?Stoicism

Stoicism發(fā)音

英：[?st?u?s?z?m]　　美：[?sto??s?z?m]

英：　　美：

Stoicism中文意思翻譯

Stoicism

n. 斯多葛學(xué)派

n. 禁欲主義, 堅忍克己

Stoicism詞形變化

形容詞: stoichiometric | 副詞: stoichiometrically |

GRE重點(diǎn)話(huà)題之質(zhì)疑精神

您好，我是專(zhuān)注留學(xué)考試規劃和留學(xué)咨詢(xún)的小鐘老師。在追尋留學(xué)夢(mèng)想的路上，選擇合適的學(xué)校和專(zhuān)業(yè)，準備相關(guān)考試，都可能讓人感到迷茫和困擾。作為一名有經(jīng)驗的留學(xué)顧問(wèn)，我在此為您提供全方位的專(zhuān)業(yè)咨詢(xún)和指導。歡迎隨時(shí)提問(wèn)！https://liuxue.87dh.com/ Skepticism

Skepticism refers to the philosophic position holding that the possibility of knowledge is limited either because of the limitations of the mind or because of the inaccessibility of its object. It is more loosely used to denote any questioning attitude. Extreme skepticism holds that no knowledge is possible, but this is logically untenable since the statement contradicts itself. During the Renaissance the influence of ancient skepticism was reflected preeminently in the writings of the 16th-century French philosophical essayist Michel de Montaigne. The greatest exponent of modern skepticism was the 18th-century Scottish empiricist philosopher David Hume. In his Treatise of Human Nature (1739-1740) and An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748), Hume questions the possibility of demonstrating the truth of beliefs about the external world, causal connections, future events, or such metaphysical entities as the soul and God. The 18th-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant, while attempting to overcome Hume's skepticism, denied the possibility of knowing things in themselves or of achieving metaphysical knowledge. In the 19th century, the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche denied the possibility of complete objectivity, and thus of objective knowledge, in any field. The 20th-century American philosopher George Santayana, claiming to have taken Hume's skepticism a step further, maintained, in his work Scepticism and Animal Faith (1923), that belief in the existence of anything, including oneself, rests on a natural, but irrational impulse. Elements of skepticism may be found in other modern schools of philosophy, including pragmatism, analytic and linguistic philosophy, and existentialism.

Philosophical skepticism

In philosophical skepticism, pyrrhonism is a position that refrains from making truth claims. A philosophical skeptic does not claim that truth is impossible (which would be a truth claim). The label is commonly used to describe other philosophies which appear similar to philosophical skepticism, such as "academic" skepticism, an ancient variant of Platonism that claimed knowledge of truth was impossible. Empiricism is a closely related, but not identical, position to philosophical skepticism. Empiricists see empiricism as a pragmatic compromise between philosophical skepticism and nomothetic science; philosophical skepticism is in turn sometimes referred to as "radical empiricism."

Philosophical skepticism originated in ancient Greek philosophy. One of its first proponents was Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360-275 B.C.), who traveled and studied as far

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as India, and propounded the adoption of 'practical' skepticism. Subsequently, in the 'New Academy' Arcesilaos (c. 315-241 B.C.) and Carneades (c. 213-129 B.C.) developed more theoretical perspectives, by which conceptions of absolute truth and falsity were refuted. Carneades criticized the views of the Dogmatists, especially supporters of Stoicism, asserting that absolute certainty of knowledge is impossible. Sextus Empiricus (c. A.D. 200), the main authority for Greek skepticism, developed the position further, incorporating aspects of empiricism into the basis for asserting knowledge.

Greek skeptics criticized the Stoics, accusing them of dogmatism. For the skeptics, the logical mode of argument was untenable, as it relied on propositions which could not be said to be either true or false without relying on further propositions. This was the regress argument, whereby every proposition must rely on other propositions in order to maintain its validity. In addition, the skeptics argued that two propositions could not rely on each other, as this would create a circular argument (as p implies q and q implies p). For the skeptics such logic was thus an inadequate measure of truth which could create as many problems as it claimed to have solved. Truth was not, however, necessarily unobtainable, but rather an idea which did not yet exist in a pure form. Although skepticism was accused of denying the possibility of truth, in actual fact it appears to have mainly been a critical school which merely claimed that logicians had not discovered truth.

Scientific skepticism

A scientific (or empirical) skeptic is one who questions the reliability of certain kinds of claims by subjecting them to a systematic investigation. The scientific method details the specific process by which this investigation of reality is conducted. Considering the rigor of the scientific method, science itself may simply be thought of as an organized form skepticism. This does not mean that the scientific skeptic is necessarily a scientist who conducts live experiments (though this may be the case), but that the skeptic generally accepts claims that are in his/her view likely to be true based on testable hypotheses and critical thinking.

Common topics that scientifically-skeptical literature questions include health claims surrounding certain foods, procedures, and medicines, such as homeopathy, Reiki, Thought Field Therapy (TFT), vertebral subluxations; the plausibility of supernatural entities (such as ghosts, poltergeists, angels, and gods); as well as the existence of ESP/telekinesis, psychic powers, and telepathy (and thus the credibility of parapsychology); topics in cryptozoology, Bigfoot, the Loch Ness monster, UFOs, crop circles, astrology, repressed memories, creationism, dowsing, conspiracy theories, and other claims the skeptic sees as unlikely to be true on scientific grounds.

Most empirical or scientific skeptics do not profess philosophical skepticism. Whereas a philosophical skeptic may deny the very existence of knowledge, an empirical skeptic merely seeks likely proof before accepting that knowledge.

希望以上的答復能對您的留學(xué)申請有所幫助。留學(xué)的道路充滿(mǎn)了無(wú)限可能，但選擇和準備的過(guò)程可能也充滿(mǎn)挑戰。如果您有任何更詳細的問(wèn)題或需要進(jìn)一步的協(xié)助，我強烈推薦您訪(fǎng)問(wèn)我們的留學(xué)官方網(wǎng)站 https://liuxue.87dh.com/　。在那里您可以找到更多專(zhuān)業(yè)的留學(xué)考試規劃和留學(xué)資料以及一對一的咨詢(xún)服務(wù)。我們的專(zhuān)業(yè)團隊會(huì )全程陪伴您，助您圓夢(mèng)海外學(xué)府。祝您留學(xué)申請順利！

蘋(píng)果、圍墻與主義：一條貪吃蛇的 21 種哲學(xué)困境

某天網(wǎng)上沖浪🏄，發(fā)現一款叫做 Snakisms 的貪吃蛇變種游戲。對于一個(gè)好久不玩游戲的人來(lái)說(shuō)，這款游戲讓我沉迷了好一會(huì )兒，也折磨了我好一會(huì )兒?；叵胍幌律弦淮瓮尕澇陨?，好像還是在諾基亞手機上。

有趣的是，這個(gè)貪吃蛇游戲有 21 種不同的模式，每種模式都內置了一種「主義」（-ism）。在這 21 種不同主義信仰下的平行宇宙里，這條貪吃蛇堅強地活著(zhù)。

《舊約 · 創(chuàng )世紀》里講到蛇引誘夏娃去吃了生命之樹(shù)上的果子，從此有了智慧開(kāi)了眼，卻引來(lái)被逐出伊甸園的下場(chǎng)。而蛇被詛咒用肚皮走路并終生吃土。

后來(lái)，人類(lèi)為了紀念這條蛇，發(fā)明了貪吃蛇游戲。

貪吃蛇游戲里有 4 個(gè)最明顯的元素：蘋(píng)果（apple）、圍墻（walls）、蛇（snake）、玩家（player）。但是，很多時(shí)候我們都忘記了還有一個(gè)游戲設計里最重要最隱藏的元素：動(dòng)機（motive）。很多游戲我們在玩兒的時(shí)候覺(jué)得理所當然，其實(shí)每個(gè)游戲背后的動(dòng)機都非常值得推敲。

與此類(lèi)似，在現實(shí)生活中，我們每個(gè)人可能都有一套自己的生活「哲學(xué)」，也有些人信仰宗教，也有些人堅持某種主義。這些哲學(xué)/主義/信仰不知不覺(jué)在暗中塑造了我們的世界，你在其中的心理和行為很大程度上都受到它們的影響。

游戲作者 Pippin Barr 在這款游戲的簡(jiǎn)介里寫(xiě)到：

好，少廢話(huà)，下面就讓我帶你一起玩玩這 21 種不同「信仰」模式下的貪吃蛇游戲?？纯雌渲杏袥](méi)有你信仰的「主義」，也看看這些主義讓這條貪吃蛇陷入到了怎樣的哲學(xué)困境中：

Anthropomorphism  擬人論

在這個(gè)模式下，蘋(píng)果和蛇是一樣會(huì )動(dòng)的。能不能吃到蘋(píng)果，要看你的技術(shù)，也要看你的運氣。

Apocalypticism  末日論/降臨派

是的，在這個(gè)模式下，你玩著(zhù)玩著(zhù)，世界就毀滅了。

Asceticism  禁欲主義

這個(gè)模式下，只要不吃蘋(píng)果，你的得分會(huì )一直增加。但是，如果你控制不住自己的欲望想要吃蘋(píng)果，分數立刻歸零且死去。

Capitalism  資本主義

打開(kāi)這個(gè)模式，你的賬戶(hù)里有 $ 50，吃一個(gè)蘋(píng)果減少 $ 10，很快你就吃不起蘋(píng)果了。

Casualism  偶然論/隨機論

這個(gè)模式一打開(kāi)，眼花繚亂。好隨機。好偶然。

Conservatism  保守主義

這個(gè)模式，就是最傳統的貪吃蛇游戲。

Determinism  決定論

這個(gè)模式下，你無(wú)法控制游戲。系統在支配著(zhù)貪吃蛇吃蘋(píng)果。

Dualism  二元論

這個(gè)下，有兩個(gè)狀態(tài)貪吃蛇，一個(gè)是貪吃蛇的 mind，一個(gè)是貪吃蛇的 body。你要手動(dòng)控制貪吃蛇的 body，還要用你自己的 mind 去控制貪吃蛇的 mind。

Existentialism  存在主義

打開(kāi)這個(gè)模式，就是這樣的：

還記不記得《黑客帝國》里，讓 Neo 迷失的那個(gè)地鐵站？

Holism  整體論

在這個(gè)模式下，大家全都一起動(dòng)?。ㄠ似饋?lái)?。?/p>

Idealism  唯心主義

打開(kāi)這個(gè)模式，想象一下你正在玩貪吃蛇游戲...

Monism  一元論

進(jìn)入這個(gè)模式，你什么都可以吃。

Narcissism  自我崇拜

進(jìn)入這個(gè)模式，其實(shí)就是最傳統的貪吃蛇游戲。但是...

但是游戲結束的時(shí)候，系統會(huì )自動(dòng)發(fā)一封贊美的郵件給游戲的制作者...

Nihilism

虛無(wú)主義

打開(kāi)這個(gè)模式，就是一片黑屏的虛無(wú)。按什么鍵都沒(méi)用，要返回游戲菜單，你需要刷新網(wǎng)頁(yè)。

虛無(wú)。

Optimism

樂(lè )觀(guān)主義

這個(gè)模式下，圍墻里的蘋(píng)果會(huì )越來(lái)越多，多到你根本吃不完。

但是，貪吃蛇永遠都長(cháng)不大。

Pessimism

悲觀(guān)主義

打開(kāi)這個(gè)模式，你會(huì )看到圍墻變得狹小，而蘋(píng)果又在墻外。

Positivism  實(shí)證主義

打開(kāi)整個(gè)模式，你只能看到前進(jìn)方向的圍墻，蘋(píng)果也不知道在哪個(gè)方向。另外，你永遠也看不到自己的尾巴。

Post-apocalypticism  后末世主義

打開(kāi)整個(gè)模式，就是貪吃蛇世界末日之后的廢墟，散落的圍墻磚塊，不見(jiàn)蹤影的蘋(píng)果，行動(dòng)變得艱難，維持生存成了首要目的。

Romanticism  浪漫主義

打開(kāi)整個(gè)模式，貪吃蛇每吃一個(gè)蘋(píng)果，屏幕就會(huì )閃現一句情話(huà)，主題是：你為什么把我無(wú)情的留在這里懲罰我，我不能沒(méi)有你。到最終貪吃蛇撞墻死去，它終于得到了救贖，可以和它心愛(ài)的人永遠在一起了。

Stoicism  斯多葛主義

在這個(gè)模式下，貪吃蛇撞到墻不會(huì )死，咬到自己不會(huì )死。游戲可以一直進(jìn)行下去。

一條堅韌的貪吃蛇。

Utilitarianism  功利主義

在這個(gè)模式下，貪吃蛇只有兩條行動(dòng)路徑。一條路徑上有 5 個(gè)蘋(píng)果，另一條路徑上只有 1 個(gè)。

嗯，貪吃蛇界的“電車(chē)難題”。

當然，除了游戲中的這 21 種信仰/主義/哲學(xué)，我們的這個(gè)世界上還同時(shí)存在著(zhù)成千上萬(wàn)種的主義哲學(xué)，一個(gè)人甚至也可以同時(shí)擁有多種信仰。

游戲是另一種「真實(shí)」，角色，場(chǎng)景，動(dòng)機設置構成的綜合體驗，讓我們在游戲里尋找著(zhù)特定的意義。

如果把你的一生看成一場(chǎng)游戲，或許采取什么游戲策略并不重要，因為你了怎樣的信仰，你就給自己構建了一個(gè)怎樣的世界。而在這個(gè)世界里，你所做的一切好像都是理所當然。

如果你對這個(gè)游戲中的 21 種主義或哲學(xué)思想有興趣的話(huà)，可以自己去找資料來(lái)看看。

但是我的建議是： Don't do that. 每個(gè)都是坑，爬不上來(lái)的坑。

另外，如果你是經(jīng)典游戲愛(ài)好者，也可以玩一玩作者開(kāi)發(fā)的其他兩款經(jīng)典游戲變種：

PONGS： http://www.pippinbarr.com/games/pongs/Pongs.html

BREAKSOUT： http://www.pippinbarr.com/games/breaksout/

Life is meaningless.

Have fun!