?oddball

oddball發(fā)音

英：[??db?:l]　　美：[?ɑd?b?l]

英：　　美：

oddball中文意思翻譯

adj.古怪的

n.古怪的人

oddball詞形變化

副詞: odd-pinnately |

oddball常見(jiàn)例句

1 、Oh what the hell, with Ray Milland at his curmudgeonly best as the patriarch of this oddball Southern family, it still qualifies as swamp noir.───噢什么地獄，與雷米蘭德他curmudgeonly最好的主教這個(gè)古怪南部的家庭，但它仍然有資格作為沼澤黑色。

2 、But if you're looking for something done really wrong, turn to professionals, who also have problems classifying some of the oddball organisms cobbled together by evolution.───但如果你想找些錯得離譜的例子，就得來(lái)看看專(zhuān)業(yè)人士。他們也一樣，在為演化所胡亂拼湊起來(lái)的古怪生物分類(lèi)時(shí)，同樣發(fā)生了問(wèn)題。

3 、And anotIT oddball is Bill, especially when it comings to nutriment. Can you believe it, he even puts catchup on his ice cream. Talk about oddballs!───另外唯一很怪的人是比爾，特別是在吃物品方全國面。你信不信，他吃冰淇淋的時(shí)間竟然還要加蕃茄醬。真是什么怪人都有！

4 、However, the sudden disappearanc of Chloe's own Dalmatian puppies, namely Pongo and Perdy's grandchildren, Little Dipper, Domino and Oddball, suggests that all is not as it seems.───然而,克洛艾自己的一群花斑小狗,即龐戈和珀帝的孫子可愛(ài)的北斗星、多米諾和怪球,卻突然失蹤了,這暗示一切并非如看起來(lái)那樣簡(jiǎn)單。

5 、He's an oddball, he's obsessive, he may be even a creep, but I don't think he's our shooter.─── 他為人古怪詭異 甚至可能是個(gè)討厭鬼 但我覺(jué)得他不是我們要找的兇手

6 、That is in sharp contrast to Hong Kong where, for some peculiar reason, investors are particularly fond of oddball securities with opaque pricing and monstrously complex structures.───這種行為在香港就成了強烈的對比。因為在香港，投資人為了一些奇特的理由，對于不透明價(jià)格以及結構異常復雜的奇怪債券特別有興趣。

7 、Calculator hackers are a small band of enthusiasts who revel in making their clunky devices perform sometimes oddball tasks.───計算器黑客是這樣一群小眾：他們酷愛(ài)讓手中笨拙的計算器執行那些有時(shí)顯得稀奇古怪的任務(wù)。

8 、A self-confessed oddball, Mr Murakami is a peculiar memoirist.───并不否認自己是一個(gè)怪人，村上春樹(shù)先生是一位特別的傳記作家。

9 、Uric the Oddball (Medieval, dates unknown) Highly eccentric wizard who is famed, among other things, for wearing a jellyfish for a hat.───怪人尤里克(中世紀,年份不詳)不正常巫師,在諸多怪行中,尤以戴一個(gè)水母當帽子最為著(zhù)名。

10 、Binns droned on and on while they scribbled down names and dates, and got Emetic the Evil and Uric the Oddball mixed up.───上課時(shí)賓斯教授用單調乏味的聲 音不停地講，學(xué)生們則潦潦草草地記下人名和日期，把惡人墨瑞克和怪人尤里克也搞混了。

11 、Nature's instruction manual for this oddball, it turns out, is just as much of a mishmash.───自然課本上都把這個(gè)怪胎描寫(xiě)成幾個(gè)物種的混合體。

12 、I don't want to be an oddball.───我不想當一個(gè)古怪的人。

13 、FOURTH ELDER CHANG ( to Wang Lifa): Oddball, that guy,───常四爺（對王利發(fā)）邪！這倒是個(gè)怪人！

14 、PAIN-EVOKED POTENTIALS IN AN ODDBALL DESIGN───新異刺激模型中的痛覺(jué)誘發(fā)電位

15 、The technology bubble's bursting in 2000 was supposed to put an end to the dreams of oddball Internet startups.───2000年高科技公司泡沫的破滅也被認為最終將終結那些古怪的網(wǎng)絡(luò )創(chuàng )業(yè)公司。

16 、Just an oddball mamma's boy from the back bayous of Louisiana, Bobby Boucher never wanted anything more than to quench the thirst of the dehydrated athletes who treat him like dirt!───波比布殊(阿當桑迪拿)是一個(gè)在農村長(cháng)大，從小到大受到古怪母親溺愛(ài)的男子，他的人生目標就是為美式足球隊隊員提供新鮮清水解渴，但卻成為隊員的笑柄。

17 、The oddball GRB is visible in the center of the right image.───這奇怪的GRB在右部圖像的中心是可見(jiàn)的。

18 、When I get on the bus, I found a oddball man, his clothing flyaway, sit on his seat.───我上汽車(chē)不久就注意到一個(gè)外貌很怪的男人。他穿著(zhù)一件不合身的上衣，一動(dòng)不動(dòng)地坐在位子上。

19 、Young boys who don't spend time with their daddies grow up to be oddballs.─── 不跟自己父親花時(shí)間共處的小男孩 長(cháng)大后會(huì )變成怪胎

20 、eg: And another oddball is Bill, especially when it comes to food. Can you believe it, he even puts catchup on his ice cream. Talk about oddballs!───另外一個(gè)很怪的人是比爾，特別是在吃東西方面。你信不信，他吃冰淇淋的時(shí)候竟然還要加蕃茄醬。真是什么怪人都有！

21 、"And another oddball is Bill especially when it comes to food. Can you believe it he even puts catchup on his ice cream. Talk about oddballs!"───這句話(huà)的意思是：“另外一個(gè)很怪的人是比爾，特別是在吃東西方面。你信不信，他吃冰淇淋的時(shí)候竟然還要加蕃茄醬。真是什么怪人都有！”

22 、Now, a former discredited Navy pilot and an oddball technician must race against the clock to find where the angry employee is, and regain control of the plane before it crashes into the city.───現在，掃地前海軍飛行員和技師的古怪必須分秒必爭，以找到憤怒的員工，并重新控制了飛機墜毀前進(jìn)入城市。

23 、Now the computer has this oddball love than to see things casually, often wearing more formal people more money.───現在的電腦怪才都有這愛(ài)好，比著(zhù)看誰(shuí)穿得隨便，往往是穿著(zhù)越正式的人越?jīng)]錢(qián)。

24 、The new boss is a bit of an oddball.───新老板有點(diǎn)古怪。

25 、Our neighbor is a real oddball he never talk to anyone.───我們的鄰居真是一個(gè)怪胎 他從不跟任何人說(shuō)話(huà)。

26 、Once the preserve of a few oddball US enthusiasts, they’ve gone mainstream - and global.───如今，它在全球越來(lái)越受歡迎，并已成為主流。歐洲足球比賽的結果是多少？

27 、The Rockets already are something of an oddball team, led by two laid-back leaders in McGrady and Yao, who have yet to forge any kind of identity for their team.───火箭說(shuō)起來(lái)真是一支很怪的球隊，有兩個(gè)懶懶散散的超級明星，他們還沒(méi)有在球隊中建立起自己的真正形象。

28 、But because of a computer foulup, Greenwich Village police did not believe Daniel Valencia and nearly wrote him off as another oddball.───可是由于電腦錯誤，格林威治村警方不相信瓦倫西亞，幾乎將他視為又一個(gè)神經(jīng)病。

29 、He got tired of running and confessed to robbing a jewelry store in Maryland. But because of a computer foulup, Greenwich Village police did not believe Daniel Valencia and nearly wrote him off as another oddball.───他對于東奔西逃感到疲倦，招認了打動(dòng)馬里蘭州一家珠寶店?？墒怯捎陔娔X錯誤，格林威治村警方不相信瓦倫西亞，幾乎將他視為又一個(gè)神經(jīng)病。

30 、Plus, then there's all the other oddballs who call, write letters, send emails.─── 再加上一些奇怪的人 打來(lái)匿名** 或是寫(xiě)信 發(fā)郵件

31 、But once he introduced the oddball, though proper, species it was close enough to the persistent state that it easily moved there and will probably stay there.───一旦引進(jìn)了雖然合適卻很奇特的物種，就足以接近回歸狀態(tài)，它輕易地遷移到那里，也許還會(huì )留在那里?！?/p>

32 、The Internet is awash with electric vehicle demonstration vehicles, but few have as much oddball spark as the new Kangoo be bop ZE.───互聯(lián)網(wǎng)充斥著(zhù)電動(dòng)汽車(chē)示范車(chē)，但很少有引發(fā)多古怪的新甘果是國際收支平衡表昃。

33 、Our neighbor is a real oddball -- he never talks to anyone.───我們的鄰居真是一個(gè)怪胎--他從不跟任何人說(shuō)話(huà)。

34 、He started reading the botanical history of the area and studying the oddball species.───他開(kāi)始讀當地的植物歷史，研究那些古怪的物種。

35 、Our neighbor is a real oddball - - he never talks to anyone.───我們的鄰居真是一個(gè)怪胎－－他從不跟任何人說(shuō)話(huà)。

36 、And another oddball is Bill.especially when it comes to food .Can you believe it .he even puts catchup on his ice cream. Talk about oddballs!───另外一個(gè)很怪的人是比爾.特別是在吃東西方面.你信不信.他吃冰淇淋的時(shí)候竟然還要加蕃茄醬.真是什么怪人都必須有!

37 、The oddball species, Packard was coming to realize, were the main show of the clearings.───帕克德漸漸明白了，這古怪的物種是這些空地上的主要物種。

38 、A somewhat eccentric person; an oddball.───有些怪癖的人;怪人

39 、They did not see that these findings were necessarily clarifying the picture of how memories are formed.But an oddball substance right there on their own list, it turned out, had unusual properties.───他們沒(méi)有預見(jiàn)這些研究發(fā)現必然能闡明記憶是如何形成的，可正是他們那份名單上的一項古怪物質(zhì)，最終被確認原來(lái)是有著(zhù)某種不同尋常特性的。

40 、Our neighbor be a real oddball - - he never talk to anyone───我們的鄰居真是一個(gè)怪胎--他從不跟任何人說(shuō)話(huà)

41 、Who snatched up Oddball and landed her inside the train?───是誰(shuí)把奇球叼起來(lái)扔進(jìn)火車(chē)的?

42 、A candid conversation with America’s newest billionaires about their oddball company, how they tamed the web and why their motto is “Don’t be evil”───與美國新銳億萬(wàn)富翁的對話(huà)：他們開(kāi)創(chuàng )的神奇事業(yè)、他們如何征服網(wǎng)絡(luò )世界以及那句“Don‘t be evil”（不作惡）的座右銘從何而來(lái)。

43 、The oddball square was either a different shade of green from the rest of the squares, or it was blue.───這個(gè)奇特方塊的綠色灰度不同于其它方塊，或者是藍色的。

44 、I did, but the guy who sold it to me was sort of an oddball.─── 找到了 但是賣(mài)我的那個(gè)人有些怪異

45 、It was unclear how Pluto's demotion might affect the mission of NASA's New Horizons spacecraft, which earlier this year began a 91/2-year journey to the oddball object to unearth more of its secrets.───還不清楚冥王星的降級會(huì )不會(huì )影響到美國航天局的新視野號探測器。該探測器于今年初發(fā)射，將歷時(shí)9年半到達冥王星。它將會(huì )揭開(kāi)這個(gè)神秘天體的更多秘密。

46 、She had a whole list of oddball phrases to describe her various states of mind───她有一系列古怪的用語(yǔ)來(lái)形容她不同的心境。

47 、Method: Neuropsychological scale (HDS) and P300 of oddball auditory evoked modal were examined in 24 patients with cerebral infarction without dementia and 24 normal subjects with age and sex matched.───方法:分別對24名無(wú)癡呆的多發(fā)性腦梗塞患者及年齡匹配的24名正常人進(jìn)行神經(jīng)心理學(xué)量表(長(cháng)谷川智力量表)(HDS)評分及聽(tīng)覺(jué)P_(300)檢測。

48 、Why was Oddball so happy that day?───為什么奇球那天特別開(kāi)心?

49 、The nature of ERPs components elicited by the non-verbal stimuli was identical with that found in classical oddball paradigms.───在被試為了盡快按鍵而集中注意于注意通路中搜索命令信號的間隙，呈現非注意通路的刺激。

50 、A note about Factory: Factory is really an oddball building, in that rather than relax a restriction or enhance an effect, it causes an effect which is out of place from the normal flow of the game.───關(guān)于工廠(chǎng)的一個(gè)提示：工廠(chǎng)確實(shí)是一個(gè)古怪建筑，因為它不是放松一種限制或增強一種效果，工廠(chǎng)導致正常的游戲流程錯位。

51 、Did Alonso get rid of Oddball?───阿松干掉奇球了嗎?

52 、This engine is something of an oddball in a world of V8s, but it produces plenty of bottom-end torque.───這種發(fā)動(dòng)機在眾多的V8型發(fā)動(dòng)機中，雖然樣子顯得有點(diǎn)古怪，但是它產(chǎn)生較大的下止點(diǎn)力距。

53 、How easy was it to persuade Depp to conjure up yet another enigmatic oddball?───說(shuō)服戴普變出一個(gè)神秘的怪家伙有多么容易？

54 、We're all oddballs and misfits and weirdos, but the great thing about this place is we all belong, especially this good man, who gave me the courage to conquer my fear and become part of this community.─── 我們是怪咖 奇葩 怪胎 但這里最好的地方就是包容一切 特別是這個(gè)善良的人 是他給了我戰勝恐懼的勇氣 讓我成為這個(gè)團體的一部分

55 、He got tired of running and confessed to robbing a jewelry store in Maryland. But because of a computer foulup, Greenwich Village police didn't believe Daniel Valencia and nearly wrote him off as another oddball.───他對于東奔西逃感到疲倦，招認了打動(dòng)馬里蘭州一家珠寶店?？墒怯捎陔娔X錯誤，格林威治村警方不相信瓦倫西亞，幾乎將他視為又一個(gè)神經(jīng)

56 、When Buffett began managing money in 1956 with $100,000 cobbled together from a handful of investors, he was dubbed an oddball.───1956年巴菲特拿著(zhù)10萬(wàn)美元和他的投資伙伴開(kāi)始了自己的投資，因為他的所作所為使他被稱(chēng)為少數的固執者。

57 、Kafuka, an oddball and expediter in tbe western art, exhibits an eccentric while normal world to us with the lunatic eyes.───卡夫卡這位西方藝術(shù)的怪胎和探險家,以他“瘋子”的眼睛向我們展示了一個(gè)荒誕的常人世界。

58 、"And another oddball is Bill, especially when it comes to food. Can you believe it; he even puts catchup on his ice cream. Talk about oddballs!"───另外一個(gè)很怪的人是比爾,特別是在吃東西方面。你信不信,他吃冰淇淋的時(shí)候竟然還要加蕃茄醬。真是什么怪人都有!

59 、The event-related potentials (P300) were detected by auditory oddball paradigm in 40 patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and 30 normal controls.───對40例糖尿病患者和30例正常對照進(jìn)行了誘發(fā)電位P300的檢測。

60 、Jim is an oddball; he refuses to dress properly for formal occasions.───吉姆是個(gè)怪人，他不愿穿著(zhù)得體地去參加正式場(chǎng)合的活動(dòng)。

61 、With the help of an unforgettable set of new Dalmatian friends, Waddlesworth and Oddball lead the pack on what quickly becomes a high-spirited romp through the streets of Paris!───這對令人印象深刻的組合-斑點(diǎn)狗家族的新朋友韋韋與怪波，帶領(lǐng)所有動(dòng)物成員，將巴黎街頭鬧得興高采烈！

62 、This study explored the inconsistent findings from Merikle's and Daza's researches by combining the Oddball paradigm with the Stroop paradigm.───本研究采用oddball與Stroop相結合的范式,對導致Merikle與Daza等研究結果之間的矛盾進(jìn)行了考察。

63 、METHODS Every subject (n=8) was tes-ted with a standard aural oddball paradigm to obtain ERP P 300. They were tested at 5 timepoints (7:00, 12:00, 16:00, 20:00, 0:00) per day in 5 days with an interval of at least 1 wk between 2 test days.───方法 8名被試者在非連續的 5 d的實(shí)驗中每天在 5個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn) (7:0 0 ,12 :0 0 ,16 :0 0 ,2 0 :0 0和 0 :0 0 )重復相同的聽(tīng)覺(jué) Oddball模式測試以誘發(fā)腦事件相關(guān)電位(ERP) .

64 、'' i'm defiinitely the oddball here. i'm the outcast.───在這里我肯定是個(gè)古怪的人，是個(gè)被遺棄的人。

65 、My friend Joe is certainly an oddball.───這是說(shuō)：“我的朋友喬伊真怪。

66 、Yu tells all these to his oddball co-workers, they just dismiss it as vain talk and blame him for not completing his assignment.───豈料反激怒鬼出現喝罵停車(chē)，眾人嘩然大叫跳車(chē)逃命。

67 、Hospice and University are also oddball in this sense, but the effect that they produce, and the cost of the building, are just not enough to make them serious game disturbances.───從這點(diǎn)看收容所和大學(xué)也是古怪建筑，但是其產(chǎn)生的作用和建造成本不足以導致嚴重的游戲變化。

68 、"And another oddball is Bill, especially when it comes to food. Can you believe it, he even puts catchup on his ice cream. Talk about oddballs!"───"另外一個(gè)很怪的人是比爾，特別是在吃東西方面。你信不信，他吃冰淇淋的時(shí)候竟然還要加蕃茄醬。真是什么怪人都有！”

69 、But as fate would have it, he has run into one Wang Xiao-Ye, an oddball and pain-in-the-butt who even dares to engage in swearing matches with his US superiors.───但他偏偏碰到了王曉野，一個(gè)令其頭痛的異數，一個(gè)與美國上司都敢破口對罵的家伙。

70 、Or am I the oddball?───或者我是個(gè)特例？

71 、Pluto, the solar system's oddball, has an upside-down atmosphere compared with Earth. Temperatures rise, rather than drop, with altitude on the dwarf planet, a new study finds.───太陽(yáng)系的“怪客”冥王星有著(zhù)和地球截然相反的大氣層。新研究發(fā)現，在這顆矮行星上，隨著(zhù)海拔的升高，氣溫不降反升。

72 、Dave: He does look like an 1)oddball! He's always coming and going at night.───戴夫：他的確像是個(gè)怪人！他總是在夜晚進(jìn)進(jìn)出出的。

73 、oddball characters───古怪的人物

74 、Told you, I'm an oddball I actually like it here.─── 說(shuō)了吧 我是個(gè)怪胎 我喜歡這里

75 、You might think that maybe the solar system that we have here is actually the oddball and that the natural order of things are these other systems that we think of as weird.─── 換個(gè)角度想 或許我們的太陽(yáng)系 才是奇怪的 我們原以為奇怪的行星系統 反而是正常的

76 、However,the sudden disappearanc of Chloe's own Dalmatian puppies,namely Pongo and Perdy's grandchildren,Little Dipper,Domino and Oddball,suggests that all is not as it seems.───然而，克洛艾自己的一群花斑小狗，即龐戈和珀帝的孫子可愛(ài)的北斗星、多米諾和怪球，卻突然失蹤了，這暗示一切并非如看起來(lái)那樣簡(jiǎn)單。

77 、What they are he, Richard Feynman, isn’t sure: an oddball approach, perhaps.───兩人不停地發(fā)問(wèn)，不停地思考，這一老一少生命軌跡的交集，從對話(huà)開(kāi)始，以對話(huà)結束。

78 、Why did Cruella throw Oddball away?───為什么黑心娜娜把奇球扔掉了?

79 、Did the gravity of our galaxy's spiral arms force them into oddball orbits, or are they immigrants, formed in regions beyond the Milky Way from material that was never part of it?───它們是否受我們星系旋臂的重力所迫而進(jìn)入古怪的軌道？或者根本就是源自銀河系之外，由不屬于本星系的材料所建構出的外來(lái)移民呢？

80 、Probably an oddball like his sister, and extremely close with his sister, which the town finds odd.─── 可能骨子里跟他妹妹一樣是個(gè)怪咖 他跟他妹妹感情特別深 街坊覺(jué)得這很反常

81 、I know. I keep running into, no offense, but oddballs like yourself.─── 我知道 我總是會(huì )撞見(jiàn) 像你一樣的怪人 無(wú)意冒犯

82 、But when I saw that oddball, I thought, how could she have fallen for him?───那天看見(jiàn)這樣一個(gè)怪東西，蘇**竟會(huì )看中他！

83 、A somewhat eccentric person;an oddball.───怪癖的人有些怪癖的人；怪人

84 、The sales were totally from the web.Our business is one-off oddball sales.───全部售出的產(chǎn)品都是通過(guò)網(wǎng)上的，我們的業(yè)務(wù)可謂是一次性獨特的銷(xiāo)售了。

flake是什么意思？

俚語(yǔ)意思： 越獄二中：why don't you cut out all the riddles,snowflake,and just give us to a straight.你干嘛不把話(huà)說(shuō)明點(diǎn),小白臉. SNOWFLAKE: Derogatory term for a Caucasian. 不要翻譯成雪花，這里是白種高加索人的不友好的稱(chēng)呼。 snow是指白人嗎，flake俚語(yǔ)中意思為：somewhat eccentric person; an oddball俚語(yǔ) 怪癖的人：有些怪癖的人；怪人 。

腦電必讀干貨：ERP經(jīng)典成分匯總

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導讀

ERP 是Event-related Potentials的簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)。 ERP波形通常用正峰和負峰來(lái)描述 ，并用P1、P2和N1、N2等這樣的符號來(lái)表示波形的極性與所在時(shí)間段或達到峰值的位置，例如，N1表示波形中的第一個(gè)負峰，P2表示第二個(gè)正峰。但要注意的是 相同的符號不等同于任何功能上的相關(guān)。 以下簡(jiǎn)要介紹了經(jīng)典的ERP成分，旨在為對認知神經(jīng)心理學(xué)研究感興趣的小伙伴提供參考。

視覺(jué)感官反應

C1 ： 通常起始于刺激后40-60ms，在80-100ms達到峰值。最大幅值出現在頭皮后部的中線(xiàn)電極位置，具有極性變化，來(lái)自V1區（初級視覺(jué)皮層），在距狀裂周?chē)??？赏ㄟ^(guò)上視野的刺激誘發(fā)負向C1波。

推薦閱讀：

Source locations of pattern-specific components of human visual evoked potentials. I. Component of striate cortical origin .

Localization of neural generators during visual selective attention .

Cortical sources of the early components of the visual evoked potential.

P1 ： 通常起始于刺激后60-90ms，在100-130ms達到峰值。位于兩側枕區，可能會(huì )與C1波重疊。fMRI確定P1波早期起源于背側紋外皮層（枕中回），晚期起源主要在腹側梭狀回的腹側部分。

推薦閱讀：

Sensory gain control (amplification) as a mechanism of selective attention: electrophysiological and neuroimaging evidence .

Event-related potential studies of attention .

Flow of activation from V1 to frontal cortex in humans .

N1： 視覺(jué)N1包含多個(gè)子成分。子成分1在刺激后100-150ms達到峰值，位于頭前部電極位置；子成分2在刺激后150-200ms達到峰值，來(lái)自頂葉皮層；子成分3在刺激后150-200ms達到峰值，來(lái)自外側枕葉皮層，這個(gè)子成分可能體現了某種與辨別相關(guān)的處理過(guò)程。

推薦閱讀：

The visual N1 component as an index of a discrimination process .

Neural systems mediating selective attention .

Localizing Visual Discrimination Processes in Time and Space .

A brain event related to the making of a sensory discrimination.

N170與頂正波： 頂正波（vertex positive potential，VPP）是面孔刺激與非面孔刺激的差異波，在150-200ms間達到峰值，位于中央區頭皮的中線(xiàn)部位。N170是指在右半球外側枕葉電極位置發(fā)現的，面孔刺激比非面孔刺激誘發(fā)更負的電位，約在170ms左右達到峰值。倒置面孔比正向面孔誘發(fā)更大的N170，稱(chēng)為倒置效應或面孔特異性。

推薦閱讀：

A face-responsive potential recorded from the human scalp .

Electrophysiological Studies of Face Perception in Humans .

Spatio-temporal localization of the face inversion effect: an event-related potentials study .

The N170: Understanding the Time Course of Face Perception in the Human Brain.

Does physical interstimulus variance account for early electrophysiological face sensitive responses in the human brain? Ten lessons on the N170.

Meaningful processing of meaningless stimuli: The influence of perceptual experience on early visual processing of faces.

A Neural Basis for Expert Object Recognition.

Long-term expertise with artificial objects increases visual competition with early face categorization processes.

P2： 位于頭前部和中央區，靶刺激相對罕見(jiàn)時(shí)反應會(huì )增強。例如，在視覺(jué)Oddball范式中，奇異刺激會(huì )誘發(fā)出比標準刺激更大的P2和P3波幅，但區別是P2效應僅在刺激是基于相對簡(jiǎn)單的刺激特征進(jìn)行定義時(shí)才會(huì )出現，而P3是在任意復雜刺激下都會(huì )出現。

推薦閱讀：

Electrophysiological correlates of feature analysis during visual search.

聽(tīng)覺(jué)感官反應

早潛伏期反應： 聽(tīng)覺(jué)刺激開(kāi)始后的10ms內會(huì )觀(guān)察到一系列ERP峰。腦干誘發(fā)反應(brainstemevoked responses，BERs)或稱(chēng)聽(tīng)覺(jué)腦干反應(auditory brainstem responses，ABRs)，用于評價(jià)聽(tīng)覺(jué)通道的完整性。 中潛伏期反應 是指10-50ms之間的反應，源于內側膝狀體和初級聽(tīng)覺(jué)皮層。 長(cháng)潛伏期反應 通常的順序是P50(又叫P1)、N100(又叫N1)、P160(又叫P2)，受高級認知因素的調控。 N1： 包含幾種不同的子成分。（1）額-中央部分，約75ms達到峰值，源于背側顳葉聽(tīng)覺(jué)皮層；（2）頂區，約100ms達到峰值，源位置尚未知；（3）約150ms達到峰值，可能源于額上回，N1波對注意力敏感。

推薦閱讀：

Sensory ERP Components .

Early ERP components to gaps in white noise: onset and offset effects .

Human Auditory Evoked Potentials .

Auditory event-related potentials studies of information processing during human sleep .

Two separate frontal components in the N1 wave of the human auditory evoked response .

The effects of channel-selective attention on the mismatch negativity wave elicited by deviant tones.

體感、嗅覺(jué)和味覺(jué)反應

N10： 來(lái)自外周神經(jīng)，體感刺激誘發(fā)的是反應動(dòng)作電位而不是突觸后電位；N10反應后跟隨一系列 皮下成分 ，約10-20ms； 短潛伏期和中潛伏期的皮層成分 ，約20-100ms；隨后便是 N1 約150ms；P2約 200ms。

推薦閱讀：

Differential effects of active attention and age on event-related potentials to visual and olfactory stimuli.

Segregation of gustatory cortex in response to salt and umami taste studied through event-related potentials.

N2家族

N2a或稱(chēng)MMN： N2a由聽(tīng)覺(jué)失匹配條件下自動(dòng)誘發(fā)的效應，刺激與任務(wù)無(wú)關(guān)時(shí)也會(huì )被誘發(fā)，這一效應通常被稱(chēng)為失匹配負波。約100-200ms附近的負向波。

N2b或稱(chēng)前部N2成分： 異常刺激是與任務(wù)相關(guān)的，對于聽(tīng)覺(jué)刺激，主要在中央區位置，視覺(jué)刺激在某些情況下也會(huì )誘發(fā)N2b成分。

N2c或稱(chēng)后部N2成分： 主要分布于頭皮后部區域，由任務(wù)相關(guān)的靶刺激誘發(fā)，很像P3波形，而且不常出現的靶刺激會(huì )誘發(fā)更大的N2c成分。

N2pc或稱(chēng)對側負波： 出現時(shí)間與N2c成分大致相同，出現在被注意物體的對側后部頭皮，反應了注意力集中的某個(gè)方面。一般在完成工作記憶任務(wù)時(shí)出現。

推薦閱讀：

Psychophysiology of N200/N400: A review and classification scheme.

A brain event related to the making of a sensory discrimination.

Memory-based detection of task-irrelevant visual changes.

A dedicated low-level mechanism for visual-deviance detection.

The scalp topography of potentials in auditory and visual discrimination tasks.

Novelty and conflict in the categorization of complex stimuli.

Influence of cognitive control and mismatch on the N2 component of the ERP: A review.

Inhibition, response mode, and stimulus probability: a comparative event-related potential study.

Predictive value of novel stimuli modifies visual event-related potentials and behavior.

An ERP study of the temporal course of the Stroop color-word interference effect.

The feedback-related negativity refects the binary evaluation of good versus bad outcomes.

Correct and Incorrect Responses in a Choice Reaction Time Task and the Endogenous Components of the Evoked Potential.

Time-course of hemispheric preference for processing contralateral relevant shapes: P1pc, N1pc, N2pc, N**c.

P3家族

P3a： 額區最大，由意外而不經(jīng)常的，即刺激中不可預測且出現概率較小的變化所誘發(fā)。

P3b： 頂區最大，由意外而不經(jīng)常的，即刺激中不可預測且出現概率較小的變化所誘發(fā)，但是該成分僅出現在這些刺激的變化與任務(wù)相關(guān)時(shí)，絕大多數研究者通常將P3b成分就用P3來(lái)指代。

這里，給大家分享一篇文章 經(jīng)典再讀 | P3a與P3b的整合理論 ， 以加 深 對 P3a與P3b的理 解。

類(lèi)P3反應： 在被試的刺激序列中，出現的不可預期、令人意外、不尋?；蚴谷梭@訝的任務(wù)無(wú)關(guān)的刺激會(huì )在額區誘發(fā)一個(gè)類(lèi)似P3的反應。

注： P3波的標志性特點(diǎn)是其對靶概率的敏感性，靶概率越低，振幅就越大；被試對任務(wù)付出更多的努力時(shí)，振幅也越大，P3振幅=不確定性（U）×（概率P+資源分配R）；P3的潛伏期必須依賴(lài)分類(lèi)刺激所需的時(shí)間，但對分類(lèi)后的過(guò)程卻沒(méi)有邏輯上的依賴(lài)關(guān)系?？梢杂肞3的潛伏期來(lái)確定一個(gè)給定的實(shí)驗操作是影響分類(lèi)的過(guò)程，還是影響反應選擇與執行的過(guò)程。

推薦閱讀：

Neuropsychology of P300 .

Two varieties of long-latency positive waves evoked by unpredictable auditory stimuli in man .

Stimulus novelty, task relevance and the visual evoked potential in man.

Recovery cycles of event-related potentials in multiple detection tasks.

Neural Origins of the P300.

Updating P300: an integrative theory of P3a and P3b.

Neuropsychology and neuropharmacology of P3a and P3b.

P3a from Visual Stimuli: Typicality, Task, and Topography.

P3a, perceptual distinctiveness, and stimulus modality.

P3a and P3b from typical auditory and visual stimuli.

Evidence for an Integrative Role of P3b in Linking Reaction to Perception.

The event-related brain potential as an index of display-monitoring workload.

The dynamics of P300 during dual-task performance.

語(yǔ)言相關(guān)的ERP成分

N400： 負向波形，在中央和頂區電極位置的波幅最大，而且右半球的振幅比左半球稍大。但是N400主要產(chǎn)生于左側顳葉，近期研究發(fā)現，左側前額葉對N400也有貢獻。典型的N400見(jiàn)于違反語(yǔ)義期待的反應。只有有意義的刺激可以誘發(fā)N400或者類(lèi)似N400的活動(dòng)。

P600： 由違反語(yǔ)法規則誘發(fā)，約在300-500ms的左側額葉負波。功能詞會(huì )在左前部電極位置誘發(fā)一個(gè)叫N280的成分，而實(shí)義詞沒(méi)有這個(gè)成分；相反，實(shí)義詞會(huì )誘發(fā)一個(gè)功能詞沒(méi)有的N400。

推薦閱讀：

Language-Related ERP Components .

Reading senseless sentences: brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity .

Event-related potentials to grammatical errors and semantic anomalies .

Electrophysiological evidence for the effect of interactive imagery on episodic memory: Encouraging familiarity for non-unitized stimuli during associative recognition .

Event-related brain potentials reflect semantic priming in an object decision task.

Seeing and hearing meaning: ERP and fMRI evidence of word versus picture integration into a sentence context.

Rapid Distributed Fronto-parieto-occipital Processing Stages During Working Memory in Humans .

Event-related brain potentials elicited by syntactic anomaly .

錯誤相關(guān)的ERP成分

錯誤相關(guān)負波： ( ERN ，error-related negativty)，由錯誤反應后的負反饋所誘發(fā)的。ERN通常被認為產(chǎn)生于前扣帶回的背側部分(dACC)，但其實(shí)ERN的形成可能包含多個(gè)神經(jīng)源的貢獻，它反映了反應監測系統的活動(dòng)，該系統對預期和實(shí)際反應之間的沖突比較敏感，或者會(huì )產(chǎn)生反應依賴(lài)的情緒反應。

推薦閱讀：

A Neural System fo r Error Detection and Compensation .

Effects of errors in choice reaction tasks on the ERP under focused and devided attention.

ERP correlates of conscious error recognition: aware and unaware errors in an antisaccade task.

Is the ‘error negativity’ specific to errors?

Action-monitoring deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

反應相關(guān)的ERP成分

準備電位 ( RP ， readiness   potential) ： 或稱(chēng) BP (b ereitschafts potential ) 。起始于一系列臨時(shí)手動(dòng)反應之前(約1秒左右)的一個(gè)負向慢波，位于額葉和中央區，準備電位的頭部地形圖分布依賴(lài)于使用哪一個(gè)效應器進(jìn)行反應，因身體兩側的差別而異，以及因同側身體使用不同的效應器而異。

偏側化準備電位 ( LRP ， lateralized   readiness potential ) ： 一個(gè)在對側半球比在同側半球(相對于反應手而言)幅值更大的負波，與反應手之間具有側向化關(guān)系，而其他成分沒(méi)有，容易判斷實(shí)驗操作對LRP的時(shí)刻或振幅產(chǎn)生的影響。LRP至少有一部分產(chǎn)生于運動(dòng)皮層。

推薦閱讀：

Topography of the human motor potential .

Brain potential changes in voluntary and passive movements in humans: readiness potential and reafferent potentials.

The Lateralized Readiness Potential.

Effects of preliminary perceptual output on neuronal activity of the primary motor cortex.

Both primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area play an important role in complex finger movement.

參考資料：

Steven J. Luck. (2009).  事件相關(guān)電位基礎 第二版 [M]. 上海:華東師范大學(xué)出版社.

Key, A. P. F. ,  Dove, G. O. , &  Maguire, M. J. . (2005). Linking Brainwaves to the Brain: An ERP Primer.  Developmental Neuropsychology ,  27 (2), 183-215.

Helfrich, R. F. , &  Knight, R. T. . (2019). Handbook of Clinical Neurology[M]. Vol.160 (Cognitive neurophysiology: Event-related potentials, Chapter 36).