Nessie是什么意思,Nessie中文翻譯,Nessie發(fā)音、用法及例句
?Nessie
Nessie發(fā)音
[?nes?]
英: 美:
Nessie中文意思翻譯
n. <口>(英國蘇格蘭北部的)尼斯湖水怪
Nessie常見(jiàn)例句
1 、But Nessie isn't just an icon of the paranormal -- she's also an emblem of Scottish tourism.───尼斯湖位于英國蘇格蘭高原北部的大峽谷中,地處偏遠,地形崎嶇,兩岸陡峭,是英國最大淡水湖。
2 、ECRYPT is a four years information security project with wider scope,which was launched by Europe after NESSIE.───ECRYPT是繼NESSIE之后歐洲啟動(dòng)的一個(gè)規模更大,為期四年的信息安全項目。
3 、Idea 3: Mark and Kathleen manage to convince the hunters that Nessie doesn't exist! How do they do this? What happens next?───想法三:馬克和凱薩琳成功地說(shuō)服獵人尼西并不存在!他們是怎麼做到的?后來(lái)發(fā)生了什麼事?
4 、Sir Curt Godfrey|of the Nessie Alliance...───|保護尼斯湖怪物聯(lián)盟的Curt Godfrey先生...
5 、Idea 2: The hunters catch Nessie! Do Mark and Kathleen rescue it? How do they do it?───想法二:獵人抓到尼西了!馬克和凱薩琳會(huì )去救她嗎?他們會(huì )怎麼做?
6 、More than one slippery creature is said to be living in Loch Nessie.───據說(shuō)尼斯湖里有不止一個(gè)令人難以捉摸的動(dòng)物。
7 、To fuel the debate about the monster,perhaps also curiosity about the lake, a price of 500,000 pounds sterling has been put on Nessie's head.───如今它頭上有五十萬(wàn)英鎊的懸賞,使得學(xué)術(shù)界的爭論日益激烈,或許也會(huì )令游人的好奇日盛吧。
8 、Nessie, Nessy───尼斯湖水怪獸
9 、They are Lamb, Tong, Vanvi, Diana and Nessie.───廢話(huà)少說(shuō),先把五個(gè)人點(diǎn)名。
10 、Most scientists agree that Nessie is neither a whale nor a shark.───大多數科學(xué)家一致認為"尼西"既不是鯨,也不是鯊魚(yú)。
11 、The Monster In Loch Nessie───尼斯湖怪獸
12 、Although no evidence exists to suggest the alleged creature's sex, the nickname "Nessie" sounds feminine, so the creature is often referred to as female.───雖無(wú)證據證明其性別,“尼斯”這一昵稱(chēng)聽(tīng)上去還是有些偏女性,因此這個(gè)生物經(jīng)常作為雌性引用。
13 、The original photo from 1933 of Nessie as the sea monster was called.The photo proved to be a fake.───但1933年尼斯湖怪的照片也信誓旦旦,最后證明,照片也是假的。
14 、I'd go round to see Nessie to try to find out what was up, and she'd beg me to persuade him to change his mind.───我會(huì )去看內茜,試圖發(fā)現究竟怎么了,而她哀求我勸說(shuō)他改變主意。
15 、This wave of "wild man", one can not help but think of in recent years increasingly fashionable new term: "The tourist economy," also reminds me of the famous British "Nessie", "mystery.───如此一波又一波的“野人”消息,讓人不禁聯(lián)想起近些年日漸時(shí)髦的新名詞:“旅游經(jīng)濟”,還想起當年著(zhù)名的英國“尼斯湖怪”之“謎”。
16 、The couple did not claim to have seen Nessie; instead others later assumed it must have been the creature and count it as a monster sighting.───但是這對夫婦并未聲稱(chēng)他們看到的是尼斯湖水怪;而是后來(lái)其他人推測它應該就是水怪,將其視為一樁水怪目擊事件。
17 、Jason told the Sun: `I couldn`t believe it. It`s just like the descriptions of Nessie.───庫克在接受媒體采訪(fǎng)時(shí)表示:“我真的不敢相信自己的眼睛。這個(gè)東西與有關(guān)尼斯湖水怪的描述一模一樣?!?/p>
18 、I employ Sulloway's maxim every time I encounter Bigfoot hunters and Nessie seekers.───每當我遇上尋找大腳或妮西的人時(shí),就提出薩洛威的箴言。
19 、Nessie enthusiasts believe the creature is a plesiosaur - an aquatic reptile that appeared at the start of the Jurassic period and is widely believed to be extinct.───尼斯湖水怪迷認為,這種動(dòng)物應該是一種蛇頸龍。蛇頸龍是一種水生爬行動(dòng)物,生活在侏羅紀初期,很多人認為它們早已滅絕。
20 、My nickname is 'Nessie' and people have been hunting me for generations.───我的昵稱(chēng)是'尼斯湖水怪'和人民一直狩獵我的后代。
21 、SAFER++ is selected for further evaluation in NESSIE second phase. A technique which connects differential cryptanalysis and nonlinear cryptanalysis is used to attack 4,5 and 6 rounds of SAFER++.───SAFER + +是進(jìn)入NESSIE第 2輪評估的 7個(gè)分組算法之一 采用差分密碼分析和非線(xiàn)性密碼分析相結合的方法對 4輪、5輪和 6輪SAFER + +進(jìn)行分析 ,結果表明 :6輪SAFER + +對這種攻擊方法不免疫 ;
22 、Even close family members, taken reverently into the “Nessie room” in his Boston apartment or instructed never to be without cameras on Scottish holidays, could not quite understand his obsession.───他的家庭成員或是恭敬地參觀(guān)了他位于波士頓公寓的“尼斯湖水怪工作室”,或被要求蘇格蘭度假時(shí)必須帶上攝像機,但他們也無(wú)法完全了解他的癡迷。
23 、Nessie, my fave mystery! But I also love mermaids, think I can catch you and your pal?───美女3你總算回復了,我還以為你們對大自然的未知生物不感興趣呢!
24 、After a near fatal encounter with "Nessie" 30 years earlier, James Murphy believes he has finally tracked the creature across the globe to Lake superior.───30多年前,梅詹仕在一次意外中差點(diǎn)喪命,而在迷糊間竟看到像如同尼斯湖水怪一般的迷之生物。
25 、How did Nessie get into Loch Nessie?───"尼西"是怎么進(jìn)入尼斯湖的呢?
26 、Idea 1: Kathleen manages to save Nessie from the hunters. How does she do it? How does Nessie thank her?───想法一:凱薩琳成功地讓尼西躲開(kāi)獵人之手。她是怎麼做到的?尼西會(huì )怎麼感謝她?
27 、NESSIE project───NESSIE計劃
28 、To fuel the debate about the monster, and perhaps also curiosity about the lake, a price of 500,000 pounds sterling has been put on Nessie's head───如今它頭上有50萬(wàn)英鎊的懸賞,更使得有關(guān)它的爭論熱烈起來(lái),或許也會(huì )令游人對該湖的好奇日盛吧。
29 、But 1,500 years since the first reported sighting, the mystery of Nessie is bigger than ever.───又會(huì )訪(fǎng)問(wèn)目擊者,了解他們眼中的尼斯湖水怪面貌及出沒(méi)情形。
30 、The 128-bit blick encryption algorithm Camellia is an NESSIE chosen al gorithm by Japanese cryptographers Shiho Moriai and Mitsuru Matsui.───Camellia算法是NESSIE選擇的一個(gè)128bit的分組加密算法,它與AES一起作為歐洲的加密標準。
31 、SAFER++ is submitted to the European pre-standardization project NESSIE and is one of the seven primitives-selected for the second phase of this project.───是歐洲信息工程的參選算法,并且是進(jìn)入第2輪的7個(gè)候選算法之一。
32 、More than one slippery creature is said to be living in Loch Nessie[1][2]. In any case, people have reported seeing a humped "what-is-it" for over 30 years.───據說(shuō)尼斯湖里有不止一個(gè)令人難以捉摸的動(dòng)物。不管怎么說(shuō),30年來(lái)一直不斷有人報導見(jiàn)到了一個(gè)有駝峰般隆起的背部的"不知是什么"的動(dòng)物。
33 、3 - Why does Nessie rarely surface?───3 -為何尼斯湖水怪很少表面?
34 、"As the most popular tourist attraction in Scotland, Nessie s influence on the cash flow of that country has been significant," wrote the authors of "The 101 most influential people who never lived.───作者在書(shū)中解釋道:“尼斯湖是蘇格蘭最受歡迎的旅游景點(diǎn),它對大量資金流入當地具有舉足輕重的作用?!?/p>
35 、As the most popular tourist attraction in Scotland, Nessie's influence on the cash flow of that country has been significant,"wrote the authors of "───尼斯湖是蘇格蘭最受歡迎的旅游景點(diǎn),它對大量資金流入當地具有舉足輕重的作用。
36 、On Current Development of NESSIE Block Cipher Candidates───簡(jiǎn)評歐洲密碼大計劃的發(fā)展現狀
37 、Is it real or imaginary, this monster, which has been nicknamed Nessie, has collected a good 3000 sightings over the last 50 years?───真假姑且不論,這個(gè)昵稱(chēng)尼西的怪獸在過(guò)去的半個(gè)世紀中已經(jīng)吸引了3000余名游客。
38 、To fuel the debate about the monster, and perhaps also curiosity about the lake, a price of 500,000 pounds sterling has been put on Nessie's head.───蘇格蘭人似乎生來(lái)就就喜歡與神秘事物生活在一起,篤信超自然的力量,因此才有了這些世代相傳的傳說(shuō)和幽靈。
39 、In response to the obligatory next question, he reports that the famous "Nessie" is a beautiful soul, really quite personable and fond of chocolates.───在回應的強制性接下來(lái)的問(wèn)題,他報告說(shuō),著(zhù)名的“尼斯湖水怪”是一個(gè)美麗的靈魂,實(shí)在personable和喜歡巧克力。
40 、Nessie is usually categorized as a type of lake monster.───尼斯湖水怪通常被認為是一種湖中的怪物。
41 、The couple did not claim to have seen Nessie;───但是這對夫婦并未聲稱(chēng)他們看到的是尼斯湖水怪;
42 、"As the most popular tourist attraction in Scotland, Nessie's influence on the cash flow of that country has been significant," wrote the authors of "The 101 most influential people who never lived.───他們的影響無(wú)處不在,從人們的衣食住行到言談舉止,甚至影響了歷史進(jìn)程,但他們在現實(shí)生活中并不存在。
密碼學(xué)的學(xué)科分類(lèi)
Autokey密碼
置換密碼
二字母組代替密碼 (by Charles Wheatstone)
多字母替換密碼
希爾密碼
維吉尼亞密碼
替換式密碼
凱撒密碼
摩爾斯電碼
ROT13
仿射密碼
Atbash密碼
換位密碼
Scytale
Grille密碼
VIC密碼 (一種復雜的手工密碼,在五十年代早期被至少一名蘇聯(lián)**使用過(guò),在當時(shí)是十分安全的)
流密碼
LFSR流密碼
EIGamal密碼
RSA密碼
對傳統密碼學(xué)的攻擊
頻率分析
重合指數
經(jīng)典密碼學(xué)
在近代以前,密碼學(xué)只考慮到信息的機密性(confidentiality):如何將可理解的信息轉換成難以理解的信息,并且使得有秘密信息的人能夠逆向回復,但缺乏秘密信息的**者或**者則無(wú)法解讀。近數十年來(lái),這個(gè)領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)擴展到涵蓋身分認證(或稱(chēng)鑒權)、信息完整性檢查、數字簽名、互動(dòng)證明、安全多方計算等各類(lèi)技術(shù)。
古中國周朝兵書(shū)《六韜.龍韜》也記載了密碼學(xué)的運用,其中的《陰符》和《陰書(shū)》便記載了周武王問(wèn)姜子牙關(guān)于征戰時(shí)與主將通訊的方式: 太公曰:“主與將,有陰符,凡八等。有大勝克敵之符,長(cháng)一尺。破軍擒將之符,長(cháng)九寸。降城得邑之符,長(cháng)八寸。卻敵報遠之符,長(cháng)七寸。警眾堅守之符,長(cháng)六寸。請糧益兵之符,長(cháng)五寸。敗軍亡將之符,長(cháng)四寸。失利亡士之符,長(cháng)三寸。諸奉使行符,稽留,若符事聞,泄告者,皆誅之。八符者,主將秘聞,所以陰通言語(yǔ),不泄中外相知之術(shù)。敵雖圣智,莫之能識?!?/p>
武王問(wèn)太公曰:“… 符不能明;相去遼遠,言語(yǔ)不通。為之奈何?”
太公曰:“諸有陰事大慮,當用書(shū),不用符。主以書(shū)遺將,將以書(shū)問(wèn)主。書(shū)皆一合而再離,三發(fā)而一知。再離者,分書(shū)為三部。三發(fā)而一知者,言三人,人操一分,相參而不相知情也。此謂陰書(shū)。敵雖圣智,莫之能識?!? 陰符是以八等長(cháng)度的符來(lái)表達不同的消息和指令,可算是密碼學(xué)中的替代法(en:substitution),把信息轉變成敵人看不懂的符號。至于陰書(shū)則運用了移位法,把書(shū)一分為三,分三人傳遞,要把三份書(shū)重新拼合才能獲得還原的信息。
除了應用于軍事外,公元四世紀婆羅門(mén)學(xué)者伐蹉衍那(en:Vatsyayana) 所書(shū)的《欲經(jīng)》4 中曾提及到用代替法加密信息。書(shū)中第45項是秘密書(shū)信(en:mlecchita-vikalpa) ,用以幫助婦女隱瞞她們與愛(ài)郞之間的關(guān)系。其中一種方法是把字母隨意配對互換,如套用在羅馬字母中,可有得出下表: A B C D E F G H I J K L M Z Y X W V U T S R Q P O N 由經(jīng)典加密法產(chǎn)生的密碼文很容易泄漏關(guān)于明文的統計信息,以現代觀(guān)點(diǎn)其實(shí)很容易被破解。阿拉伯人津帝(en:al-Kindi)便提及到如果要破解加密信息,可在一篇至少一頁(yè)長(cháng)的文章中數算出每個(gè)字母出現的頻率,在加密信件中也數算出每個(gè)符號的頻率,然后互相對換,這是頻率分析的前身,此后幾乎所有此類(lèi)的密碼都馬上被破解。但經(jīng)典密碼學(xué)仍未消失,經(jīng)常出現在謎語(yǔ)之中(見(jiàn)en:cryptogram)。這種分析法除了被用在破解密碼法外,也常用于考古學(xué)上。在破解古埃及象形文字(en:Hieroglyphs)時(shí)便運用了這種解密法。 標準機構
the Federal Information Processing Standards Publication program (run by NIST to produce standards in many areas to guide operations of the US Federal government; many FIPS Pubs are cryptography related,ongoing)
the ANSI standardization process (produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related,ongoing)
ISO standardization process (produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related,ongoing)
IEEE standardization process (produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related,ongoing)
IETF standardization process (produces many standards (called RFCs) in many areas; some are cryptography related,ongoing)
See Cryptography standards
加密組織
NSA internal evaluation/selections (surely extensive,nothing is publicly known of the process or its results for internal use; NSA is charged with assisting NIST in its cryptographic responsibilities)
GCHQ internal evaluation/selections (surely extensive,nothing is publicly known of the process or its results for GCHQ use; a division of GCHQ is charged with developing and recommending cryptographic standards for the UK government)
DSD Australian SIGINT agency - part of ECHELON
Communications Security Establishment (CSE) - Canadian intelligence agency.
努力成果
the DES selection (NBS selection process,ended 1976)
the RIPE division of the RACE project (sponsored by the European Union,ended mid-'80s)
the AES competition (a 'break-off' sponsored by NIST; ended 2001)
the NESSIE Project (evaluation/selection program sponsored by the European Union; ended 2002)
the CRYPTREC program (Japanese government sponsored evaluation/recommendation project; draft recommendations published 2003)
the Internet Engineering Task Force (technical body responsible for Internet standards -- the Request for Comment series: ongoing)
the CrypTool project (eLearning programme in English and German; freeware; exhaustive educational tool about cryptography and cryptanalysis)
加密散列函數 (消息摘要算法,MD算法)
加密散列函數
消息認證碼
Keyed-hash message authentication code
EMAC (NESSIE selection MAC)
HMAC (NESSIE selection MAC; ISO/IEC 9797-1,FIPS and IETF RFC)
TTMAC 也稱(chēng) Two-Track-MAC (NESSIE selection MAC; K.U.Leuven (Belgium) & debis AG (Germany))
UMAC (NESSIE selection MAC; Intel,UNevada Reno,IBM,Technion,& UCal Davis)
MD5 (系列消息摘要算法之一,由MIT的Ron Rivest教授提出; 128位摘要)
SHA-1 (NSA開(kāi)發(fā)的160位摘要,FIPS標準之一;第一個(gè)發(fā)行發(fā)行版本被發(fā)現有缺陷而被該版本代替; NIST/NSA 已經(jīng)發(fā)布了幾個(gè)具有更長(cháng)'摘要'長(cháng)度的變種; CRYPTREC推薦 (limited))
SHA-256 (NESSIE 系列消息摘要算法,FIPS標準之一180-2,摘要長(cháng)度256位 CRYPTREC recommendation)
SHA-384 (NESSIE 列消息摘要算法,FIPS標準之一180-2,摘要長(cháng)度384位; CRYPTREC recommendation)
SHA-512 (NESSIE 列消息摘要算法,FIPS標準之一180-2,摘要長(cháng)度512位; CRYPTREC recommendation)
RIPEMD-160 (在歐洲為 RIPE 項目開(kāi)發(fā),160位摘要;CRYPTREC 推薦 (limited))
Tiger (by Ross Anderson et al)
Snefru
Whirlpool (NESSIE selection hash function,Scopus Tecnologia S.A. (Brazil) & K.U.Leuven (Belgium))
公/私鑰加密算法(也稱(chēng) 非對稱(chēng)性密鑰算法)
ACE-KEM (NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; IBM Zurich Research)
ACE Encrypt
Chor-Rivest
Diffie-Hellman(key agreement; CRYPTREC 推薦)
El Gamal (離散對數)
ECC(橢圓曲線(xiàn)密碼算法) (離散對數變種)
PSEC-KEM (NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; NTT (Japan); CRYPTREC recommendation only in DEM construction w/SEC1 parameters) )
ECIES (Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption System; Certicom Corp)
ECIES-KEM
ECDH (橢圓曲線(xiàn)Diffie-Hellman 密鑰協(xié)議; CRYPTREC推薦)
EPOC
Merkle-Hellman (knapsack scheme)
McEliece
NTRUEncrypt
RSA (因數分解)
RSA-KEM (NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; ISO/IEC 18033-2 draft)
RSA-OAEP (CRYPTREC 推薦)
Rabin cryptosystem (因數分解)
Rabin-SAEP
HIME(R)
XTR
公/私鑰簽名算法
DSA(zh:數字簽名;zh-tw:數位簽章算法) (來(lái)自NSA,zh:數字簽名;zh-tw:數位簽章標準(DSS)的一部分; CRYPTREC 推薦)
Elliptic Curve DSA (NESSIE selection digital signature scheme; Certicom Corp); CRYPTREC recommendation as ANSI X9.62,SEC1)
Schnorr signatures
RSA簽名
RSA-PSS (NESSIE selection digital signature scheme; RSA Laboratories); CRYPTREC recommendation)
RSASSA-PKCS1 v1.5 (CRYPTREC recommendation)
Nyberg-Rueppel signatures
MQV protocol
Gennaro-Halevi-Rabin signature scheme
Cramer-Shoup signature scheme
One-time signatures
Lamport signature scheme
Bos-Chaum signature scheme
Undeniable signatures
Chaum-van Antwerpen signature scheme
Fail-stop signatures
Ong-Schnorr-Shamir signature scheme
Birational permutation scheme
ESIGN
ESIGN-D
ESIGN-R
Direct anonymous attestation
NTRUSign用于移動(dòng)設備的公鑰加密算法,密鑰比較短小但也能達到高密鑰ECC的加密效果
SFLASH (NESSIE selection digital signature scheme (esp for smartcard applications and similar); Schlumberger (France))
Quartz
秘密鑰算法 (也稱(chēng) 對稱(chēng)性密鑰算法)
流密碼
A5/1,A5/2 (GSM移動(dòng)**標準中指定的密碼標準)
BMGL
Chameleon
FISH (by Siemens AG)
二戰'Fish'密碼
Geheimfernschreiber (二戰時(shí)期Siemens AG的機械式一次一密密碼,被布萊奇利(Bletchley)莊園稱(chēng)為STURGEON)
Schlusselzusatz (二戰時(shí)期 Lorenz的機械式一次一密密碼,被布萊奇利(Bletchley)莊園稱(chēng)為[[tunny)
HELIX
ISAAC (作為偽隨機數發(fā)生器使用)
Leviathan (cipher)
LILI-128
MUG1 (CRYPTREC 推薦使用)
MULTI-S01 (CRYPTREC 推薦使用)
一次一密 (Vernam and Mauborgne,patented mid-'20s; an extreme stream cypher)
Panama
Pike (improvement on FISH by Ross Anderson)
RC4 (ARCFOUR) (one of a series by Prof Ron Rivest of MIT; CRYPTREC 推薦使用 (limited to 128-bit key))
CipherSaber (RC4 variant with 10 byte random IV,易于實(shí)現)
SEAL
SNOW
SOBER
SOBER-t16
SOBER-t32
WAKE
分組密碼
分組密碼操作模式
乘積密碼
Feistel cipher (由Horst Feistel提出的分組密碼設計模式)
Advanced Encryption Standard (分組長(cháng)度為128位; NIST selection for the AES,FIPS 197,2001 -- by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen; NESSIE selection; CRYPTREC 推薦使用)
Anubis (128-bit block)
BEAR (由流密碼和Hash函數構造的分組密碼,by Ross Anderson)
Blowfish (分組長(cháng)度為128位; by Bruce Schneier,et al)
Camellia (分組長(cháng)度為128位; NESSIE selection (NTT & Mitsubishi Electric); CRYPTREC 推薦使用)
CAST-128 (CAST5) (64 bit block; one of a series of algorithms by Carlisle Adams and Stafford Tavares,who are insistent (indeed,adamant) that the name is not due to their initials)
CAST-256 (CAST6) (128位分組長(cháng)度; CAST-128的后繼者,AES的競爭者之一)
CIPHERUNICORN-A (分組長(cháng)度為128位; CRYPTREC 推薦使用)
CIPHERUNICORN-E (64 bit block; CRYPTREC 推薦使用 (limited))
CMEA - 在美國移動(dòng)**中使用的密碼,被發(fā)現有弱點(diǎn).
CS-Cipher (64位分組長(cháng)度)
DESzh:數字;zh-tw:數位加密標準(64位分組長(cháng)度; FIPS 46-3,1976)
DEAL - 由DES演變來(lái)的一種AES候選算法
DES-X 一種DES變種,增加了密鑰長(cháng)度.
FEAL
GDES -一個(gè)DES派生,被設計用來(lái)提高加密速度.
Grand Cru (128位分組長(cháng)度)
Hierocrypt-3 (128位分組長(cháng)度; CRYPTREC 推薦使用))
Hierocrypt-L1 (64位分組長(cháng)度; CRYPTREC 推薦使用 (limited))
International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) (64位分組長(cháng)度--蘇黎世ETH的James Massey & X Lai)
Iraqi Block Cipher (IBC)
KASUMI (64位分組長(cháng)度; 基于MISTY1,被用于下一代W-CDMAcellular phone 保密)
KHAZAD (64-bit block designed by Barretto and Rijmen)
Khufu and Khafre (64位分組密碼)
LOKI89/91 (64位分組密碼)
LOKI97 (128位分組長(cháng)度的密碼,AES候選者)
Lucifer (by Tuchman et al of IBM,early 1970s; modified by NSA/NBS and released as DES)
MAGENTA (AES 候選者)
Mars (AES finalist,by Don Coppersmith et al)
MISTY1 (NESSIE selection 64-bit block; Mitsubishi Electric (Japan); CRYPTREC 推薦使用 (limited))
MISTY2 (分組長(cháng)度為128位:Mitsubishi Electric (Japan))
Nimbus (64位分組)
Noekeon (分組長(cháng)度為128位)
NUSH (可變分組長(cháng)度(64 - 256位))
Q (分組長(cháng)度為128位)
RC2 64位分組,密鑰長(cháng)度可變.
RC6 (可變分組長(cháng)度; AES finalist,by Ron Rivest et al)
RC5 (by Ron Rivest)
SAFER (可變分組長(cháng)度)
SC2000 (分組長(cháng)度為128位; CRYPTREC 推薦使用)
Serpent (分組長(cháng)度為128位; AES finalist by Ross Anderson,Eli Biham,Lars Knudsen)
SHACAL-1 (256-bit block)
SHACAL-2 (256-bit block cypher; NESSIE selection Gemplus (France))
Shark (grandfather of Rijndael/AES,by Daemen and Rijmen)
Square (father of Rijndael/AES,by Daemen and Rijmen)
3-Way (96 bit block by Joan Daemen)
TEA(小型加密算法)(by David Wheeler & Roger Needham)
Triple DES (by Walter Tuchman,leader of the Lucifer design team -- not all triple uses of DES increase security,Tuchman's does; CRYPTREC 推薦使用 (limited),only when used as in FIPS Pub 46-3)
Twofish (分組長(cháng)度為128位; AES finalist by Bruce Schneier,et al)
XTEA (by David Wheeler & Roger Needham)
多表代替密碼機密碼
Enigma (二戰德國轉輪密碼機--有很多變種,多數變種有很大的用戶(hù)網(wǎng)絡(luò ))
紫密(Purple) (二戰日本外交最高等級密碼機;日本海軍設計)
SIGABA (二戰美國密碼機,由William Friedman,Frank Rowlett,等人設計)
TypeX (二戰英國密碼機)
Hybrid code/cypher combinations
JN-25 (二戰日本海軍的高級密碼; 有很多變種)
Naval Cypher 3 (30年代和二戰時(shí)期英國**海軍的高級密碼)
可視密碼
有密級的 密碼 (美國)
EKMS NSA的電子密鑰管理系統
FNBDT NSA的加密窄帶話(huà)音標準
Fortezza encryption based on portable crypto token in PC Card format
KW-26 ROMULUS 電傳加密機(1960s - 1980s)
KY-57 VINSON 戰術(shù)電臺語(yǔ)音加密
SINCGARS 密碼控制跳頻的戰術(shù)電臺
STE 加密**
STU-III 較老的加密**
TEMPEST prevents compromising emanations
Type 1 products
雖然頻率分析是很有效的技巧,實(shí)際上加密法通常還是有用的。不使用頻率分析來(lái)破解一個(gè)信息需要知道是使用何種加密法,因此才會(huì )促成了諜報、賄賂、竊盜或背叛等行為。直到十九世紀學(xué)者們才體認到加密法的算法并非理智或實(shí)在的防護。實(shí)際上,適當的密碼學(xué)機制(包含加解密法)應該保持安全,即使敵人知道了使用何種算法。對好的加密法來(lái)說(shuō),鑰匙的秘密性理應足以保障資料的機密性。這個(gè)原則首先由奧古斯特·柯克霍夫(Auguste Kerckhoffs)提出并被稱(chēng)為柯克霍夫原則(Kerckhoffs' principle)。信息論始祖克勞德·艾爾伍德·香農(Claude Shannon)重述:“敵人知道系統?!?/p>
大量的公開(kāi)學(xué)術(shù)研究出現,是現代的事,這起源于一九七零年代中期,美國國家標準局(National Bureau of Standards,NBS;現稱(chēng)國家標準技術(shù)研究所,National|Institute of Standards and Technology,NIST)制定數字加密標準(DES),Diffie和Hellman提出的開(kāi)創(chuàng )性論文,以及公開(kāi)釋出RSA。從那個(gè)時(shí)期開(kāi)始,密碼學(xué)成為通訊、電腦網(wǎng)絡(luò )、電腦安全等上的重要工具。許多現代的密碼技術(shù)的基礎依賴(lài)于特定基算問(wèn)題的困難度,例如因子分解問(wèn)題或是離散對數問(wèn)題。許多密碼技術(shù)可被證明為只要特定的計算問(wèn)題無(wú)法被有效的解出,那就安全。除了一個(gè)著(zhù)名的例外:一次墊(one-time pad,OTP),這類(lèi)證明是偶然的而非決定性的,但是是目前可用的最好的方式。
密碼學(xué)算法與系統設計者不但要留意密碼學(xué)歷史,而且必須考慮到未來(lái)發(fā)展。例如,持續增加計算機處理速度會(huì )增進(jìn)暴力攻擊法(brute-force attacks)的速度。量子計算的潛在效應已經(jīng)是部份密碼學(xué)家的焦點(diǎn)。
二十世紀早期的密碼學(xué)本質(zhì)上主要考慮語(yǔ)言學(xué)上的模式。從此之后重心轉移,數論。密碼學(xué)同時(shí)也是工程學(xué)的分支,但卻是與別不同,因為它必須面對有智能且惡意的對手,大部分其他的工程僅需處理無(wú)惡意的自然力量。檢視密碼學(xué)問(wèn)題與量子物理間的關(guān)連也是熱門(mén)的研究。
現代密碼學(xué)大致可被區分為數個(gè)領(lǐng)域。對稱(chēng)鑰匙密碼學(xué)指的是傳送方與接收方都擁有相同的鑰匙。直到1976年這都還是唯一的公開(kāi)加密法。
現代的研究主要在分組密碼(block cipher)與流密碼(stream cipher)及其應用。分組密碼在某種意義上是阿伯提的多字符加密法的現代化。分組密碼取用明文的一個(gè)區塊和鑰匙,輸出相同大小的密文區塊。由于信息通常比單一區塊還長(cháng),因此有了各種方式將連續的區塊編織在一起。DES和AES是美國聯(lián)邦政府核定的分組密碼標準(AES將取代DES)。盡管將從標準上廢除,DES依然很流行(3DES變形仍然相當安全),被使用在非常多的應用上,從自動(dòng)交易機、電子郵件到遠端存取。也有許多其他的區塊加密被發(fā)明、釋出,品質(zhì)與應用上各有不同,其中不乏被破解者。
流密碼,相對于區塊加密,制造一段任意長(cháng)的鑰匙原料,與明文依位元或字符結合,有點(diǎn)類(lèi)似一次一密密碼本(one-time pad)。輸出的串流根據加密時(shí)的內部狀態(tài)而定。在一些流密碼上由鑰匙控制狀態(tài)的變化。RC4是相當有名的流密碼。
密碼雜湊函數(有時(shí)稱(chēng)作消息摘要函數,雜湊函數又稱(chēng)散列函數或哈希函數)不一定使用到鑰匙,但和許多重要的密碼算法相關(guān)。它將輸入資料(通常是一整份文件)輸出成較短的固定長(cháng)度雜湊值,這個(gè)過(guò)程是單向的,逆向操作難以完成,而且碰撞(兩個(gè)不同的輸入產(chǎn)生相同的雜湊值)發(fā)生的機率非常小。
信息認證碼或押碼(Message authentication codes,MACs)很類(lèi)似密碼雜湊函數,除了接收方額外使用秘密鑰匙來(lái)認證雜湊值。
女生英文名 要chri開(kāi)頭的,或n開(kāi)頭的。跪求,快點(diǎn)吧~
Chris
或者
Nancy
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