?neolithic

neolithic發(fā)音

英：[?ni:?'l?θ?k]　　美：[?ni:?'l?θ?k]

英：　　美：

neolithic中文意思翻譯

adj.新石器時(shí)代的

neolithic常見(jiàn)例句

1 、The second excavation of the Chuodun site in Kunshan in 1999 covers an area of 320 sq m. This excavation reveals 3 house sites,6 ash pits and 20 tombs, which adds a lot of important materials to the Neolithic Age culture in Taihu areas.───1999年江蘇昆山綽墩遺址第二次發(fā)掘面積 320平方米，發(fā)現房址 3座、灰坑 6個(gè)、墓葬 20座，為太湖地區新石器時(shí)代文化增添了一批重要資料。

2 、painted pottery (of a Neolithic culture)───彩陶

3 、Shanxi has an extremely large number of excavated tombs and neolithic sites.───山西發(fā)掘出不計其數的墳墓和新石器遺址。

4 、About 5,000 years ago, the people of the 1)Neolithic period decided to build a huge 2)monument using earth, 3)timber and stones.───在英格蘭索爾茲伯里平原上矗立著(zhù)一群巨石建筑。

5 、The ancient Chinese lacquer art dates back to Neolithic Age, much earlier than the invention of silk and pottery.───中國古老的大漆工藝可以上溯至新石器時(shí)代，比絲綢和陶瓷的發(fā)明還要早許多。

6 、Neolithic Cultures in the Central Balkan Region───中巴爾干地區新石器時(shí)代文化

7 、No well-preserved bodies had ever been found in Europe from this period, the Neolithic, or New Stone Age.───冰人生活在新石器時(shí)代，歐洲從未發(fā)現過(guò)保存得那麼好的新石器時(shí)代遺骸。

8 、Archaeologists have for the first time unearthed the homes of Neolithic henge builders, in a set of dwellings excavated from a Northumberland quarry.───在諾森伯蘭郡采石場(chǎng)，考古學(xué)家首次發(fā)掘出新石器時(shí)代巨石圈建造者的家園。

9 、The early history of man in Iran goes back well beyond the Neolithic period, it begins to get more interesting around 6000 BC, when people began to domesticate animals and plant wheat and barley.───伊朗人的早期歷史要回溯到新石器時(shí)代以前，它在公元前6000年左右，當人們開(kāi)始馴養動(dòng)物和種植小麥與大麥的時(shí)候，開(kāi)始變得更加有趣味。

10 、When this is done, one land unit stands out uniquely and unchallengeable: Eurasia, the veritable heartland of world history since Neolithic times.───當這些工作做完以后，一個(gè)區域毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的顯現出來(lái)：歐亞大陸，自新石器時(shí)代以來(lái)名副其實(shí)的世界歷史要地。

11 、Pre-pottery Neolithic Cultures in Greece───希臘前陶新石器文化

12 、Visit the Banpo Neolithic Village (Visit time probably 1 hours), then driving to The Museum of Qin Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses.───參觀(guān)半坡博物館（游覽時(shí)間約為1小時(shí)），然后乘車(chē)前往兵馬俑博物館。

13 、Of, relating to, or being the cultural period of the Stone Age between the Paleolithic and Neolithic ages, marked by the appearance of the bow and cutting tools.───中石器時(shí)代的介于舊石器與新石器時(shí)代之間的已出現弓箭和切割工具的石器文化時(shí)代的、與之有關(guān)的、或是這一時(shí)代的

14 、If Juval was not his home, signs of Neolithic occupation at other locations in the immediately adjacent Vinschgau (Val Venosta), the valley of the River Etsch (Adige), offer other possibilities.───如果居佛不是奧茲的家鄉，那麼，居佛附近的文許高，就是阿第及河河谷，也有一些新石器時(shí)代遺址的跡象，都是可能地點(diǎn)。

15 、The Meaning of the Research of the Dushan Jade in Neolithic Age───南陽(yáng)黃山新石器時(shí)代獨山玉器調研的意義

16 、The Heart of Neolithic Orkney───奧克尼郡的新石器時(shí)代中心遺址

17 、The Haidai region, which lies in the lower Yellow and Huai River Valley, was mainly a millet planting dry farming area in the early Neolithic period.───地處黃淮下游的海岱地區,新石器時(shí)代偏早時(shí)期是以種植粟類(lèi)作物為主的旱作農業(yè)區。

18 、In 1991, a tomb of the Neolithic age at Wuwei, Gansu Province also produced a colorful pottery basin, whose upper inside is painted with two groups of dancers.───1991年，甘肅武威一處新石器時(shí)代墓葬中也發(fā)現了舞蹈紋彩陶盆，也是在盆的內壁上部繪制了兩組舞隊，

19 、The plating pottery wine vessels unearthed in the Neolithic Age memorial site there are strong evidences.───在新石器時(shí)代遺址中已發(fā)掘出印紋陶酒器；

20 、Descriptions like ‘ Palaeolithic Man’, ‘Neolithic Man’, etc.───干脆利落地總結了一個(gè)時(shí)期。

21 、The racial type of the Zhenpiyan neolithic series of skulls is Mongoloid andmore closed to the Southern Asiatic Mongoloid.───頭骨特征表明,甑皮巖新石器時(shí)代居民屬蒙古人種,與現代分布于華南、印度支那和印度尼西亞等地的南亞種族較接近;

22 、The peculiar pressure that it exerted on human beings between the Neolithic Age and the early twentieth century has disappeared and been replaced by something quite different.───人類(lèi)在新石器時(shí)代到二十世紀初期之間受到的這種特殊壓力，現在已經(jīng)消失，而由一種完全不同的東西所取代。

23 、Dahecun Village is a 5, 000-year-old site of Yangshao and Longshan Neolithic cultures.───大河村是有5000年歷史的仰韶--龍山新石器文化遺址。

24 、History of the Chinese civilization started in the Neolithic age, about 4,000 years to 10,000 years ago.───中國文明始于石器時(shí)代，距離今天約1萬(wàn)年到4000年左右。

25 、BA Xiang Chu County Taiwan Baoziwan, chukars BA Xiang Ping Walled Hanan Majiayao Yangshao culture are the type of the Neolithic cultural sites."Book of History.───縣境內堡子壩鄉朱家臺，石雞壩鄉哈南寨坪均有新石器時(shí)代仰韶文化馬家窯類(lèi)型的文化遺址。

26 、In the past, most archaeologists classified sites with blackware as typical late Neolithic sites of the Tahu Culture found only in southwestern part of Taiwan.───臺灣西南地區的史前文化年代學(xué)，將出土灰黑陶之遺址皆劃分為新石期時(shí)代晚期的大湖文化。

27 、Jndging from most of characteristicsof skulls, this series has affinity with the neolithic skulls from northern China,especially with the Banpo series.───與新石器時(shí)代的華北居民在頭骨絕大部分形態(tài)特征上十分相近,尤其與半坡遺址居民更接近。

28 、Siwuqiannian ago in the Neolithic Age, the ancestors are here to propagate interest-bearing.───在距今四五千年的新石器時(shí)代，先民們就在這里繁衍生息。

29 、Majiayao Culture of the Neolithic Age───年代:新石器時(shí)代馬家窯文化

30 、There are high-Temple Head "Late Neolithic sites," Lung Tsuen Tsam poetwang ren yu home for five generations.───境內有高寺頭“新石器晚期遺址”，斬龍村為五代詩(shī)人王仁裕故里。

31 、A Neolithic Graveyard Excavated at Danangou,Chifeng,Inner Mongolia───內蒙古赤峰大南溝新石器時(shí)代墓地的發(fā)掘

32 、They were entering upon a new phase in human culture, the Neolithic phase ( New Stone Age ).───他們正進(jìn)人人類(lèi)文化的一個(gè)新階段，即新石器時(shí)代。

33 、By 10,000 BC, most of mankind was at the Neolithic level.───到公元前 10000年，大部分人類(lèi)已經(jīng)處于新石器時(shí)代的水平。

34 、Their full archaeological evidence proves that the Hongshan Culture society is the more advanced economic society in north of China in Neolithic Age.───它們充分的考古學(xué)實(shí)證向世人昭示:紅山文化社會(huì )是新石器時(shí)代中國北方較為先進(jìn)的經(jīng)濟社會(huì )。

35 、In the Chinese ruins of the Neolithic age over 6,000 years ago, musical instruments like pottery xun, pottery whistle, bone flute, stone qing, and tuo drum were excavated.───在我國，六千年前的新石器時(shí)代遺址中，已有不少陶塤、陶哨、骨笛、石磬等樂(lè )器出土。

36 、Neolithic Burial Mounds Distribution Twenty odd sites of neoliths remains have been discovered successively in Linhai.This sketch outlines their distribution.───人頭骨化石二十世紀八十年代發(fā)現于涌泉鎮東南的鳳凰山麓。

37 、In the misty, hazy past, as the Mesolithic Age gave way to the Neolithic, there suddenly appeared in widely separated geographic areas the most highly successful group of inventors and revolutionaries that the world has ever known.───在迷蒙的過(guò)去，當中石器時(shí)代讓位于新石器時(shí)代時(shí)，有一些在地理上相隔遙遠的地區，突然出現了人類(lèi)迄今所了解的最為成功的發(fā)明群體和革命者。

38 、During the Neolithic centuries, there would have been at least a dozen little houses here, half-dug into the ground for comfort and for safety.───在新石器世紀這里至少有十多間小房屋，為了讓其舒適和安全,它們有一半的高度是深入地表的.在這個(gè)蓬勃、繁華的小社區內大概有五至六十間房屋。

39 、The ShangHai Museum displays over 500 pieces of the finest ceramics from the Neolithic times to the end of the Qing Dynasty.───上海展覽館陳列有500余件上自新石器時(shí)代,下至清末的歷代陶瓷器精品。

40 、the Neolithic Ruins of Shell Mound in Guangxi───廣西貝丘遺址

41 、Late Dawenkou Culture of the Neolithic Age───年代:新石器時(shí)代大汶口文化晚期

42 、Natural Environment in Shandong Province in the Neolithic Age───山東新石器時(shí)代的自然環(huán)鏡

43 、Baoding has a long history, from the Xushui Nanchuang first excavated early Neolithic sites prove far years ago our ancestors have been here, flourish.───保定市歷史悠久，從徐水縣南莊頭發(fā)掘的新石器時(shí)代早期遺址證明，遠在萬(wàn)年前我們的祖先已在這里繁衍生息。

44 、The Arts and Craft of Yunnan in the Neolithic Age───云南新石器時(shí)代的工藝美術(shù)

45 、A range of unique stone outdoor furniture exporter has been excavated in Skara Brae a Neolithic village, located in Orkney, Scotland.───印度人為了抵抗酷暑，靠吃放足香辛料的咖喱來(lái)促進(jìn)新陳代謝，但是，不見(jiàn)得我們也能把咖喱當作家常飯。

46 、There has not been a double burial found in the Neolithic period, much less two people hugging.───以前我們從未發(fā)現過(guò)新石器時(shí)代的合葬尸骨,更不要說(shuō)相互擁抱在一起的了。

47 、Agriculture has been theorized to have become the dominant way of producing food since the Neolithic Revolution.───農業(yè)被證實(shí)為自新石器時(shí)代以來(lái)生產(chǎn)食物的主要方式。

48 、Neolithic Period of Shandong Province───山東新石器時(shí)代

49 、Many institutions, from neolithic villages to the maniples of the Roman army, seem to be organised around the Dunbar number.───從新石器時(shí)代的部落到羅馬軍團的步兵中隊，許多機構似乎都是遵循“鄧巴數字”構建起來(lái)的。

50 、Tianzhu a long history in the county in southwestern Romania Chichiawanping xiang East, such as minor groove excavated Neolithic cultural sites Racecourse.───天祝歷史悠久，在縣城西南部的東坪鄉羅家灣、小溝等地出土的新石器時(shí)代馬場(chǎng)文化遺址。

51 、February 6, in Italy Mantuowa excavated near the Neolithic ruins, archaeological experts found the remains of a pair of lovers, hold hands tightly together.───2月6日，在意大利曼托瓦附近發(fā)掘出的新石器時(shí)代遺址中，考古專(zhuān)家發(fā)現了一對情侶遺骸，雙手緊緊地抱在一起。

52 、Rock paintings in the sand dunes near the hill and also collected the late Neolithic pottery, stone tools, and other artifacts.───在巖畫(huà)附近的沙丘和山崗上還采集到新石器時(shí)代晚期的陶片、石器等遺物。

53 、From the Neolithic pottery to the latter, speculation turned from folk to Hengyang rich natural resources, from North Korea today to the generation of reform and opening up development.───從石器到陶器至鐵鍋，從熬到炒，從民俗到衡陽(yáng)豐富的物產(chǎn)、從各朝各代至如今改革開(kāi)放的發(fā)展。

54 、Therefore, they had become the Neolithic Age farmers who mastered multiple measures for survival and furthermore successful practitioners at the early stage of rice agriculture in southern China.───因此，他們已經(jīng)是掌握了多種生存手段的新石器時(shí)代農人，更是中國南方稻作農業(yè)的早期成功實(shí)踐者。

55 、Inhabited in Paleolithic and Neolithic times, the region was an important conglomeration of native states by the 14th century but became a British protectorate in 1894.───在舊石器和新石器時(shí)期就有人居住，這個(gè)地區到14世紀為止是土著(zhù)國家的一個(gè)重要的聯(lián)合政體，但在1894年成了英國保護地。

56 、It includes the earlier Neolithic cultures and Majiayao late Qijia culture, there are even more advanced "Temple sub culture.───它包括新石器時(shí)代較早期的馬家窯文化和較晚期的齊家文化，還有更晚期的“寺洼文化”。

57 、The remains of some sacrificial slaves in the Warring States Period, Banpo site and Beishouling site in Chinese Neolithic Age have been studied with aDNA molecular biological methods.───1）對于關(guān)中地區新石器遺址的生態(tài)環(huán)境進(jìn)行了考古資料的調查和數據挖掘，研究形成了新石器時(shí)代遺址生態(tài)學(xué)特征指標體系和統計軟件，統計軟件已應用于考古研究單位。

58 、In fact, among the mass excavated rice grain, a small part of them were extremely small and light they distributed in various Neolithic sites of the east and south China about 4000-6000 years BP.───事實(shí)上，除大量考古出土的炭化稻谷(米)外，在華東和華南的新石器遺址中還出土有少量小而輕的炭化稻谷(米)，時(shí)間約距今4000至6000年前。

59 、On the Culture Vestiges in the Earlier Neolithic Age───中國新石器時(shí)代早期文化遺存的新發(fā)現和新思考

60 、The Chinese Began their sophisticated production of pottery in the Neolithic period and produced porcelain as early as the 7th century AD.───中國人在新石器時(shí)代就已經(jīng)開(kāi)始制作復雜的陶瓷,并在公元7世紀開(kāi)始制作瓷器。

61 、Of,relating to,or being the cultural period of the Stone Age between the Paleolithic and Neolithic ages,marked by the appearance of the bow and cutting tools.───中石器時(shí)代的，介于舊石器與新石器時(shí)代之間的已出現弓箭和切割工具的石器文化時(shí)代的、與之有關(guān)的、或是這一時(shí)代的。

62 、Visit the Banpo Neolithic Village( Visit time probably1 hours)， then driving to The Museum of Qin Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses.───參觀(guān)半坡博物館（覽時(shí)間約為1小時(shí)）然后乘車(chē)前往兵馬俑博物館。

63 、It reached its peak from 2600 BC to 1900 BC roughly, a period called by some archaeologists "Mature Harappan" as distinguished from the earlier Neolithic "Early Harappan" regional cultures.───它大約從公元前2600年起到公元前1900年達到了頂峰，是一個(gè)被一些考古學(xué)家稱(chēng)為“成熟的哈拉帕文明”的時(shí)期，區分于該地區較早期石器時(shí)期的“早期的哈拉帕文明”。

64 、Neolithic and Chalcolithic Cultures in North Africa───北非新石器時(shí)代和銅石并用時(shí)代文化

65 、China is the birthplace of lacquering, as early as more than 7,000 years ago in the Neolithic Age, a section has been on the acquisition and use.───中國是漆藝的發(fā)源地，早在七千多年前的新石器時(shí)代,漆就已經(jīng)被人們采集并使用。

66 、Can be traced back to the Neolithic Age.───恐怕要追溯到新石器時(shí)代了。

67 、The bodies exhibited evidence of brutality commonly seen in the Neolithic, lead author Haak said.───主研究員哈克說(shuō)，墓穴中的遺骨顯示出，野蠻屠殺事件在新石器時(shí)代時(shí)期十分普遍。

68 、Neolithic Cultures in Baluchistan and the Indus Plains───俾路支和印度河平原的新石器時(shí)代文化

69 、The first cities grew in the wake of the agricultural revolution of the Neolithic period.───農業(yè)的發(fā)展,使得資源越來(lái)越豐富起來(lái)。城市最早的出現,是農業(yè)發(fā)展的結果。

70 、Archaeological Finds from the analysis of MA-6000 years ago Hamamatsu site, a Neolithic period (interim).───從出土文物分析，馬家浜遺址距今6000多年，屬新石器時(shí)代（中期）。

71 、Inhabited from Neolithic times, it developed as an important Mycenaean center in the Bronze Age, reaching its height c. 1400 BC.───從新石器時(shí)代開(kāi)始有人居住，后在青銅器時(shí)代發(fā)展為重要的邁錫尼人中心，西元前1400年左右達到鼎盛時(shí)期。

72 、A Study of Earthen Jar's Pedigree in Neolithic Age in Tangshan Area───唐山地區新石器時(shí)代陶罐譜系研究

73 、The northern Chinese rock paintings were created between the Neolithic age and the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368).───制作時(shí)間可能在新石器時(shí)代和元代之間。

74 、A pair of human skeletons lie in an eternal embrace at an Neolithic archaeological dig site near Mantova, Italy, in this photo released February 6, 2007.───意大利考古學(xué)家近日發(fā)現了一對距今五六千年的合葬戀人骨骸，這兩具尸骨至今仍保持著(zhù)擁抱的姿勢。

75 、In the Neolithic era, cities began to be built around 8,000 to 6,000 years ago.───在新石器時(shí)代的時(shí)代,城市開(kāi)始被修造大約8,000到6,000年前。

76 、Developed earlier, as early as the Neolithic period of human activity there.───開(kāi)發(fā)較早,早在新石器時(shí)代已有人類(lèi)活動(dòng)。

77 、With its many marvelous figures, mystical patterns and wonderful colors, pottery, developed during the middle stage of the Neolithic Age, has become a splendid part of China's heritage.───博物館里件件充滿(mǎn)神秘而又優(yōu)美的藏品，訴說(shuō)著(zhù)中國這個(gè)世界古陶文明的發(fā)祥地那悠遠的古陶文明。

78 、It is easy to see how important the man of knowledge and experience, the man who knew about the blood sacrifice and the stars, became in this early Neolithic world.───很容易理解，在這個(gè)早期新石器時(shí)代的世界里，一個(gè)富有知識和經(jīng)驗、熟悉血祭和星球的人變得多么舉足輕重。

79 、Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River valley in the Neolithic era.───中國文明在新石器時(shí)代的時(shí)代沿著(zhù)黃河流域起源于各種城邦.

80 、Most of the superfine and typical Neolithic objects uneathed in Shanghai area are from Qingpu.───上海新石器時(shí)代的文物精品和典型器物絕大多數出土于青浦，種類(lèi)齊全、器型豐富；

古人類(lèi)文化

1. 古文化及其記錄

文化是人類(lèi)特有的一種精神和物質(zhì)財富，是指人類(lèi)在社會(huì )實(shí)踐過(guò)程中所獲得的物質(zhì)、精神的生產(chǎn)能力和所創(chuàng )造的物質(zhì)、精神財富的總和。古文化(ancient culture)就是指古人類(lèi)在活動(dòng)過(guò)程中所創(chuàng )造的文化。這種古文化通常是通過(guò)古人類(lèi)遺留下來(lái)的一些物品，如石器(stone artifact)、骨器(bone artifact)、角器(antler artifact)、陶器(pottery)等，或者遺址表現出來(lái)的。

在記錄古人類(lèi)文化的遺物中，石器、骨器和角器最為常見(jiàn)，其中石器在人類(lèi)歷史中使用的時(shí)間最長(cháng)和最廣泛。石器是指經(jīng)人類(lèi)加工并使用的石制工具。如果是用動(dòng)物的骨骼制成的工具就稱(chēng)骨器，角器是用動(dòng)物的角加工而成的。

石器的制做通常要經(jīng)過(guò)兩道工序: 一是打片，二是修理。所謂的打片就是從一個(gè)礫石上打下石片。打下的石片還不規整，不宜直接當工具使用，還要經(jīng)過(guò)第二道修理工序。通過(guò)修理把石片或石核制作成特種用途的工具。這樣一件石器就制作成了。

根據石器的用途，可分為兩大類(lèi)，一類(lèi)為制作石器的工具，如石錘和石砧(圖 9-25);第二類(lèi)是用于生活和生產(chǎn)的工具，如砍砸器、刮削器、尖狀器、雕刻器、石錐、石鏃等(圖9-25)，這類(lèi)石器非常復雜，變化也多，是研究古人類(lèi)文化最主要的材料。

圖 9-25 中國猿人使用的幾種石器類(lèi)型(選自裴文中等，1985)

2. 人類(lèi)文化期的劃分及其特點(diǎn)

文化層(cultural layer)是指含有石器、陶器、銅器、鐵器和村社遺址等古人類(lèi)活動(dòng)遺存的沉積層。有時(shí)一個(gè)地點(diǎn)只有一個(gè)文化層，有時(shí)有幾個(gè)文化層，如中國猿人遺址就有上、下兩個(gè)文化層。

文化遺址(cultural site)是指含有古人類(lèi)活動(dòng)遺存物的地址。古人類(lèi)的遺存物有很多種類(lèi)型，如前面說(shuō)的石器、陶器、銅器、鐵器、銅器等，灰燼、巖畫(huà)、建筑等也是遺存物。多數遺存物是保存在沉積層中，但也有不是保存在沉積層中的，如巖畫(huà)。

文化期(cultural age)是指與一定的地區文化遺存特征相對應的時(shí)代。一個(gè)文化期可以包括多個(gè)文化遺址，而一個(gè)文化遺址有可能包含了幾個(gè)文化期。如在一個(gè)文化遺址中，可能即有舊石器文化(Palaeolithic culture)，又有新石器文化(Neolithic culture)，則這個(gè)文化遺址肯定包括了多個(gè)文化期; 如果幾個(gè)遺址都具有相似的文化遺存，那么這幾個(gè)遺址可能屬于同一個(gè)文化期。

根據石器的文化特點(diǎn)，將古人類(lèi)文化劃分為舊石器時(shí)代(Palaeolithic Age)、中石器時(shí)代(Mesolithic Age)(或細石器時(shí)代)和新石器時(shí)代(Neolithic Age)(表 9-7)。

(1)舊石器時(shí)代

舊石器時(shí)代是最長(cháng)的一個(gè)文化期，大約從人類(lèi)起源開(kāi)始，一直持續到一萬(wàn)年前，包括了整個(gè)更新世。根據石器的特點(diǎn)，這個(gè)時(shí)期又可劃分為早、中、晚三個(gè)時(shí)期。

舊石器早期 從人類(lèi)的開(kāi)始到 0. 30MaB. P. ，跨越了二百多萬(wàn)年，相當于人類(lèi)演化的能人和直立人階段。在非洲和歐洲，可分出奧杜韋文化和阿舍利文化。奧杜韋文化(Oldowan Cul- ture)是以坦桑尼亞奧杜韋河谷發(fā)現石器而命名的，但可向北分布到埃塞俄比亞的哈達，時(shí)代在 2. 5 ～1. 5MaB. P. ，相當能人生存的時(shí)期。這個(gè)時(shí)期文化的特點(diǎn)是石器原始，種類(lèi)少，加工粗糙，無(wú)定形，石器尺寸大，一器多用，主要由砍砸器構成(圖 9-26)。在中國沒(méi)有發(fā)現這個(gè)時(shí)期的石器。阿舍利文化(Acheulean Culture)是以法國的 St. Acheul 地點(diǎn)命名的，時(shí)代在1. 50～0. 30MaB. P. 之間，在 1. 00Ma B. P. 前后達到了它的頂峰時(shí)期，在非洲和歐洲都有分布，如東非、南非、北非、英國、法國、西班牙、意大利等，但在亞洲少見(jiàn)，不過(guò)近些年在廣西百色、漢水流域發(fā)現了比較豐富的手斧。阿舍利文化是在奧杜韋文化的基礎上發(fā)展起來(lái)的，與奧杜韋文化有繼承性，最大的特色就是手斧文化(hand ax culture)。阿舍利的手斧制作非常精致，器形規整，形態(tài)多種(橢圓形、心形、亞心形)，刃緣平齊，器身較薄，兩面加工，加工技術(shù)高(圖 9-26)。我國直立人階段的文化屬于這個(gè)時(shí)期，但不屬于這種文化，而是一個(gè)特有的文化———小石器文化，以刮削器、尖狀器、雕刻器等為主(圖 9-26)。

表 9-7 古人類(lèi)文化期的劃分及其對比

圖 9-26 奧杜韋文化、阿舍利文化、莫斯特文化和 “北京人”文化石器特征(選自 Klein，1989; 裴文中等，1985)

舊石器中期 時(shí)代為 0. 30 ～0. 04MaB. P. ，相當于人類(lèi)演化的早期智人階段，在非洲和歐洲稱(chēng)為莫斯特文化(Mousterian Culture)。盡管莫斯特文化是在阿舍利文化基礎上發(fā)展起來(lái)的，但有明顯的不同，以出現大量的尖狀器和刮削器為特征(圖 9-26)，而大型的兩刃器———手斧減少。莫斯特工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的石器是向小型化發(fā)展的，而且制作相當精細，刃緣非常銳利，兩面加工，尖狀器有多種形態(tài)，如橢圓形、心形等。山西丁村文化屬于這種類(lèi)型。

舊石器晚期 時(shí)代為 0. 04 ～0. 01MaB. P. ，相當于人類(lèi)演化的晚期智人階段。在歐洲可劃分為四個(gè)時(shí)期: 奧瑞納文化(Aurignacian Culture)(34～27ka B. P. )、格拉維特文化(Gravet- tian Culture)(27～21ka B. P. )、梭魯特文化(Soluterian Culture)(21～16. 5ka B. P. )和馬格德林文化(Magdalenian Culture)(16. 5～11ka B. P. )。這時(shí)期的文化繼承了莫斯特文化的特點(diǎn)，小型石器進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，大型石器減少。在早期石器加工精細，多為長(cháng)條形和柳葉形，而在晚期石器退居次要的地位，骨器大量出現，而且加工也很精細，出現了各種魚(yú)叉、魚(yú)鉤等(圖 9-27)。山頂洞人的文化屬于這個(gè)時(shí)期，出現了骨針和穿孔的貝殼、牙齒等。

圖 9-27 舊石器晚期石器特征(選自 Carcia，1942; 李天元，1990)

(2)中石器時(shí)代

是一個(gè)從舊石器到新石器的過(guò)渡時(shí)期，因此有人把它劃分出來(lái)，也有人把它歸到舊石器時(shí)代，年代為 10 ～6kaB. P. 。這個(gè)時(shí)期石器的特色就是向 “細化”方向發(fā)展，石器的尺寸都比較小，因此也稱(chēng)細石器時(shí)代(Microlithic Age)。石器有斜方形、不等邊三角形等的刮削器、尖狀器、雕刻器、箭頭、石刀等，尤以長(cháng)薄的石葉最為突出。通常把石片、石鐮鑲嵌到木棒上使用。顯示出這時(shí)期的經(jīng)濟模式———狩獵經(jīng)濟。打片和修理石器的方法與前也不同，以間接打片法和間接修理法為主。

(3)新石器時(shí)代

這是石器文化的最后一個(gè)時(shí)期，在石器制作上出現了磨制方法，所以石器經(jīng)磨制后表面非常光滑，同時(shí)還出現了陶器，這是完全不同于舊石器和中石器的，能把松軟的泥土制成堅硬的陶器，這是工業(yè)技術(shù)的一大進(jìn)步。時(shí)代為 6 ～3ka B. P. 。

新石器時(shí)代，是中華文化繁盛和發(fā)展時(shí)期，在我國的黃河流域和長(cháng)江流域出現了不同時(shí)代的文化(表 9-8)，如半坡文化、仰韶文化、龍山文化等。文化特點(diǎn)是有磨制的石斧、石鐮、石鏟、石刀、石臼等，以及黑陶和彩陶的陶盆、陶缽等。這種文化的變化顯示了我國農業(yè)的開(kāi)始。

表 9-8 黃河和長(cháng)江流域新石器文化期對比

哪有半坡遺址的英文簡(jiǎn)介

Xi'an Banpo Ruins that Banpo Site Museum, located in the eastern suburbs of Xi'an Banpo about six kilometers of the village, the Yellow River Basin is the largest and most complete preservation of the matriarchal clan commune village sites, since 6,000 years of history.

Sites into living, pottery, the tombs of three zones, residential areas is the main villages. Banpo people belonging to the Neolithic age, the tools used mainly wood and stone. Museum three existing showroom, a hall site.

Banpo Ruins is a typical Yellow River Basin of the Yangshao culture matriarchal clan Neolithic settlement sites, since between 5600-6700. The spring of 1953 found the site, the site of 50,000 square meters. From September 1954 to the summer of 1957, the Archaeological Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences organized archaeological nearly 200 workers, after excavations five times, that lasted for nearly four years, exposing the site area of 10,000 square meters, access to a lot of valuable scientific information. Housing remains were found in 45, column 2 laps, Jiaoxue more than 200, pottery kiln six, all burials 250 (of which 174 adult burials, child care jar coffin 73), as well as production tools and appliances, about 10,000 life cultural relics.

In 1958 built on the site of Banpo Site Museum, is China's first prehistoric museum, in addition to the construction of Outdoor Exhibition, in 3000 square metres of the original villages to protect residential areas built hall. Banpo Ruins in housing, cellar, kitchen pits, the men and women at the funeral mass graves, all kinds of production and daily necessities, such as relics of relics to us vividly displayed more than 6,000 years ago in a matriarchal clan community period of prosperity in our ancestors and living situation. On the study of Chinese history primitive society has an important scientific value. Museum on April 1, 1958 the official opening to the outside world, has so far received more than 2,000 Chinese and foreign tourists million.

Banpo Ruins

Primitive village-style door decoration, fish pond in the Kap Shui is the towering stone sculptures, as well as her Banpo Ruins hall positive written by Guo Moruo, "Banpo Ruins" four Qiu Jin Jun of the United States and Chinese characters, are the cultural atmosphere of Banpo Museum add a fun, so that people have a kind of return to nature, return to history, the arts Zhenqingshigan return, the situation, often so many in the audience yearn islands.

Banpo site into housing, pottery, the tombs of three zones, residential areas is the main villages. Banpo people belonging to the Neolithic age, the tools used mainly wood and stone. Women are the main Banpo people productivity, pottery, textiles, the keeping of livestock by their commitment, more men are engaged in fishing and hunting. Museum three existing showroom, a hall site. Here, you can see the simplicity of human childhood, but also to the Chinese ancestors can be difficult to find the footprints.