(chēng)的情形。

29、What just go is a lot of righter 2008 a crisis is medium and small businesses, the market on international is atrophic, overseas order for goods considerably pare. ─── 剛剛過(guò)去的2008年對很多中小企業(yè)而言是一場(chǎng)危機，國際上市場(chǎng)萎縮，海外訂單大幅消減。

30、Purpose: To summarize the techniques and effects of onlay bone grafts on the augmentation of the severely atrophic alveolar ridges. ─── 摘要目的：總結嵌貼式植骨方法進(jìn)行缺牙后重度吸收牙槽脊骨增量的植骨技術(shù)及其效果。

31、Few atrophic acinar cells was observed in control group. ─── 對照組各時(shí)間段僅見(jiàn)少量萎縮的腺泡細胞。

32、Chronic atrophic gastritis is one of commonly and frequently encountered diseases. It seriously affects the life of humankind. ─── 慢性萎縮性胃炎是臨床常見(jiàn)病、多發(fā)病，嚴重影響人類(lèi)生活質(zhì)量。

33、chronic atrophic gastritis is clinically common diseases, illness secretive, long-term repeated attacks easy to cause cancer. ─── 慢性萎縮性胃炎是臨床上常見(jiàn)病，病情潛匿，長(cháng)期反復發(fā)作容易導致癌變。

34、chronic atrophic senile gingivitis ─── 慢性老年萎縮性齦炎

35、Chronic gastritis is the chronic stomach catarrh that shows different pathogeny is caused sexual pathological change or atrophic sex pathological change. ─── 慢性胃炎是指不同病因引起的慢性胃粘膜炎性病變或萎縮性病變。

36、Severe anemia, and there is also glossitis, atrophic tongue mucosa, tongue smooth, and there is congestive heart burning. ─── 嚴重貧血者，還可有舌炎、舌黏膜萎縮、舌頭平滑、充血并有灼熱感。

37、In general, more limited approaches to turbinoplasty should be performed because complete turbinectomy may put the patient at increased risk for developing atrophic rhinitis postoperatively. ─── 一般而言應只進(jìn)行部分下鼻甲整形，因為鼻甲完全切除會(huì )增加病人術(shù)后發(fā)展為萎縮性鼻炎的風(fēng)險。

38、endometrium was atrophic and the number of glandular organs was decreased. ─── 子宮內膜萎縮，腺體器官減少。

39、The reason with increasingly atrophic passenger traffic volume is many sided. 1. ─── 客運量日益萎縮的原因是多方面的。

40、Jejunal biopsy through enteroscopic examination revealed atrophic villi and dense infiltration in lamina propria by lymphocytes, with extension beyond the layer of muscularis mucosa. ─── 我們報告一例具典型臨床癥狀的31歲男性患者，其空腸切片檢查看到黏膜固有層中有致密的淋巴漿細胞浸潤，浸潤程度已穿越黏膜肌肉層。

41、Gastritis of B atrophic sex is not immunity disease, oneself antibody shows negative. ─── b型萎縮性胃炎并非免疫性疾病，自身抗體呈陰性。

42、Tour 1 : Next/Previous/Start: On this slice, the atrophic hippocampus and amygdala can be seen. ─── 回顧1 ：下一頁(yè)/上一頁(yè)/起始頁(yè)： 在此層面，可以看到萎縮的海馬和杏仁核。

43、According to early and late phase in ICGA, 40 eyes had local or extensive choroidal filling deficiency, including 24 eyes in exudative AMD, 12 eyes in atrophic AMD, 4 eyes in drusen. ─── ICGA早121只AMD患者眼中有40只眼ICGA有局部或廣泛脈絡(luò )膜充盈不良,其中滲出型AMD24只眼,萎縮型AMD12只眼,黃斑玻璃疣4只眼。

44、Fifteen of the 23 non-union were of atrophic type with minimal callus formation and required cancellous bone grafting. ─── 23位病人中有15例是屬于萎縮性的未愈合，其形成的骨痂很少故需自體植骨。

45、But, since nearly one period, as a result of a variety of reasons, become gradually flat, facing atrophic crisis. ─── 但是，近一時(shí)期以來(lái)，由于種種原因，變得逐漸蕭條，面臨著(zhù)萎縮的危機。

46、Objective: To study the protective effect of purariae isoflavone on apoptosis cells of atrophic nasal mucosas in ovariectomized rats. ─── 摘要目的：觀(guān)察卵巢切除誘導大鼠鼻黏膜上皮細胞凋亡，研究尼爾雌醇、葛根總黃酮對此的保護作用。

47、Especially for precancerous lesions of chronic atrophic gastritis is more unique effect. ─── 尤其對癌前病變的萎縮性胃炎更有獨特療效。

48、Analysis of acerbity function of secrete of gastritis of B atrophic sex can assume normal or small acerbity position. ─── b型萎縮性胃炎泌酸功能分析可呈正?；虻退釥顟B(tài)。

49、"Of next year the 3rd, four quarters just are foreign trade order most the most atrophic quarter, but the enterprise that comes down alive can have more opportunities. ─── “明年的第三、四季度才是外貿訂單最最萎縮的季度，但活下來(lái)的企業(yè)就會(huì )有更多的機會(huì )?！?/p>

50、Atrophic gastitis is often the precursor of cancer. ─── 萎縮性胃炎往往是癌變產(chǎn)前兆。

51、Resection of atrophic right liver lobe bearing hepatolithiasis combined hepatic hilar plasty has reached both elimination of liver focus and maintaining the physiological entitity of bile duct. ─── 含石的萎縮右半肝切除加肝門(mén)膽管整形既達到了清除病灶的目的，又保持了膽管的通暢性及生理功能的完整性；

52、But in our market of foreign capital of depression of international money market, churchyard new issue continuously below atrophic big environment, IPO is exited become even more hard. ─── 但在國際金融市場(chǎng)蕭條、境內外資本市場(chǎng)新股發(fā)行持續萎縮的大環(huán)境下，IPO退出變得越發(fā)艱難。

53、Patients with AOM and an atrophic scar failed the DPOAE test. ─── 另外，急性中耳炎及鼓膜呈萎縮性瘢痕者，其變頻耳聲傳射皆消失。

54、Because be lengthened as what lack tooth time, bone of chamfer of tooth of the area that be short of a tooth is met gradually atrophic, become low, and speed of much place atrophy is abhorrent still. ─── 因為隨著(zhù)缺牙時(shí)間的延長(cháng)，缺牙區牙槽骨會(huì )逐漸萎縮，變低，而且多部位萎縮速度還不一致。

55、Cerebrum blood-vessel is atrophic, is those who bring about hypertensive? What disease can bring about cerebrum blood-vessel atrophy, what to have corresponding remedy! ─── 大腦血管萎縮，導致的高血壓？什么病可導致大腦血管萎縮，有沒(méi)有什么相應治療措施！

56、The lesions were markedly atrophic and sclerotic.Some joints were stiffened. ─── 四肢皮膚明顯硬化萎縮，部分關(guān)節強直固定。

57、Objective: To observe the law Wenyang Jianpi spleen deficiency chronic atrophic gastritis serum epidermal growth factor levels. ─── 摘要目的：觀(guān)察溫陽(yáng)健脾法對脾虛型慢性萎縮性胃炎血清表皮生長(cháng)因子水平的影響。

58、Keywords Chronic atrophic gastritis Growth hormone; ─── 慢性萎縮性胃炎;生長(cháng)激素;

59、The thresholds of ABR reduced significantly in the TLL groups than in the control group(P

60、The primary lesions consist of purpuric papules which undergo superficial ulceration, followed by the development of irregular atrophic scars. ─── 其初期的病灶為紫斑性丘疹，進(jìn)而形成表淺之潰瘍，而后形成不規則狀萎縮性疤痕。

61、Abstract： Objective：To explore the therapeutic effect and mechanism of Weishu capsule (WSC) in treating precancerous lesions of chronic atrophic gastritis(CAG). ─── 摘 要： 目的：探討胃舒膠囊對萎縮性胃炎癌前病變的治療作用及機制。

62、The underlying pathogenesis of steroid-induced myopathy associated with chronic use is a non-necrotic atrophic myopathy resulting in proximal muscle weakness without muscle pain or tenderness. ─── 慢性用藥導致的類(lèi)固醇誘導性肌病是一種非壞死性萎縮性肌病，導致近端肌無(wú)力不伴有肌肉疼痛和壓痛。

63、Keywords Rats;Atrophic gastritis;Model;animal; ─── 大鼠;萎縮性胃炎;模型;動(dòng)物;

64、Reflux esophagitis, acute gastritis, superficial and atrophic gastritis, gastroduodenal ulcer disease, gastroptosis, coronary heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, such as Kechuan. ─── 反流性食道炎、急性胃炎、淺表及萎縮性胃炎、胃十二指腸、潰瘍病、胃下垂、冠心病、風(fēng)心病、咳喘等。

65、But for disease of compasses model for painting, 1989 the whole nation the 5thTasteIll learning conference makes clear gastritis of will atrophic sex to bring into " gastric ruffian " ill limits. ─── 但為規范本病，1989年全國第五屆脾胃病學(xué)術(shù)會(huì )議明確將萎縮性胃炎納入“胃痞” 病范圍。

66、A 64-year-old female presented with universal parchmentlike atrophic p laque in extremities and trunk for fi ve years. ─── 患者女,64歲。四肢、軀干泛發(fā)性羊皮紙樣萎縮性斑片5年,雙乳內下方和劍突處起血皰1個(gè)月。

67、Slide 3-5 This is a case of the parietal kerion for three weeks. This picture shows the infiltrated follicular pustules and atrophic scars. ─── 幻燈3-5這是頂部膿癬病例，病程已3周，呈現出浸潤性毛囊性膿皰及萎縮瘢痕。

68、Some remaining atrophic adrenal is seen at the right. ─── 右邊是殘余萎縮的腎上腺。

69、In body symptom respect, the skin is atrophic and dry knit more, hoar tine falls, quiver of tongue, hand, eyesight, audition drops etc. ─── 在軀體癥狀方面，皮膚萎縮而干燥多皺，發(fā)白齒落，舌、手震顫，視力、聽(tīng)力減退等。

70、Gastritis of chronic and atrophic sex comes on concern with oneself immunity, reason is OK prednisone of try out short distance make immunity restrain cure. ─── 慢性萎縮性胃炎發(fā)病與自身免疫有關(guān)，故可以試用短程強的松等作免疫抑制治療。

71、Gastritis of A atrophic sex: Endoscope examination pathological changes basically is secreting the gastric body ministry of hydrochloric acid and pepsin, show more diffuse distributing. ─── a型萎縮性胃炎：內窺鏡檢查病變主要在分泌鹽酸和胃蛋白酶的胃體部，多呈彌漫分布。

72、Gastritis of chronic and atrophic sex, as a result of the atrophy of inherent gland body, gastric juice secretes an amount general calibration ordinary person is little. ─── 慢性萎縮性胃炎，由于固有腺體的萎縮，胃液分泌量一般較正常人為少。

73、Objective To investigate the combination of long pulsed 1064nm laser and Er-laser dermabrasion on treatment of atrophic acne scars. ─── 尋常性痤瘡是一種常見(jiàn)的毛囊皮脂腺結構的慢性炎癥性疾患，表現為粉刺、丘疹、膿皰、結節、囊腫等。

74、The immunostain for high molecular weight cytokeratin can be helpful in distinguishing between atrophy (fragmented basal cell layer) from atrophic ariant of prostatic adenocarcinoma (no basal cell layer). ─── 應用高分子量細胞角蛋白免疫染色可以將單純萎縮跟萎縮型的前列腺腺癌區分開(kāi)來(lái)，前者可見(jiàn)到呈碎片狀的基底細胞層，后者無(wú)基底細胞層。

75、In total of 65 eyes in 51 AMD patients, 42 eyes(64 6%) were diagnosed atrophic type, 23 eyes (35 4%) exudative type. ─── 5 1例AMD患者 6 5只眼中 ,萎縮型 42只眼 (6 4 6% ) ,滲出型 2 3只眼 (35 4% )。

76、The time to healing in 2 cases of atrophic non-union were 13 and 18 months, respectively, which appeared significantly prolonged (P

77、Below such state, global substance economy will be farther atrophic, and the opportunity that fictitious economy welcomes a great progress possibly. ─── 在這樣的狀況下，全球實(shí)體經(jīng)濟將進(jìn)一步萎縮，而虛擬經(jīng)濟則可能迎來(lái)一個(gè)大發(fā)展的時(shí)機。

78、This article introduces professor Zhu Shengliang's clinical experience in the differentiation and treatment of chronic atrophic gastritis. ─── 摘要介紹朱生梁教授辨治慢性萎縮性胃炎的臨床經(jīng)驗。

79、A 18-year-old girl student has had multiple hemorrhagic bullae with atrophic scars on both limbs and left side of the face due to mosquito bites for 16 years. ─── 在目前報告中，患者為18歲女學(xué)生，在她四肢及面部左側，在蚊咬后立刻出現紅疹多發(fā)性大型血泡及萎縮性疤痕，亡夜十二年之久。

80、Local choriocapillaries filling deficiency was found in 24 atrophic AMD. CNV was detected in the area previously subject to chorioca pillaries filling deficiency in the 16 exudative AMD eyes (67%). ─── 24只萎縮型AMD黃斑區脈絡(luò )膜毛細血管層均有局限性灌注不良,16眼(67%)CNV在原脈絡(luò )膜毛細血管灌注不良區域內生成。

81、chronic atrophic antralgastritis ─── 慢性萎縮性胃竇炎

82、Shoulder function is significantly inferior if the teres minor is atrophic or absent. ─── 如果小圓肌存在肩功能可能保留很好，相比之下，如果其萎縮或者缺如，則效果欠佳。

83、It is argued that chronic atrophic gastritis is associated with debility,attack of exogenous pathogens,improper diet,emotional stress and exhaustion. ─── 慢性萎縮性胃炎的發(fā)生多與素體虛弱、外邪入侵、飲食不節、七情過(guò)極、勞倦過(guò)度等有關(guān);

84、Use 6 ? of palace antrum radium therapy or cobaltic ? commonly 0 radiative cure, can destroy ovarian function, make different inside film is atrophic. ─── 一般用宮腔鐳療或鈷?6?0放射治療，能破壞卵巢功能，使異位內膜萎縮。

85、Methods: There was the retrospective analysis of clinical data in 97 cases with atrophic cholecystitis. ─── 方法：回顧性分析97例萎縮性膽囊炎的臨床資料。

86、Chronic Atrophic Gastritis (CAG) is a common disease in clinic. Because of its positive correlation with morbidity of gastric carcinoma, it was considered as a precancerous condition by World Health Organization (WHO). ─── 慢性萎縮性胃炎(Chronic Atrophic Gastritis,CAG)是一種臨床上常見(jiàn)的胃部疾患，由于其與胃癌尤其是腸型胃癌發(fā)生率呈顯著(zhù)正相關(guān)，WHO將其列為胃癌前期狀態(tài)。

87、Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of gastroscopic manifestataions to chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG). ─── 摘要目的探討胃鏡下表現對慢性萎縮性胃炎(CAG)的診斷價(jià)值。

88、There are well-known risk factors for gastric cancer such as environment, foods, Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach, chronic atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. ─── 多種因素與胃癌的發(fā)生相關(guān)，如環(huán)境、飲食、幽門(mén)螺桿菌感染、慢性萎縮性胃炎和腸上皮化生等。

89、Atrophic rhinitis is very difficult to treat. ─── 萎縮性鼻炎是非常困難的治療。