?predetermined

predetermined發(fā)音

[.pri:di'tə:mind]

英：　　美：

predetermined中文意思翻譯

動(dòng)詞predetermine的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞形式

adj. 預訂的

predetermined詞形變化

動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞: predetermined | 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式: predetermined | 名詞: predetermination | 動(dòng)詞第三人稱(chēng)單數: predetermines | 形容詞: predeterminate | 動(dòng)詞現在分詞: predetermining |

predetermined常見(jiàn)例句

1 、He made a modest ramark,” This should be predetermined by the female side.After all it is not objective to score myself.───他謙虛地說(shuō)，這應該問(wèn)女方，畢竟自己給自己打分數是不夠客觀(guān)的。

2 、Waxman bemoan how predetermined beliefs are jeopardizing scientific freedom, you might think you are in another age or in some struggling new country.───但走出他位在角落的辦公室，見(jiàn)到的卻是美國國會(huì )大廈閃亮的圓頂，以及周邊架設了圍欄和最先進(jìn)保全系統的森嚴警備。

3 、In order to engineer the optimal solution, the correlations between paths, the distances between the points to be connected, the required conveying tasks and outputs are predetermined.───為落實(shí)最佳解決方案,必須事先詳細調查運輸路線(xiàn)之間的關(guān)系、兩個(gè)行駛點(diǎn)之間的距離、運輸的目的以及需要的功率等。

4 、It's probably hard for you to imagine how it feels to have your destiny be predetermined at birth.─── 對你來(lái)說(shuō)可能很難想象 一出生命運就定下了是什么感覺(jué)

5 、Predetermined pickups would have been much less risky.─── 預先選定卡車(chē)應該會(huì )減少風(fēng)險

6 、A contract conferring the right but not the obligation to buy (call) or to sell (put) a specified amount of an instrument at a specified price within a predetermined time period.───在預先決定的時(shí)間段內，給與權利但沒(méi)有義務(wù)在指定價(jià)格購買(mǎi)或出售指定數量金融工具的合約。

7 、Any new entrant will obtain grandfathering rights over the relevant slots once it has operated a route for a predetermined period.───任何新航空公司一旦在事先確定的時(shí)期內運行一條航線(xiàn)，都將獲得相關(guān)航線(xiàn)的終身運營(yíng)權。

8 、A ritual bath at a predetermined time and place is the major event of the festival.───圣水沐浴節中最主要的活動(dòng)就是在預定的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)進(jìn)行宗教式的沐浴。

9 、Regardless of how carefully the predetermined overhead rate is estimated, Factory Overhead will usually have a balance at the end of the fiscal year.───不管預先確定制造費用分配率時(shí)多么認真仔細,制造費用賬戶(hù)在年末總會(huì )有一個(gè)余額。

10 、Since it violates the predetermined rules of engagement.─── 因為那違反了我們的賽前約定

11 、If the number of cached items exceeds a predetermined limit when the item is added, the BackgroundScheduler object begins scavenging.───在添加項時(shí),如果緩存項的數量超過(guò)預定的限制,那么BackgroundScheduler對象就開(kāi)始進(jìn)行清理。

12 、Time deposits generally have a predetermined maturity and amount.───定期存款通常具有預先規定的到期日和數額。

13 、A cryptographic system in which units of plain text of regular length, usually letters, are arbitrarily transposed or substituted according to a predetermined code.───密碼一種密碼系統，其中固定長(cháng)度的明文里的單元，通常為字母，被任意倒置或按事先確定的符號系統替換

14 、He doesn't have to respond in predetermined, rigid ways.───他無(wú)須以既定的、僵硬的方式用出回應。

15 、An output unit that produces a hard copy record of data mainly in the form of a sequence of discrete graphic characters belonging to one or more predetermined character sets.───一種產(chǎn)生數據記錄硬拷貝的輸出設備,它是以屬于一個(gè)或多個(gè)預定字符集里的離散的圖形字符序列的形式去表示數據記錄的。

16 、At predetermined temperature trigger-points the cooling current is increased.───在預定的溫度觸發(fā)點(diǎn)上，冷卻電流增大。

17 、If the determined difference exceeds a predetermined threshold, data in the target data segment is replaced with data derived from the remaining data segments.───如果所確定的差別超過(guò)特定閾值，使用由其余數據分段所得出的數據來(lái)代替目標數據分段中的數據。

18 、Due to the necessity of prompt action in times of crisis, it may be prudent to have set aside a predetermined budget for CSR issues.───危機時(shí)刻采取果斷的行動(dòng)是必要的，審慎的做法是在預算中把屬于企業(yè)社會(huì )責任的那部分預留出來(lái)。

19 、A message with one address to is delivered to a fixed predetermined set of destinations.───一種帶有一個(gè)地址的信息,要傳遞給一組事先決定了的目的地(即收信方)。

20 、The CVP analysis assumes that either a single product is sold or that sales will be in accordance with a predetermined sales mix.───CVP分析假設只銷(xiāo)售一種產(chǎn)品或銷(xiāo)售將按既定的組合進(jìn)行。

21 、He doesn't have to respond in predetermined, right ways.───他不必按既定計劃亦步亦趨。

22 、Governed by fate; predetermined.───命運決定了的由命運掌握的；預先注定的

23 、A synchronizing labyrinth must be created at a special, predetermined place.───同步迷宮必須建立在一個(gè)特殊的，預先確定的地方。

24 、Controlled by or as if by fate;predetermined.───命中注定的被(或像是被)命運掌握的;預先注定的

25 、The Yuhang area still only had 9 sets of deals, the predetermined 3 sets, finalized a deal the even price 5919 Yuan/square meters.───余杭區仍然僅有9套成交，預定3套，成交均價(jià)5919元/平方米。

26 、Attendant Recall On Trunk Hold The system will recall the attendant if a trunk placed on hold is not re-entered within a predetermined time.───中繼線(xiàn)中斷時(shí)話(huà)務(wù)臺重呼在預先設定的時(shí)間內,如果中斷的中繼線(xiàn)沒(méi)有重新接入,那么系統將重呼話(huà)務(wù)員。

27 、During the predetermined work hours when the up traffice from the main floor is specially heavy , elevators are meet the neeas of up peak traffic congestion.───在預定上班時(shí)間內，基站向上的運輸特別繁忙時(shí)，向基站不斷派梯以滿(mǎn)足上班時(shí)高峰擁擠的需要。

28 、You can use policy to set properties to predetermined values, to assign a range of values, or to specify a list of possible enum values for the property.───可以使用策略將屬性設置為預設值,分配值范圍,或為屬性指定可能的枚舉值列表。

29 、After equilibrium has been established, a predetermined amount of the head-space of the vial is flushed into the gas chromatograph.───在平衡建立以后，頂空瓶中預定量的樣品進(jìn)入氣相色譜儀。

30 、A predetermined pattern of lines, that provides uniform coverage of a display space.───在計算機圖形學(xué)中,提供顯示空間均勻覆蓋面的預定掃描線(xiàn)圖案。

31 、Unlike his sculptures, in which issues of scale, materials and design are all up to him, this project involves fitting a predetermined architectural space.───像他的雕塑,在這問(wèn)題上的尺度,材料和設計,都是由他決定,這個(gè)項目涉及裝修預設建筑空間。

32 、Use of the French curve The French curve is used to draw a smooth line through predetermined points....───發(fā)布者：王世軍所在地：上海楊浦區行業(yè)：服裝職位：外銷(xiāo)員工作年限：一年以上

33 、The Settlement both vertically and horizontally under lateral loads and bending moment must not exceed predetermined and acceptable values.───垂直和水平向荷載作用下的沉降和彎(曲)矩不能超過(guò)預先確定數值或工程采用的限定數值。

34 、to some co*ically predetermined set of outcomes.─── 早已注定好的諸多結果的 徹頭徹尾的奴隸

35 、Your subject needs to be in a predetermined location, preferably removed from civilians.─── 你的目標需要待在預**置內 最好遠離無(wú)辜百姓

36 、In computer graphics , a predetermined pattern of lines, that provides uniform coverage of a display space.───在計算機圖形學(xué)中，提供顯示空間均勻覆蓋面的預定掃描線(xiàn)圖案。

37 、To adhere to established rules or predetermined courses of action.───保持一致堅持保持成規或預先確定的行動(dòng)方案

38 、In word processing,a predetermined number of escapement units(including character spaces)forming one line of typing.───在字（詞）處理技術(shù)中，預先定義的換碼單位數（包括字符空格），構成一個(gè)打字行。

39 、The doctrine that all events are predetermined by fate and are therefore unalterable.───宿命論認為所有事情都是由命運注定且無(wú)法改變的理論

40 、The process of XML Web service discovery in Visual Studio involves interrogating a Web site following a predetermined algorithm.───Visual Studio中的XML Web services發(fā)現過(guò)程涉及按照預先確定的算法詢(xún)問(wèn)網(wǎng)站。

41 、And when I picked him upside down, it didn't mean, since it was predetermined, that he was any lighter.─── 當我把他頭朝下舉起來(lái)的時(shí)候 他可并沒(méi)有因為預先裁定的原因變輕啊

42 、Some take as many as 1,536 predetermined moves to open.─── 有些甚至被設置為需要轉動(dòng)1536下才能解開(kāi)

43 、The selected cutoff points in relation to sensitivity and specificity given predetermined risk level and utility ratio were demonstrated.───再以預先訂定的風(fēng)險值及效用比，求得適當的切點(diǎn)以及相對的敏感度及特異度。

44 、The spray nozzles are designed to produce a dense spray at a predetermined angle.───噴嘴是按預定角度產(chǎn)生稠密水霧來(lái)設計的。

45 、Controlled by or as if by fate; predetermined.───命中注定的被（或像是被）命運掌握的；預先注定的

46 、The harmony achieved between predetermined aerodynamic features and free composition is pure Lichtenstein.───和諧之間實(shí)現了預定的氣動(dòng)特性和自由組合的純列支敦士登。

47 、The outcome of the battle is predetermined, so it doesn't matter what I do now.─── 這場(chǎng)戰斗的后果早就注定了 所以我做什么都無(wú)所謂

48 、The Code Advisor for Visual Basic 6 is an add-in used to review your code to ensure that it meets predetermined coding standards.───Code Advisor for Visual Basic 6是一個(gè)外接程序,用來(lái)檢查您的代碼以確保達到預先確定的編碼標準。

49 、The installation tool maintains sleeve position in the hole while pulling the mandrel into, and expanding the sleeve until the mandrel breaks off at a predetermined point.───安裝工具將套筒**在孔內，同時(shí)向往外拉心軸，套筒受力膨脹，心軸在預定受力點(diǎn)被拉斷。

50 、Following the FDV, the product flows to the fifth major component of the system, which is the holding tube, a predetermined length of pipe with an established and known diameter.───產(chǎn)品在FDV之后流到設備的第五個(gè)主要組成部分,即具有確定的管長(cháng)、一定并已知的直徑的保溫管。

51 、"Out of the 50 states, about 40 of them are almost predetermined, and we can call them today.───“美國50個(gè)州里，有大約40個(gè)州差不多都能提前確定選舉人票的歸屬，現在就能預測。

52 、The process of Web service discovery in Visual Studio involves interrogating a Web site following a predetermined algorithm.───Visual Studio中的Web服務(wù)發(fā)現過(guò)程涉及詢(xún)問(wèn)網(wǎng)站是否遵循預定算法。

53 、Even the life of that gestating fetus has already been predetermined.─── 即使是孕育中的胎兒 它的人生 也早已成定數了

54 、This is the predetermined path towards the target.─── 這是去往目標位的預設路徑

55 、He had predetermined opinions and I had my opinions, and there were too many cooks spoiling the broth.───他總是有些先入為主的想法，但我也有自己的意見(jiàn)，廚子太多就會(huì )把好好一鍋湯燒壞。

56 、It enables you to prevent data loss by creating and storing shadow copies of files and folders on your network at predetermined time intervals.───它定期為網(wǎng)絡(luò )中的文件和文件夾創(chuàng )建和存儲卷影副本,從而避免數據丟失。

57 、A system used by character readers in character recognition where each input document is issued to the document transport at a predetermined and fixed rate.───在字符識別中，字符閱讀器所使用的一種系統，在這里輸入的文件以預定的和不變的速率被發(fā)送給文件傳送裝置。

58 、In this design, the twill direction is reversed at predetermined intervals to form a series of inverted Vs.───在這種組織中,在預定的區間內將斜紋的斜向反向配置,以形成一系列倒V形紋路。

59 、The SO/SB Shutoff Regulator is used in the gas line to automatically shut off the fuel when the combustion air or any remote signal pressure drops below a predetermined limit.───SB切斷閥用于燃氣管線(xiàn)自動(dòng)切斷燃料，當助燃空氣或者任何采樣信號的壓力低于預設定極限值時(shí)，安全且短閥都會(huì )自動(dòng)切斷燃料的供應。

60 、Any of several techniques for making detailed x-rays of a predetermined plane section of a solid object while blurring out the images of other planes.───X線(xiàn)體層照相術(shù)一種X線(xiàn)照相技術(shù)，能夠照出某確定物體上事先規定好的某層部分，而不會(huì )照下其它部分的像。

61 、Optics of calculable, predetermined performance: a demanding task.───1866年，蔡司的第1000臺顯微鏡出廠(chǎng)。

62 、There could be very serious consequences if this knowledge were used intentionally to produce superior and subordinate classes, each genetically prepared to carry out a predetermined mission.───從另一方面講,如果這種知識被有意識地用來(lái)復制優(yōu)等或劣等群體,天生讓這些人來(lái)完成某一預定的使命,那就會(huì )產(chǎn)生非常嚴重的后果。

63 、People with an average natural gift are equally capable of mastering the basics of liberal arts and natural science. They are never predetermined by nature to be good in one subject and poor in another.───一個(gè)有中上天資的人，對于普通的基本的文理科目，都同樣的有學(xué)習的能力，絕不會(huì )本能的長(cháng)于此而拙于彼。

64 、BBB has an option at any time during the 3 years to buy over the Facility at predetermined prices.───BBB有權在三年內任何時(shí)間以預定價(jià)格收購工廠(chǎng)。

65 、A put option confers the right but not the obligation to sell currencies, instruments or futures at the option exercise price within a predetermined time period.───在預先決定的時(shí)間段內以期權行使價(jià)格賣(mài)出貨幣、金融票據或期貨的權利，但這不是義務(wù)。

66 、Aslong as it remains a bond, ICULS holders will enjoy payment of interestincome at a predetermined specified coupon rate.───只要我們仍然債券iculs持有人可享有利息收益在預定訂息率.

67 、A check valve that controls fluid flow rates to maintain a predetermined, constant pressure upstream from the valve.───為保持閥的上游的預定不變的壓力所用的控制流體流量的一種止回閥。

68 、A person's health is often genetically predetermined.───人的體質(zhì)通常是由遺傳決定的。

69 、A radio or radar transmitter-receiver activated for transmission by reception of a predetermined signal.───發(fā)射機應答器一種收到預定信號之后就開(kāi)始發(fā)射信號的無(wú)線(xiàn)電或雷達發(fā)射接收機。

70 、MAJOR WILSHAW ：That life is a predetermined pattern.───威爾蕭少校：生命是注定的。

71 、Use CAAT to evaluate all expense reports within a predetermined amount. Determine if expenses are reasonable/approved.───利用審計輔助軟件測試來(lái)評估所有在預定金額內的費用報告。決定費用是否合理/經(jīng)過(guò)批準。

72 、In this system the loom physically drives the warp beam through a gear system to feed warp yarns at a predetermined rate.───在該機構中,織機通過(guò)齒輪系統直接驅動(dòng)織軸,將經(jīng)紗按既定速度送出來(lái)；

73 、He says that everything is predetermined, but...I like to think that it is fate. I'm not sure how it works, but I'm glad it happened.───他說(shuō)任何事情的發(fā)生都是事先決定好的，我愿意理解為命運。我不知道它是怎幺回事，但是我很高興生變發(fā)生的一切。

74 、The colour of a person's hair is often predetermined by that of his parents.───一個(gè)人頭發(fā)的顏色常是由父母的頭發(fā)顏色所決定的。

75 、"Unfortunately the outcome is predetermined," Genser said, adding that he fears Suu Kyi will be convicted.───“很遺憾的是結果是可以預知的，”金瑟說(shuō)，并補充其擔心蘇西將被宣判有罪。

76 、The difference between a TDR and a PDR is that the TDR is done in more of a controlled setting where areas are predetermined as "sending" or "receiving" areas.───也有的學(xué)者認為，國家在農田基礎建設和農村基礎設施方面進(jìn)行了一些投資，這種投資引起的升值（馬克思所說(shuō)的級差地租二），應當歸國家所有。

77 、To ensure the vessel voyage along the predetermined course, the rudder angle should be changed reasonably at the right moment according to the various leeway circumstances.───為使船舶沿預定的航向航行,應根據船舶偏離航向的情況適時(shí)合理地改變舵角以修正航向。

78 、The predetermined solution viscosity of the thickened solution should preferably be above 600 centipoises.───增稠溶液的規定粘度最好在600厘泊以上。

79 、The benefit from this style of grid-enabled application is that results are obtained when needed without having to wait for a predetermined time slot to run the application.───啟用網(wǎng)格的應用程序的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是在需要時(shí)獲得結果,而不必預先等待一段時(shí)間再來(lái)運行應用程序。

80 、In this first example, the Get-Mailbox cmdlet is called without specific formatting so the default output is in table format and contains a predetermined set of properties.───在第一個(gè)示例中,調用Get-Mailbox cmdlet但未指定格式,因此,默認輸出為表格格式并包含一組預定義的屬性。

81 、Remember that when the standard costs are used, factory overhead is applied to production on the basis of a predetermined standard cost overhead rate.───在標準成本制度下,制造費用根據一事先確定的比率進(jìn)行分配。

82 、Thus, in order to provide timely cost data, factory overhead costs are assigned or applied to production by using a predetermined rate.───出于這種考慮,制造費用可以按一確定的比例進(jìn)行分配各產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)成本。

83 、A device for directing electrical input pulses onto one or two output lines, depending upon the presence or absence of a predetermined accompanying control pulse.───一種裝置,根據是否出現一個(gè)預先決定的伴隨控制脈沖,把電輸入脈沖導向到一條或兩條輸出線(xiàn)路上。

84 、Brains and computers are both machines for processing information which is fed in from outside in accordance with a predetermined programme.───大腦和計算機都是處理信息的機器，這些信息是根據預先設定的程序從外部輸入進(jìn)去的。

85 、A patent is supposed to last for a predetermined period so that the know-how contained therein eventually passes into the public domain.───專(zhuān)利的期限應該是事先規定好的，因此專(zhuān)利所代表的技術(shù)，終有一天會(huì )進(jìn)入公共領(lǐng)域。

86 、Signaling routes are predetermined paths specifying SS7 nodes and interconnecting signaling links.───信令路由是指定 SS7 節點(diǎn)和互連信令鏈路而預先確定的路徑。

87 、In word processing, a predetermined number of escapement units (including character spaces) forming one line of typing.───在字(詞)處理技術(shù)中,預先定義的換碼單位數(包括字符空格),構成一個(gè)打字行。

88 、A network control program function that presents an interruption to indicate that a predetermined period of time has elapsed without the occurrence of an expected event.───一種網(wǎng)絡(luò )控制程序中的操作程序，可以發(fā)出一個(gè)中斷，表明預定的時(shí)間周期已被用完，但沒(méi)有發(fā)生期望的事件。

89 、Security probes that verify a database ACL against a predetermined configuration and that check for inconsistencies in security configurations across multiple servers.───安全探測器,根據預先確定的配置來(lái)驗證數據庫ACL,檢查多臺服務(wù)器中不一致的安全配置。

90 、On September 25 21:10, are the Shenzhou seven man-in-space flight airship predetermined launch time.───9月25日21時(shí)10分，是神舟七號載人航天飛船預定發(fā)射的時(shí)間。

蒙代爾的三元悖論或不可能三角英文是什么

三元悖論，也稱(chēng)三難選擇，它是由美國經(jīng)濟學(xué)家保羅·克魯格曼就開(kāi)放經(jīng)濟下的政策選擇問(wèn)題所提出的，其含義是：本國貨幣政策的獨立性，匯率的穩定性，資本的完全流動(dòng)性不能同時(shí)實(shí)現，最多只能同時(shí)滿(mǎn)足兩個(gè)目標，而放棄另外一個(gè)目標。根據蒙代爾的三元悖論，一國的經(jīng)濟目標有三種：1、各國貨幣政策的獨立性；2、匯率的穩定性；3、資本的完全流動(dòng)性。 這三者，一國只能三選其二，而不可能三者兼得。例如，在1944年至1973年的“布雷頓森林體系”中，各國“貨幣政策的獨立性”和“匯率的穩定性”得到實(shí)現，但“資本流動(dòng)”受到嚴格限制。而1973年以后，“貨幣政策獨立性”和“資本自由流動(dòng)”得以實(shí)現，但“匯率穩定”不復存在?！坝篮愕娜切巍钡拿钐?，在于它提供了一個(gè)一目了然地劃分國際經(jīng)濟體系各形態(tài)的方法。

根據三元悖論，在資本流動(dòng)，貨幣政策的有效性和匯率制度三者之間只能進(jìn)行以下三種選擇：

(1)保持本國貨幣政策的獨立性和資本的完全流動(dòng)性，必須犧牲匯率的穩定性，實(shí)行浮動(dòng)匯率制。這是由于在資本完全流動(dòng)條件下，頻繁出入的國內外資金帶來(lái)了國際收支狀況的不穩定，如果本國的貨幣當局部進(jìn)行干預，亦即保持貨幣政策的獨立性，那么本幣匯率必然會(huì )隨著(zhù)資金供求的變化而頻繁的波動(dòng)。利用匯率調節將匯率調整到真實(shí)反映經(jīng)濟現實(shí)的水平，可以改善進(jìn)出口收支，影響國際資本流動(dòng)。雖然匯率調節本身具有缺陷，但實(shí)行匯率浮動(dòng)確實(shí)較好的解決了“三難選擇”。但對于發(fā)生金融危機的國家來(lái)說(shuō)，特別是發(fā)展中國家，信心危機的存在會(huì )大大削弱匯率調節的作用，甚至起到惡化危機的作用。當匯率調節不能奏效時(shí)，為了穩定局勢，政府的最后選擇是實(shí)行資本管制。

(2)保持本國貨幣政策的獨立性和匯率穩定，必須犧牲資本的完全流動(dòng)性，實(shí)行資本管制。在金融危機的嚴重沖擊下，在匯率貶值無(wú)效的情況下，唯一的選擇是實(shí)行資本管制，實(shí)際上是政府以犧牲資本的完全流動(dòng)性來(lái)維護匯率的穩定性和貨幣政策的獨立性。大多數經(jīng)濟不發(fā)達的國家，比如中國，就是實(shí)行的這種政策組合。這一方面是由于這些國家需要相對穩定的匯率制度來(lái)維護對外經(jīng)濟的穩定，另一方面是由于他們的監管能力較弱，無(wú)法對自由流動(dòng)的資本進(jìn)行有效的管理。

(3)維持資本的完全流動(dòng)性和匯率的穩定性，必須放棄本國貨幣政策的獨立性。根據蒙代爾-弗萊明模型，資本完全流動(dòng)時(shí)，在固定匯率制度下，本國貨幣政策的任何變動(dòng)都將被所引致的資本流動(dòng)的變化而抵消其效果，本國貨幣喪失自主性。在這種情況下，本國或者參加貨幣聯(lián)盟，或者更為嚴格地實(shí)行貨幣局制度，基本上很難根據本國經(jīng)濟情況來(lái)實(shí)施獨立的貨幣政策對經(jīng)濟進(jìn)行調整，最多是在發(fā)生投機沖擊時(shí)，短期內被動(dòng)地調整本國利率以維護固定匯率?？梢?jiàn)，為實(shí)現資本的完全流動(dòng)與匯率的穩定，本國經(jīng)濟將會(huì )付出放棄貨幣政策的巨大代價(jià)。

The Mundell-Fleming model is an economic model first set forth by Robert Mundell and Marcus Fleming. The model is an extension of the IS-LM model. Whereas IS-LM deals with economy under autarky, the Mundell-Fleming model tries to describe a small open economy.

Typically, the Mundell-Fleming model portrays the relationship between the nominal exchange rate and the economy output (unlike the relationship between interest rate and the output in the IS-LM model) in the short run. The Mundell-Fleming model has been used to argue that an economy cannot simultaneously maintain a fixed exchange rate, free capital movement, and an independent monetary policy. This principle is frequently called "the Unholy Trinity," the "Irreconcilable Trinity," the "Inconsistent trinity" or the Mundell-Fleming "trilemma."

Under flexible exchange rate regime

We speak of a system of flexible exchange rates when governments (or central banks) allow the exchange rate to be determined by market forces alone.

Typically this means governments (or central banks) announce an interest rate target which they are prepared to buy or sell any amount of domestic currency to maintain.

[edit] Changes in money supply

An increase in money supply will shift the LM curve to the right. This directly reduces the local interest rate and in turn forces the local interest rate lower than the global interest rate. This depreciates the exchange rate of local currency through capital outflow. The depreciation makes local goods cheaper compared to foreign goods and increases export and decreases import. Hence, net export is increased. Increased net export leads to the shifting of the IS curve to the right to the point where the local interest rate will equalize with the global rate. This increases the overall income in the local economy.

A decrease in money supply will cause the exact opposite of the process.

[edit] Changes in government spending

An increase in government expenditure shifts the IS curve to the right. The shift will cause the local interest rate to go above the global rate. The increase in local interest will cause capital inflow and the inflow will make the local currency stronger compared to foreign currencies. Strong exchange rate also makes foreign goods cheaper compared to local goods. This encourages greater import and discourages export and hence, lower net export. As a result, the IS will return to its original location where the local interest rate is equal to the global interest rate. The level of income of the local economy stays the same. The LM curve is not at all affected.

A decrease in government expenditure will reverse the process.

[edit] Changes in global interest rate

An increase in the global interest rate will cause an upward pressure on the local interest rate. The pressure will subside as the local rate closes in on the global rate. When a positive differential between the global and the local rate occurs, holding the LMB curve constant, capital will flow out of the local economy. This depreciates the local currency and helps boost net export. Increasing net export shifts the IS to the right. This shift will continue to the right until the local interest rate becomes as high as the global rate.

A decrease in global interest rate will cause the reverse to occur.

[edit] Under fixed exchange rate regime

We speak of a system of fixed exchange rates when governments (or central banks) announce an exchange rate (the parity rate) at which they are prepared to buy or sell any amount of domestic currency.

[edit] Changes in money supply

Under the fixed exchange rate system, the local central bank or any monetary authority will only change the money supply in order to maintain a level of exchange rate. If there is a pressure to appreciate the exchange rate, the local authority will increase its foreign reserve by purchasing foreign currencies with the local currency. This will return the exchange rate to its previous level. When there is a depreciation pressure, the authority will purchase its own currency in the market with its foreign reserve to return the currency to its pre-pressure state.

A revaluation occurs when there is a permanent increase in exchange rate and hence, decrease in money supply. Devaluation is the exact opposite of revaluation.

[edit] Changes in government expenditure

Increased government expenditure shifts the IS curve to the right. The shift encourages the interest rate to go up and hence, appreciation of the exchange rate. However, the exchange rate is controlled by the local monetary authority in the framework of a fixed system. In order to maintain the exchange and alleviate the pressure on the exchange rate, the monetary authority will purchase foreign currencies with local currencies until the pressure is gone i.e. back to the original level. Such action shifts the LM curve in tandem with the direction of the IS shift. This action increases the local currency supply in the market and lowers the exchange rate — or rather, return the rate back to its original state. In the end, the exchange rate stays the same but the general income in the economy increases.

The reverse is true when government expenditure decreases.

[edit] Changes in global interest rate

To maintain the fixed exchange rate, the central bank must offset the capital flows (in or out) which are caused by the change of the global interest rate to the domestic rate. The central bank must restore the situation where the real domestic interest rate is equal to the real global interest rate to stop net capital flows from changing the exchange rate.

If the global interest rate increases above the domestic rate, capital will flow out to take advantage of this opportunity. This would depreciate the home currency, so the central bank must buy the home currency and sell foreign currency reserves to offset this outflow. This decrease in the money supply shifts the LM curve to the left until the domestic interest rate is the global interest rate.

If the global interest rate declines below the domestic rate, the opposite occurs. Money flows in, the home currency would appreciate, so the central bank must offset this by increasing the money supply (sell domestic currency, buy foreign), the LM curve shifts right, and the domestic interest rate becomes the global interest rate.

[edit] Differences from IS-LM

It is worth noting that some of the result from this model differs from the IS-LM because of the open economy assumption. Result for large open economy on the other hand falls within the result predicted by the IS-LM and the Mundell-Fleming models. The reason for such result is because a large open economy has both the characteristics of an autarky and a small open economy.

In the IS-LM, interest rate will be the key component in making both the money market and the good market in equilibrium. Under the Mundell-Fleming framework of small economy, interest rate is fixed and equilibrium in both market can only be achieved by a change of nominal exchange rate.

[edit] Example

A much simplified version of the Mundell-Fleming model can be illustrated by a small open economy, in which the domestic interest rate is exogenously predetermined by the world interest rate (r=r*).

Consider an exogenous increase in government expenditure, the IS curve will shift upward, with LM curve intact, causing the interest rate and the output to rise (partial crowding out effect) under the IS-LM model.

Nevertheless, as interest rate is predetermined in a small open economy, the LM* curve (of exchange rate and output) is vertical, which means there is exactly one output that can make the money market in the equilibrium under that interest rate. Even though the IS* curve still shift up, it will result in a higher exchange rate and same level of output (complete crowding out effect, which is different in the IS-LM model).

The example above makes an implicit assumption of flexible exchange rate. The Mundell-Fleming model can have completely different implications under different exchange rate regimes. For instance, under a fixed exchange rate system, with perfect capital mobility, monetary policy becomes ineffective. An expansionary monetary policy resulting in an outward shift of the LM curve would in turn make capital flow out of the economy. The central bank under a fixed exchange rate system would have to intervene by selling foreign money in exchange for domestic money to depreciate the foreign currency and appreciate the domestic currency. Selling foreign money and receiving domestic money would reduce real balances in the economy, until the LM curve shifts back to the left, and the interest rates come back to the world rate of interest i*.

用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)一篇泡茶的過(guò)程

The British style 3.1 gram teabags have 50% more tea than the US style string and tag 2.1 gram teabags. The teabags are larger and so the tea has more room to brew.

Loose leaf tea brewed in a teapot makes the best tasting tea.

We recommend one teaspoon of loose tea per person, plus one for the pot.

Use freshly drawn water. When water is re-boiled, or stands for a while, it loses oxygen which prevents the full flavor of the tea being released.

Warming the pot first. This helps the brewing process by maintaining the brewing temperature for longer, to extract more flavor from the tea.

Be sure to use boiling water to make the tea. Water which is "off the boil" does not allow the tea to brew properly.

Brewing for 3-5 minutes, shorter times will not reveal the full flavor and the quality of the tea. Longer brewing will result in a bitter tasting tea as Tannin will start to be extracted from the tea leaves.

Stir the tea in the pot once or twice while it is brewing.

Tea bags ?the same directions apply as for loose tea. You will get best results brewing in a pot. If you brew in a cup brew for a much shorter time, 1 - 2 minutes.

我的簡(jiǎn)短~哈哈哈~........-_-