?sporadic

sporadic發(fā)音

英：[sp??r?d?k]　　美：[sp??r?d?k, sp?-]

英：　　美：

sporadic中文意思翻譯

adj. 不定時(shí)發(fā)生的, 零星的

sporadic詞形變化

異體字: sporadical | 名詞: sporadicalness | 副詞: sporadically |

sporadic同義詞

periodic | occasional | episodic | intermittent | random | erratic | fitful | patchy | infrequent | irregular

sporadic反義詞

continual

sporadic常見(jiàn)例句

1 、For two decades our contacts with China had been limited to the reciprocal recriminations of sporadic ambassadorial meeting in Warsaw.───二十年來(lái)，我們同中國的接觸只限于在零零星星的華沙大使級會(huì )議上互相指責。

2 、Only the least-commercialized rural areas remained little affected by the serpentine path of war and the sporadic flows of wartime commerce.───免受戰爭炮火硝煙與戰時(shí)貿易封鎖影響的只有那些遠離商業(yè)活動(dòng)的鄉村地區。

3 、You know this better than I. I received only sporadic news about it.───你們比我更清楚，而我聽(tīng)到的只是零星消息。

4 、Information needed from Mianzhu Water Bureau to revise water project is rather scarce and sporadic, making the finalization of the proposal difficult.───修訂飲用水計劃所需的來(lái)自綿竹水利局的資料太少，妨礙了方案的最終形成。

5 、Association between the cDNA polymorphism ofNA(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase and the genetic sensitivity of sporadic Alzheimer's disease[J].Chin J Geriatr, 2001, 20(2):93-5.───NAD(P)H:醌氧化還原酶基因多態(tài)性與阿爾茨海默病遺傳易感性的關(guān)系[J].中華老年醫學(xué)雜志,2001,20(2):93-5.

6 、Quinacrine has been administered orally to patients with vCJD and to individuals who have the sporadic or genetic forms of prion disease.───奎納克林曾以口服方式開(kāi)給vCJD患者，以及患有偶發(fā)性或遺傳性普恩蛋白疾病的人們。

7 、The origin of Linyi in Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui also sporadic resources.───主產(chǎn)地山東臨沂,江蘇、安徽也有零星資源。

8 、His playing time was sporadic at best, with one of his rare double-digit scoring nights being followed by game after game of "DNP-CD".───到了這里,他只能夠長(cháng)時(shí)間的坐在板凳上看比賽.時(shí)間最好是分散的,與他罕見(jiàn)的兩雙成績(jì)是在一個(gè)游戲被跟隨在"DNP-CD以后"游戲。

9 、Though polio has practically been wiped out, there have been sporadic cases of the disease.───小兒麻痹癥雖然實(shí)際上已被消滅，但一直有散發(fā)病例出現。

10 、After finding the ALK mutations in familial neuroblastoma, the researchers looked at sporadic cases -- those not occurring in families with a history of the disease.───發(fā)現在家族性神經(jīng)母細胞瘤中發(fā)現ALK基因突變以后，研究人員開(kāi)始關(guān)注散發(fā)的案例，這些案例不發(fā)生在有這種疾病家族史的家庭。

11 、Artist statement by Zhu Jinshi My work involves sporadic, opportunistic, and anti-system issues.───我的作品涉及到偶發(fā)性、機遇性、反系統的議題。

12 、The failure is sporadic if the time between marshaling the delegate and the ensuing callback is short.───如果從封送委托到接著(zhù)發(fā)生的回調之間的時(shí)間很短,則發(fā)生該故障會(huì )的機會(huì )就很少。

13 、However, he said incidents were sporadic and not damaging to overall Japanese interests.───但他表示，這些是零星事件，并未破壞日本在華的整體利益。

14 、Most of the smaller hornblendite bodies contain about 5-10 percent magnetite, with only local sporadic enrichment.───在小的角閃巖體中，磁鐵礦可占510%，僅有局部的散染狀富集。

15 、Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is a rare neurodegenerative disease.Its clinical symptoms includes rapidly progressive dementia, gait disturbance, and myoclonous etc.───摘要散發(fā)型庫賈氏病為一罕見(jiàn)的神經(jīng)性退化性疾病，常見(jiàn)的臨床癥狀有進(jìn)行性失智，步態(tài)不穩，肌躍癥等。

16 、Sporadic gunshots could be heard outside as commandos entered the hotels.───在突擊隊員沖入酒店的時(shí)候，可以聽(tīng)到零星**聲.

17 、Some white suburban district has stopped Shen instalment sporadic fund construction projects.───市郊有些區縣白已停止申批零星宅基地建設項目。

18 、Light rain forecast today, going to and from work, the sky finally points sporadic light rain.───天氣預報今天有小雨，下班時(shí)，天空終于飄起了零星的小雨點(diǎn)。

19 、It settled back to sporadic , harmless streaming like a simmering kettle.───它又回到老樣子，象一把燒開(kāi)水的壺似的，不時(shí)散發(fā)著(zhù)無(wú)害的縷縷蒸汽。

20 、The fanning movements with the pelvic fins are sporadic.───變徑動(dòng)作與腹鰭,是偶發(fā)事件。

21 、So the government has to rely on orchestrated political trials and the sporadic arrests of bloggers to keep the surging numbers of internet-users in check.───因此，政府就必須依靠精心策劃的政治審判和對博客的不定期抓捕來(lái)控制暴增的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶(hù)。

22 、In the case where sporadic strong noise is truly unavoidable in production conducted within an urban area,the matter must first be applied to the local public security organ for approval.───在城市范圍內從事生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)確需排放偶發(fā)性強烈噪聲的，必須事先向當地公安機關(guān)提出申請，經(jīng)批準后方可進(jìn)行。

23 、I realize teenagers are sporadic about writing notes, but I question my sister's example to her daughter of not accepting a gift graciously, whether you like it or not.───我知道年輕人并不常寫(xiě)信，但我質(zhì)疑我姐姐并沒(méi)有給他女兒作出好榜樣，無(wú)論你喜歡與否。別人的禮物都應該受到尊重。

24 、Initially to "two things" to the display area are sporadic export market, also in the quality and level far below today's market demand.───與此同時(shí)，來(lái)自?xún)鹊氐姆康禺a(chǎn)企業(yè)紛紛在臺北、香港地區和新加坡等地舉辦一個(gè)個(gè)中小型樓盤(pán)推介展銷(xiāo)會(huì )。

25 、But this supply's sporadic at the best of times.─── 但能源供給在最佳情況下也不穩定

26 、Bush promised a solution to the Israel-Palestinian conflict before he left office, but his efforts have been half-hearted, sporadic, and pathetic - almost designed to fail.───布什承諾解決以巴沖突的離任前，但他的努力已經(jīng)半心半意的，零星的，和可憐的-幾乎設計要失敗的。

27 、There were sporadic occurrences in the hour or so before the game; but, while ominous, the situation appeared under control.───其實(shí)在比賽前的幾個(gè)小時(shí)就已經(jīng)出現了零星的斗毆事件，只不過(guò)由于發(fā)現及時(shí)，事態(tài)得到了控制。

28 、Candida albicans is responsible for 80-92% of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Sporadic attacks of vulvovaginal candidiasis usually occur without an identifiable precipitating factor.───外陰**假絲酵母菌病的病原體是白假絲酵母菌。通常其發(fā)病沒(méi)有明顯誘因。

29 、Sporadic reports had come in of patients developing ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, while taking statins.───在服用他汀類(lèi)藥物期間，某些患者出現ALS(重癥肌無(wú)力)，也稱(chēng)為葛雷克氏癥。

30 、Outbreaks and sporadic human infection with swine influenza have been occasionally reported.───人感染豬流感病毒的暴發(fā)和散發(fā)病例時(shí)有報導。

31 、In the early years of our studies, this newly discovered property was found on a sporadic basis, varying from batch to batch of whey (milk serum) protein concentrates.───在我們早期的研究里，這個(gè)新發(fā)現的特性是偶然得到的、隨著(zhù)一批批的乳漿蛋白濃縮物而有不同。

32 、Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma is very rare with only sporadic cases reported.───摘要原發(fā)性肝臟平滑肌肉瘤非常少見(jiàn)，因此只有一些零星的病例報告。

33 、Since then, my contact was pretty sporadic.─── 那之后 就沒(méi)怎么和他聯(lián)系

34 、The water supply was sporadic, there were possums living in the basement, the grass was taller than I was.───供水時(shí)有時(shí)無(wú)，地下室里有老鼠，草長(cháng)得比我還高。

35 、For two decades our contacts with China had been limited to the reciprocal recriminations of sporadic ambassadorial meetings in Warsaw.───二十年來(lái)，我們同中國的接觸只限于零零星星的華沙大使級會(huì )議上互相指責。

36 、Without isolation and automation, database-driven unit tests can become a maintenance nightmare of sporadic failures and bad test data.───在沒(méi)有隔離和自動(dòng)化的情況下,數據庫驅動(dòng)的單元測試將成為對零星故障和錯誤測試數據的維護惡夢(mèng)。

37 、The basement outcrops in South Qinling, Mianxian Lueyang Yangxian and north Dabashan areas are distributed in some sporadic and is.───依據陜南秦嶺造山帶區域地質(zhì)及重力資料,按是否露出地表將前寒武紀基底劃分為出露基底和隱伏基底兩種類(lèi)型。

38 、In its common "sporadic" form, Creutzfeldt--Jakob disease is rare in people under 50.───克雅氏病通常以“個(gè)例”形式而且在50歲以下的人中偶發(fā)。

39 、Gitelman syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal recessive, inherited renal tubular disorder.Herein, we report three cases of GS, one sporadic case and two siblings.───摘要吉特曼癥候群是一少見(jiàn)的自體隱性，遺傳性的腎小管疾病，最早是在1966年由吉特曼等人提出。

40 、On the other hand there are some commercial housing overstocked and development projects sporadic.───另一方面仍有部分商品房積壓，且開(kāi)發(fā)項目零星。

41 、They have lax custom requirements and sporadic oversight.─── 海關(guān)要求寬松 監督失察偶爾發(fā)生

42 、Rio Grande do Sul and Parana states Tuesday sporadic showers, rainfall of 0.3-1.5 inches of rainfall in some areas larger.───南里奧格蘭德州和帕拉納州周二出現零星陣雨，雨量為0.3-1.5英寸，局部地區雨量較大。

43 、Front deltaic pinchout area, which mainly consists of large pinchout area, and disperses sporadic surface reservoir.───四、前三角洲尖滅區，主要為大面積的尖滅區，散布著(zhù)零星的表外儲層。

44 、Provide them with wisdom and strength that they might continue to persevere despite very difficult circumstances and sporadic attacks on Christians in parts of the country.───即便在困難及部分國內偶發(fā)攻擊基督徒的行動(dòng)中，仍有主所賜的智慧及力量，持續有忍耐的工夫。

45 、An American military spokesman said there were sporadic clashes with insurgents in many parts of the city including an incident in which military jets demolished a building from which US forces had come under fire.───一位美軍發(fā)言人說(shuō)，在費盧杰的許多地帶人有許多武裝分子與美軍進(jìn)行抵抗，其中包括轟炸機摧毀了一棟美軍曾經(jīng)遭受襲擊的樓房。

46 、Familial cases have been reported but most cases are sporadic.───家族性的病例曾見(jiàn)報道，但大多數病例是散發(fā)的。

47 、In many cases, voice traffic is sporadic and does not transmit between the same pair of endpoints, making PVC use ineffective and costly.───在很多情況下，話(huà)音通信是零散的，常常在同一對端點(diǎn)之間不進(jìn)行傳輸，使得PVC的使用低效率、高成本。

48 、Her only income came from sporadic leasing deals, forcing her to dip repeatedly into retirement savings.───她僅有的收入來(lái)自于零星的租賃交易，這令她不得不經(jīng)常動(dòng)用退休儲蓄。

49 、The surrounding mountains form a significant barrier to travel, a key reason why the centaur have never established more than a sporadic presence elsewhere on Kalimdor.───周?chē)纳叫纬闪艘粋€(gè)天然的屏障很難穿越，這也是為什么半人馬在卡利姆多其他的地方只有零星的一部分的重要原因。

50 、Apomixes is divided into three types, including sporadic, constant and periodic.───孤雌生殖有偶發(fā)性、經(jīng)常性、周期性三種類(lèi)型。

51 、Between classes and parttime jobs, they'd be home sporadically at best.─── 要么上課要么* 她們頂多偶爾回趟家

52 、The majority of aberrations are sporadic although on rare occasions a chromosomal disorder is directly inherited.───盡管偶爾可見(jiàn)一種染色體疾病是直接遺傳的，但是大量的染色體異常是散發(fā)的。

53 、In the decades after the 1917 paper, sporadic references to creating stimulated emission appeared, but none of the ideas were pursued.───在1917年論文發(fā)表后的幾十年內，有些文獻曾零零星星地提到產(chǎn)生受激輻射，但這些想法都沒(méi)有被進(jìn)一步研究。

54 、Her first startup in 1981 began as a concierge service for working executives, but business was sporadic.───她的第一次創(chuàng )業(yè)是在1981年，那時(shí)她為那些經(jīng)理人員做接待服務(wù)，但生意寥寥。

55 、Instead, the awakenings are sporadic and unpredictable.─── 但覺(jué)醒零星發(fā)生 無(wú)法預測

56 、SVCs are use in situations where data transmission is sporadic.───SVC用于數據傳輸是周期性的情況。

57 、Haddad says the situation in the tribal areas is very volatile and sporadic fighting is making it difficult for aid workers to move around and see what is happening on the ground.───她說(shuō)，馬爾丹的情況有所不同。大部分流離失所者寄宿在主人家中。他們散在分布于整個(gè)地區，一個(gè)評估小組正在尋找他們的下落。

58 、It is found that the sporadic E ionisation clouds move.───它被發(fā)現分散E電離云彩行動(dòng)。

59 、To report clinical and pathological characterisitics of 3 cases with mitochondrial encephaio-myopathy(MELAS type) including 2 cases from one family and 1 sporadic case.───報告3例線(xiàn)粒體腦肌病MELAS型患者的臨床資料及病理特點(diǎn)。

60 、Objective: To explore clinical characteristics of sporadic congenital teeth agenesis and analyze its harmness.───摘要目的：探討散發(fā)性先天缺牙的臨床特征，分析其危害。

61 、Signals sometimes bounce off of highly ionized patches in the ionosphere known as sporadic E clouds, enabling reception of signals from 1,500 miles and sometimes beyond.───信號有時(shí)彈出來(lái)高度被電離的補丁在電離層以分散E云彩著(zhù)名,使能信號的招待會(huì )從1,500英哩和有時(shí)以遠。

62 、Legionella pneumophila, the most common cause of Legionaires' disease, is a facultative intracellular parasite bacterium that causes epidemic, sporadic, and nosocomial pneumonia.───嗜肺軍團菌是引起軍團病的主要病原體，可導致流行、散在和非典型肺炎。

63 、There are still sporadic reports of clashes.───仍有關(guān)于雙方?jīng)_突的報道。

64 、Most of the multiple glomus tumors are sporadic but some are hereditary or congenital.───大部分多發(fā)性脈絡(luò )球瘤為偶發(fā)性，但亦有少部分屬于遺傳或先天性。

65 、Mutation of APC gene occurs not only in FAP, but also in sporadic colorectal tumors.───APC不僅在FAP中存在突變，而且在散發(fā)性大腸腫瘤中亦存在突變；

66 、Blood mononuclear cell (BMC) transcriptomes of sporadic AD subjects and aged-matched normal elderly controls (NEC) were compared using the human NIA microarray.───我們利用人類(lèi)NIA基因芯片，比較了散發(fā)性AD患者外周血單核細胞（BMC）轉錄譜與年齡匹配的正常對照人群(NEC)的差別。

67 、fill your life with sporadic moments of happiness.─── 為你的人生帶來(lái)偶爾的幸福時(shí)刻

68 、But you also tend get some real results instead of just temporary boosts of motivation or sporadic results.───但同時(shí)也許要取得一些實(shí)際的成果而不只是靠臨時(shí)的激勵或者偶然的收獲。

69 、Sporadic E arises when clouds of intense ionisation form in the region of the E layer.───分散E出現當強烈的電離云彩形成在這個(gè)區域E層數的。

70 、Agree with the diagnosis of Sex-Cord Tumor with annular tubules. Given her age, It is most likely sporadic, not associated with PJS, if it is unilateral.───同意“環(huán)狀小管性索瘤”?？紤]到年齡，可能為散發(fā)，不伴PJS綜合征，如果是單側發(fā)生。

71 、All I'm getting is sporadic life sign readings.─── 我所收到的只是一些零星的生命信號

72 、While there is no purging, there may be sporadic fasts or repetitive diets and often feelings of shame or self-hatred after a binge.───但是如果沒(méi)有催瀉的話(huà)，會(huì )偶爾產(chǎn)生絕食，或者重復的節食，并且在暴食后會(huì )感覺(jué)到羞恥和自我憎惡感。

73 、Its prevalence and sporadic cases often happened in Asia-Pacific area.───乙腦的流行和散發(fā)病例多發(fā)生在亞太地區。

74 、Parts of Houston had sporadic rain Tuesday, but no storms like the ones that swamped the area the day before.───休斯敦的部分地區星期二下起了零星小雨，但是不會(huì )有像前天那樣席卷淹沒(méi)整個(gè)地區的暴雨。

75 、Group theory is particularly rich in problems of this type, especially because of the search for sporadic simple groups.───在這類(lèi)問(wèn)題中，特別是由于對散在的單群的研究，群論有特別豐富的內容。

76 、During the third season, however, Season Hubley made sporadic appearances as Caine’s American cousin, Margit.───在第三季中，赫布利零星出鏡，作為金貴祥的美國表弟，馬爾吉特。

77 、Although sporadic and radio-induced PTCs represent the same disease, they are distinguishable with molecular signatures reflecting specific responses to -radiation and H2O2.───因此我們可以認為該指標可以反映病人的易感性問(wèn)題，同時(shí)也暗示了放射易感性檢測的可行性。

78 、However, to avoid the effects of sporadic E, they probably should have positioned the new FM band somewhere between 250 and 300 MHz.───但是,避免分散E的作用,他們應該大概安置新FM帶某處在250和300兆赫之間。

79 、My contacts with John after boyhood were sporadic and sometimes glancing（偶爾的）.───我和約翰長(cháng)大以后的接觸都是一陣一陣的，有時(shí)非常短暫。

80 、People filled the park by the hundreds and took refuge from sporadic drizzle under dark umbrellas.───天空下著(zhù)零星小雨，數百人打著(zhù)黑色雨傘擠滿(mǎn)了整個(gè)公園。

81 、They told me I had fatal sporadic insomnia.─── 他們說(shuō)我得了 致命的散發(fā)性失眠癥

82 、Drumbeats sounded, sporadic at first, then quickly joined by more and more until the entire forest was alive with a rhythm that started soft like the rain, then grew to a persistent, thundering roll.───戰鼓擂響，起初只是零星的鼓點(diǎn)，緊接著(zhù)越來(lái)越多的鼓聲混雜在一起，直到整片森林從開(kāi)始像雨點(diǎn)一樣輕的節奏撼動(dòng)，逐漸變成連續不斷的雷鳴般的轟鳴。

83 、Nearly 50 people have been killed in sporadic fighting, Mohammad Quamrul Islam, state minister for law and parliamentary affairs, told reporters.───將近50個(gè)人在孟加拉國(被)擔心死亡,在邊境警衛展開(kāi)一場(chǎng)武裝叛變之后,報告說(shuō).

84 、Bridgesmoved to St James' Park at the end of January until the end of the season but has only had sporadic first-team opportunities to stake his claim to a full-time deal.───布里吉斯于一月底來(lái)到圣占姆士公園直到本賽季結束，但他只有零星的首發(fā)機會(huì )來(lái)證明成為主力陣容的實(shí)力。

85 、I hope that the general public to be vigilant, such sporadic small advertisements, call the city administration sector in tele.───希望廣大市民提高警惕，遇到此類(lèi)散發(fā)小**行為，及時(shí)撥打城管部門(mén)的舉報**。

86 、Now, the studies of leisure are still sporadic, mainly focused on introduction of foreign studies, the theory system is still unformed.───但目前我國的休閑研究還較為分散，尚未形成一定的理論體系和研究規?！，F有研究多停留在國外研究成果的介紹層面，實(shí)證研究較少。

87 、Your contractions are sporadic and not very strong.─── 你的宮縮是斷斷續續的也不強烈

88 、Once inside Grozny，Zarakhovich was struck by the large number of armed citizens，many of whom were making sporadic checks of entering cars.───一進(jìn)格羅茲尼市，札拉克維奇就被大批的武裝市民給嚇了一跳，其中許多市民正在有一搭無(wú)一搭地攔檢進(jìn)城車(chē)輛。

89 、Well, if you must know, it's called sporadic fatal insomnia.─── 如果你非要知道 是傳播性家族失眠癥

90 、FEBC's broadcaster to the Mon people group writes that distribution of pre-tuned radios has been sporadic due to availability both in his homeland as well as in Thailand.───對孟族人廣播的遠東廣播節目主持人寫(xiě)道，分送設定好的收音機行動(dòng)一直斷斷續續，因為關(guān)系到他家鄉和泰國兩地的收音機是否出售。

常見(jiàn)的英語(yǔ)諺語(yǔ)(2)

51 To make a lasting marriage we have to overcome self-centeredness. (Grorge Goreon Byron, Nritish poet)要使婚姻長(cháng)久，就需克服自我中心意識。(英國詩(shī)人拜倫,G.G.)

　52 We never know the love of the parents until we become parents ourselves. (Henry Ward Beecher, American clergyman and orator)不養兒不知父母恩(美國牧師、演說(shuō)家 比沏.H.W.)

　53 Behavioral research discloses that human relations at work are just easier, perhaps because they are more regular and predictable and thus simpler to adjust to than the sporadic, the more intense and less regular relationship in the community. (R.Sayles Leonard, British writer)行為科學(xué)研究提示，工作中人與人之間較好相處。這或許是因為工作上的人際關(guān)系較有規律，而在社會(huì )上，人與人之間的'關(guān)系是斷斷續續的，比較緊張，而且也較少有規律可循。(英國作家倫納德.R.S.)

　54 Don't gild the lily. (William Shakespeare, British dramatist)不要給百合花鍍金/畫(huà)蛇添足。(英國劇作家 莎士比亞.W.)

　55 Every man's work, whether it be literature of music of pictures or architecture of anything else, is always a portrait of himself. (Samuel Brtler, Averican educator)每個(gè)人的工作，不管是文學(xué)、音樂(lè )、美術(shù)、建筑還是其他工作，都是自己的一幅畫(huà)像。(美國教育家勃特勒.S.)

　56 Growth and change are the law of all life. Yesterday's answers are inadequate for today's problems ----just as the solutions of today will not fill the needs of tomorrow. (Franklin Roosevelt, Averican president)生長(cháng)與變化是一切生命的法則。昨日的答案不適用于今日的問(wèn)題——正如今天的方法不能解決明天的需求。(美國總統 羅斯福.F.)

　57 Happiness, I have discovered, is nearly always a rebound from hard work. (David Grayson, American journalkist)我發(fā)現，辛勤工作的報酬幾乎總是幸福。(美國記者 格雷森.D.)

　58 I can live for two months on a good compliment. (Mark Twain, American writer)只憑一句贊美的話(huà)我就可以充實(shí)地活上兩個(gè)月。(美國作家 馬克·吐溫)

　59 I do not like work ---no man does --but I like what is in the work -----the chance to find your self. (Conrad Joseph, British novelist)我不喜歡工作——沒(méi)有人會(huì )喜歡工作。但是我喜歡在所從事的工作中——找到發(fā)現自己的機會(huì )。(英國**家 約瑟夫.C.)

　60 In order that people may be happy in their work, these things are needed: they must be fit for it; they must not do much of it; and they must have a sense of success in it. (John Ruskin, British writer)為了使人們在工作的時(shí)感到快樂(lè )，必須做到以下三點(diǎn);他們一定要勝任自己的工作，他們不可做得太多;他們必須對自己的工作有成就感。(英國作家羅斯金.J.)

　61 In our efforts to adjust differences of opinion we should be free from intolerance of passion, and our judgements should be unmoved by alluring phrases and unvexed by selfish interests. (Grover Cleveland, American president)在我們努力協(xié)調意見(jiàn)的分歧時(shí)，應當拋棄偏執與意氣用事;我們的判斷不應當被花言巧語(yǔ)蒙騙，也不應被個(gè)人私利擾亂。(美國總統克利夫蘭.G.)

　62 In silence, in steadiness, in severe abstraction, let him hold by him-delf, add observation to observation, patient of neglect, patient of reproach , and bide his own time , happy enough if he can satisfy himself alone that thia day he has seen something truly. (Ralph Waldo Emersom, American thihker)學(xué)者應該高度集中精力，堅定信仰與追求，堅持緘默，繼續觀(guān)察。他要忍耐人們的忽視與責備，等待自己因為發(fā)現了某些真理而滿(mǎn)懷欣喜的時(shí)機。(美國思想家愛(ài)默生.R.W.)

　63 It is impossible to enjoy idling thoroughly unless one has plenty of work to do. (Jerome Klapka Jerome, British humorist)除非有大量的工(英國幽默家 杰羅姆.J.K.)

　64 It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. (Winston Churchill, British prime minister)不能愛(ài)哪行才干哪行，要干哪行愛(ài)哪行。(英國首相 丘吉爾.W.)

　65 My philosophy of life is work. (Thomas Alva Edison, Averican inventor)我的人生哲學(xué)就是工作。(美國發(fā)明家 愛(ài)迪生.T.A.)

　66 One of the symptoms of approaching nervous breakdown is the belief that one's .work is terribly important, and that to take a holiday would bring all kinds of disaster, If I were a medical man , I should precribe a holiday to many patient who consicered his work important. (Bernard Russell, British philosopher)神經(jīng)即將崩潰的癥狀之一是相信自己的工作極端重要，休假將會(huì )帶來(lái)種種災難。如果我是醫生，我給這樣的病人開(kāi)的藥方是：休假。(英國哲學(xué)家羅素.B.)

　67 The best preparation for good work tomorrow is to do good work today. (Elbert Hubbard, Bitish writer)為把明天的工作做好，最好的準備是把今天的工作做好。(英國作家哈伯德.E.)

　68 The office of the scholar is to cheer, to raise, and to guide men by showing them facts amidst appearances. (Ralph Waldo Emerson, American thinker)學(xué)者的工作就是通過(guò)向大眾提示存在于現象中的事實(shí)來(lái)鼓舞大眾、教育大眾、引導大眾。(美國思想家愛(ài)默生.R.W.)

　69 To do great work a man must be very idle as well as very industrious. (Samuel Bubler, American educator)要從事偉大的工作，一個(gè)人必須既非常勤勞又非?？臻e。(美國教育家勃特勒.S.)

　70 To him I owe the discovery that even very short periods of time add up to all useful hours I need, if I plunge in without delay. (Johm Erskine, American educator)我感激他使我 發(fā)現即使是很短的時(shí)刻，只要我分秒必爭的一頭鉆進(jìn)工作，積累起來(lái)就成為我需要的特別有用的幾個(gè)鐘頭。(美國教育家厄斯金.J.)

　71 To youth I have three words of counsel ---work, work and work. (Otto Btismarck, Greman statesman)對于青年，我的忠告只有三個(gè)詞——工作，工作，工作。(德國政治家 俾斯麥.O.)

　72 We often hear of people breaking down from overwork, but in nine cases out of ten they are really suffering from worry or anxiety. (John Lubbock , British banker)我們常常聽(tīng)人說(shuō)，人們因工作過(guò)度而垮下來(lái)，但是實(shí)際上十有八九是因為飽受擔憂(yōu)或焦慮的折磨。(英國銀行家盧伯克.J.)

　73 Whoever is in a hurry shows that the thing he is about is too big for him.不管是誰(shuí)，匆匆忙忙只能說(shuō)明他不能從事他從事的工作。

　74 We should work be such a significant source of human satisfaction.A good share of the answer rest in the kind of pride that is stimulated by the job , by the activity of accomplishing. (Leonard R.Sayles, British writer)為什么工作竟然是人們獲得滿(mǎn)足的如此重要的源泉呢?最主要的答案就在于，工作和通過(guò)工作所取得的成就，能激起一種自豪感。(英國作家塞爾斯.L.R.)

　75 Work banishes those three great evils: boredom, vice ,and poverty. (Voltaire, French Philosopher)工作攆跑三個(gè)魔鬼：無(wú)聊，墮落和貧窮。(法國哲學(xué)家伏爾泰)

　76 Work is more that a necessary for most human beings; it is the focus of their lives , the souece of their identity and creativity. (Leonard R.Sayles, British writer)對大多數人來(lái)說(shuō)，工作不僅僅是一種必需，它還是人們生活的焦點(diǎn)，是他們的個(gè)性和創(chuàng )造性的源泉。(英國作家 塞爾斯.L.R.)

　77 Work is the grand cure for all the maladies and miseries that ever beset mankind. (Thoas Carlyle, British historian)工作是良藥，能醫治一切困擾人的疾苦。(英國歷史學(xué)家 卡萊爾.T.)

　78 Work is worth doing of worth doing well. (Thomas Carlyle, British historan)一件事如果值得做好，就值得去做。(英國歷史學(xué) 愛(ài)卡萊爾.T.)

　79 A great poem is a fountain forever overflowing with the waters of wisdom and delight (P.B.Shelley, British poet)偉大的詩(shī)篇即是永遠噴出智慧和歡欣之水的噴泉。(英國詩(shī)人 雪萊 P B)

　80 A novel is a mirror walking along a main road. (Stendhcl,French writer)一部**猶如一面在大街上走的鏡子。(法國作家 司湯達)

　81 A picture is a poem without words. (Horace, ancient Roman poet)一幅畫(huà)是一首沒(méi)有文字的詩(shī)歌。(古羅馬詩(shī)人 賀拉斯)

　82 A poet is a man who puts up a ladder to a star and climbs it while playing a violin. (E.de Goncourt, French writer)詩(shī)人是這樣的人，他架起通向星星的梯子——一邊爬梯子一邊拉提琴。(法國作家龔古爾 E)

　83 A poet is born, not made. (L.A.Florus, Ancient Roman poet)詩(shī)人靠天分，不是靠培養。(古羅馬詩(shī)人 弗洛魯 L A)

　84 Any one who conducts an argument by appealing to authourity is not using his intelligence; he is just using his memory. (Da Vinci, Italian painter)一個(gè)借著(zhù)引經(jīng)據典來(lái)辯論的人，不是在運用自己的才智，他是在運用自己的記憶力。(意大利畫(huà)家達·芬奇)

　85 Art is a lie that tells the truth. (Picasso, Spanish painter)美術(shù)是揭示真理的謊言。(西班牙畫(huà)家 畢加索)

　86 Art is long, and time is fleeting. (Longfellow, American poet)藝術(shù)是永恒的，時(shí)間則是瞬息即逝的。(美國詩(shī)人 朗費羅)

　87 Art is much less important than life, but what a poor life without it ! (Robert Motherwell, American painter)藝術(shù)遠沒(méi)有生活重要，但是沒(méi)有藝術(shù)生活是多么乏味呀!(美國畫(huà)家 馬赦韋爾 R)

　88 Art is not a handicraft, it is the transmission of feeling theorist has experienced. (Len Tolstoy, Russian writer)藝術(shù)不是手藝，它是藝術(shù)家的體驗到的感情的傳遞。(俄國作家托爾斯泰。L)

　89 Art is the mold of feeling as language is the mold of thought. (Susanne Langer, American philosopher)藝術(shù)是感情的模制品，猶如語(yǔ)言是思想的模制品。(美國哲學(xué)家蘭格 S)

　90 Art is the object of feeling, and the subject of nature. (S.K.langer, American philosopher and educator)藝術(shù)是情感的客觀(guān)表現。也是本性的主觀(guān)反映。(美國哲學(xué)家、教育家 蘭格 S K)

　91 Art is the right hand of nature. The latter only gave us being, but the former made us men. (Friedrich Schiller, German poet)藝術(shù)是自然的右手。自然只讓我們存在，而藝術(shù)創(chuàng )造我們的人類(lèi)。(德國詩(shī)人 席勒 F)

　92 Art is the stored honey of the human soul, gathered on wings of misery and travel. (Theocore Dreser, American novelist)好畫(huà)猶如佳肴，只可意會(huì )，不可言傳。(法國畫(huà)家 弗拉曼克 M)

　93 Good painting is like good cooking; it ca n be tasted, but not explained. (Maurice de vlaminck, French painter)簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)，偉大的文學(xué)就是包涵極其豐富意義的語(yǔ)言。(美國詩(shī)人 龐德 E)

　94 Great literature is simply language charged with meaning to the utmost possible degree (Ezra Poud, American poet)幽默被人正確地解釋為“以誠摯表達感受，寓深思于嬉笑”。(美國詩(shī)人 龐德 E)

　95 Humor has been well defined as thinking in fun while feeling in earnest. (Mark Twain, American novelist)我寫(xiě)作只是為了增加自身的美。(美國作家杰克·倫敦)

　96 I write for no other purpose than to add to the beauty that now belongs to me. (Jack London, American writer)音樂(lè )要用心靈去聽(tīng)，用頭腦去感覺(jué)。(法國作家 雨果 V)

　97 In music one must think with the heart and feel with the brains. Victor Hugo, French writer Jazz tickles your muscles, symphonies stretch your soul. (PaulWhiteman, American conductor)爵士樂(lè )使你的肌肉發(fā)癢，交響樂(lè )能舒展你的靈魂。(美國指揮家 懷特曼 P)

　98 iterature is a kind of intellectual light which, like the light of the sun, may sometimes enable us to see what we do not like. (Samuse Johnson, British writer and critic)文學(xué)是一種理智之光，它和陽(yáng)光一樣，有時(shí)能使我們看到我們不喜歡的東西。(英國作家、批評家約翰遜 S)

　99 Love and scandale the best sweeteners of tea. (HenryFielding, British writer)風(fēng)流韻事與丑聞是品茶聊天時(shí)的最佳話(huà)題。(英國作家 菲爾丁 H)

　100 Music has charms to soothe a savage breast, to soften rocks or bend a knotted oak. (William Congreve. British dramatist)音樂(lè )有著(zhù)撫慰粗野的胸懷、軟化頑石或使千年老樹(shù)彎腰的魅力。(英國劇作家 康格里夫 W)

社區流行病學(xué)的名詞解釋

流行病學(xué)（epidemiology）: 是研究人群中疾病和健康狀態(tài)的分布及其影響因素，并研究如何防治疾病及促進(jìn)健康的策略與措施的科學(xué)。

第二章疾病的分布

疾病分布：指疾病在不同人群（人間）、不同地區（空間）、不同時(shí)間（時(shí)間）中的發(fā)生頻率與分布現象，是流行病學(xué)研究的起點(diǎn)和基礎。

比（ratio）：也稱(chēng)相對比，是表示兩個(gè)數相除所得的值，來(lái)說(shuō)明兩者的相對水平

構成比（proportion）：說(shuō)明某一事物內部各組成部分所占的比重或分布

率（rate）：是表示在一定的條件下某現象實(shí)際發(fā)生的例數與可能發(fā)生該現象的總例數之比，來(lái)說(shuō)明單位時(shí)間內某現象發(fā)生的頻率或強度。

發(fā)病指標

1）發(fā)病率（incidence rate）：是指一定時(shí)期內特定人群中某病新病例出現的頻率。用途：用來(lái)描述疾病的分布，探討發(fā)病因素，提出病因假設和評價(jià)仿制措施的效果

2）罹患率（attack rate）：測量新發(fā)病例的頻率指標。與發(fā)病率的相同之處是分子都是新發(fā)病例數，不同之處是罹患率用于衡量小范圍、短時(shí)間新發(fā)病例的頻率。

3）患病率（prevalence rate）：是指在特定時(shí)間內一定人群中某病新舊病例數所占的比例?；疾÷?發(fā)病率*病程。

4）感染率（infection rate）：指在某個(gè)時(shí)間受檢查的人群樣本中某病現有感染的人數所占的比率。

5）病殘率（disability rate）：指某一人群中，在一定期間內病殘人群在人群中的發(fā)生頻率。

死亡指標

1）死亡率（mortality rate）：是指某人群在一定期間內死于所有原因的人數在該人群中所占的比例。是測量人群死亡危險最常用的指標。

2）病死率（fatality rate）：表示一定時(shí)期內患某病的全部病人中因該病而死亡的比例。多用于病程短的急**。

3）生存率（survival rate）：是指患某種病的人經(jīng)n年的隨訪(fǎng)，到隨訪(fǎng)結束時(shí)仍存活的病例數占觀(guān)察病例的比例。常用于評價(jià)某些慢**的遠期療效。

4）死亡專(zhuān)率：按不同病種、性別、年齡、職業(yè)等特征分別加以計算出的死亡率

疾病的流行強度

1) 散發(fā)（sporadic）是指某病在某地區人群中呈歷年的一般發(fā)病率水平，病例在人群中散在發(fā)生或零星出現，病例之間無(wú)明顯聯(lián)系。用于描述較大范圍人群的某病流行強度。

2）爆發(fā)（outbreak）是指一個(gè)局部地區或集體單位的人群中，短時(shí)間內突然發(fā)生許多臨床癥狀相似的病人。

3）流行（epidemic）是指某地區、某病在某時(shí)間的發(fā)病率顯著(zhù)超過(guò)該病歷年的散發(fā)發(fā)病率水平。

地區聚集性:某地區患病或死亡頻率明顯高于周?chē)貐^的情況

地方性疾?。涸谝粋€(gè)地方或一個(gè)人群中相對穩定且經(jīng)常發(fā)生，無(wú)需自外地輸入的疾病

移民流行病學(xué)（migrant epidemiology)：是通過(guò)比較移民人群、移居地當地人群和原居住地人群的某病發(fā)病率或死亡率差異，分析該病的發(fā)生與遺傳因素或環(huán)境因素作用的大小。

第四章描述性研究

描述性研究（descriptive study）是指利用已有的資料或專(zhuān)門(mén)調查的資料，包括實(shí)驗室檢查結果，按不同時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或人群（三間分布）的特征進(jìn)行分組，把疾病或健康狀況的分布情況真實(shí)地描述出來(lái)的方法。

現況調查（prevalence survey）又稱(chēng)橫斷面研究，是在特定時(shí)點(diǎn)或時(shí)期內，對一個(gè)特定人群疾病或健康狀況及有關(guān)因素進(jìn)行的調查研究，以描述其分布與相關(guān)因素的關(guān)聯(lián)的描述性流行病學(xué)調查方法

1）普查（census）：是指為了解某病的患病率或健康狀況，于特定時(shí)間內對特定范圍內的全部觀(guān)察對象進(jìn)行調查或檢查。2）抽樣調查（sampling survey）是指從研究所確定的全部觀(guān)察對象（總體）中抽取一定數量的觀(guān)察對象組成樣本進(jìn)行調查分析，根據樣本信息推斷總體特征的一種調查方法。

單純隨機抽樣(簡(jiǎn)單隨機抽樣)：最簡(jiǎn)單、最基本的抽樣方法。先將所有觀(guān)察對象逐一編號，然后采用隨機數字表或抽簽等方式選取一定數量的觀(guān)察對象組成樣本。

系統抽樣(機械抽樣)：先將全部觀(guān)察對象按一定順序分成n個(gè)相同的部分然后從第一部分隨機選第k號觀(guān)察對象，并以此以相等的間距，從以后的各部分中抽取一個(gè)觀(guān)察單位組成樣本。即按照一定得順序機械地每隔若干單位抽取一個(gè)單位的抽樣方法。

分層抽樣：將總體單位按某種特征分為若干次級（層），然后從每一層內單純隨機抽樣組成一個(gè)樣本。

整群抽樣：將總體分成若干群組，抽取其中部分群組作為觀(guān)察單位組成樣本

多階段抽樣(多級抽樣)：將抽樣過(guò)程分階段進(jìn)行，每個(gè)階段使用的抽樣方法往往不同，即將以上抽樣方法結合使用，在大型流行病學(xué)調查中常用。