?radiative

radiative發(fā)音

英：['re?d?e?t?v]　　美：['re?d??e?t?v]

英：　　美：

radiative中文意思翻譯

adj. 發(fā)光的；放熱的；放射的

radiative常見(jiàn)例句

1 、Studies on natuval radiative lifetime in perterbed Rydberg odd parity sequences of Yb I[J].───引用該論文 蔣占魁,彭慰先,郭川,于英寧,于華.

2 、Henke M,Bechtold C,Momm F,et al.Blood hemoglobin level may affect radiosensitivity-preliminary results on acutely reacting normal tissues[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Bid Phys,2000,48(2):339-345.───孔琳何少琴等.血紅蛋白濃度對鼻咽癌患者早期黏膜放射反應的影響[J].中華放射腫瘤學(xué)雜志,:.

3 、Calculation of the single scattering albedo in the radiative transfer equation[J].───引用該論文 楊春平,吳健,萬(wàn)敏,冷杰,付嫻嫻,賀秀蘭.

4 、What we see when we're looking at this map of the microwave background radiation is that it's showing us what temperature this radiation has all over the sky.─── 當我們看這張圖的時(shí)候 我們能夠知道的是 當時(shí)宇宙中溫度的 分布

5 、RICHARD C.HASKELLI,Lars O.Svaasand,et al.,Boundary conditions for the diffusion equation in radiative transfer[J].J Opt Soc Am A 1994,11(10):2727 2741.───張睿,劉小林,鮑鴻吉,等.邊界條件對生物組織漫射光時(shí)域模擬計算的影響[J].光子學(xué)報,2001,30(6):675-679.

6 、Study on Radiative Lifetimes of Rare Earth Ions in Tellurite Glasses[J].───引用該論文 谷彤昭,朱茂華,曹望和.

7 、A mathematical model has also been developed in order to analyse the three different flux meters with regardto the different levels of convective and radiative heat flux.───一個(gè)數學(xué)模型也被開(kāi)發(fā)為了分析三個(gè)不同磁通量計關(guān)于對流和輻射熱漲潮的不同的水平。

8 、Abratt RP. The effect of irradiation on lung function and perfusion in patients with lung cancer[J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1995,31:915.───包郁，劉陽(yáng).36例肺癌患者放療前后肺功能改變的觀(guān)察[J].四川腫瘤防治,1999,12(3):4546.

9 、monochromatic radiative equilibrium───單色輻射平衡

10 、To accurately describe the fuel combustion and radiative heat transfer processes in furnaces is very crucial in comprehensive numerical simulation of ethylene pyrolyzer.───在乙烯裂解爐綜合模擬研究中,準確地描述爐膛內燃料燃燒和輻射傳熱過(guò)程極其重要。

11 、Astronomers are intently exploring how such outflows are generated and what determines the partitioning of accretion power into radiative and kinetic luminosity.───天文學(xué)家一心想探求造成這些外向流動(dòng)的原因，以及將累積的吸積能量分配給輻射與動(dòng)態(tài)光度的決定因素。

12 、This increased certainty of a net positive radiative forcing fits well with the observational evidence of warming discussed next.───我們對于正輻射營(yíng)力的凈值更加確定，而這與接下來(lái)要討論的觀(guān)測證據極為吻合。

13 、Induction: Inductance having hemp is radiative to labium.───感應：有麻電感放射至下唇。

14 、They form a continuum from prototype perspective and are radiative from the salience perspective.───從原型理論來(lái)看語(yǔ)感圖示構成一個(gè)連續體，而從突顯現角度來(lái)看語(yǔ)感圖示是輻射型的。

15 、electroweak radiative correction───弱電輻射修正

16 、The radiative transfer in a two dimensional rectangular domain of absorbing medium was taken as an example, an introduction to the BSMC method was presented and the statistical error was analyzed.───以二維矩形區域內吸收性介質(zhì)的熱輻射傳遞為例,介紹了BSMC的求解過(guò)程,分析了其計算誤差。

17 、It occurred to me that if we can't see his face because of the radiation, we need to remove the radiation.─── 我想到了之所以看不清他的臉 是因為輻射 那只要濾去輻射就好了

18 、To validate the Bidirectional Monte-Carlo simulation for radiative heat transfer, the solution obtained from this method is compared with that from other methods.───為了驗證雙向蒙特卡羅法模擬熱輻射傳遞,與文獻中其它方法計算結果進(jìn)行了比較。

19 、The correct algorithm for the absolute maximum and the isopleth of the ground level concentration of radiative fumigation(GLCRF)is presented.───介紹了熏煙地面濃度絕對最大值及其空間分布的正確計算方法。

20 、In planar circuits and radiative antennas it is necessary to study plane waves propagating through a gyromagnetic medium magnetized at an arbitrary direction.───在鐵氧體基片平面電路和發(fā)射天線(xiàn)中必須研究平面波在任意磁化方向旋磁媒質(zhì)中的傳播。

21 、The effect of the variance of radiative efficiency on the growth of black hole mass is discussed.───摘要考慮了在黑洞質(zhì)量增長(cháng)過(guò)程中，輻射效率的變化對黑洞質(zhì)量增長(cháng)的影響。

22 、Radiative Heat Transfer and Hydrostatic Stability in Nocturnal Fog───夜間霧中輻射熱輸送和流體靜力學(xué)的穩定性

23 、Abstract： A new parameterization method for retrieving surface UVB irradiance and erythemal UVB radiative dose rate is presented.───摘 要： 提出了一個(gè)從衛星觀(guān)測推算地面UVB輻射通量密度和紅斑生物紫外輻射劑量的新的參數化方法。

24 、Infrared radiative coatings have been used in more and more fields in industry due to its energy saving effect.───摘要紅外輻射涂料具有節能效果，在工業(yè)上有著(zhù)日益廣泛的應用。

25 、The equation of the black hole growth is worked out and solutions are obtained numerically.The growth rate of black hole mass connected with the radiative efficiency is strongly affected.───對于黑洞的指數增長(cháng)模型，給出了考慮輻射效率對黑洞質(zhì)量增長(cháng)影響下的黑洞質(zhì)量增長(cháng)方程，用數值方法進(jìn)行求解，并得到了黑洞質(zhì)量隨時(shí)間變化的曲線(xiàn)。

26 、They exposed her to radiation on purpose.─── 他們是故意讓她暴露在輻射之下的

27 、Radiative Lifetimes of the Highly Rydberg States of Sodium Atom[J].───引用該論文 謝衛軍,方達渭,舒曉武,徐云飛,張森.

28 、Each bounce, the radiation gets less and less and less, until, at the end of it, there should be no radiation coming out.─── 每一次反射 放射線(xiàn)都會(huì )被削弱 直到最后已經(jīng)沒(méi)有放射線(xiàn)出來(lái)

29 、That is to say, radiative phenomenon has in nature, and exist extensively, it is its only Potassium of phyletic, sex differs character, by force infirmly just.───也就是說(shuō)，放射現象在自然界從來(lái)就有，而且廣泛存在，只是其種類(lèi)、性鉀質(zhì)、強弱不同而已。

30 、Total radiative transition probability of ~3H_4 energy levelrises evidently and lifetime of ~3H_4 energy level dps sharply.───~3H_4輻射幾率增大,能級壽命明顯降低。

31 、What can radiative content let does the person get leukaemia?───什么放射物會(huì )讓人得白血病?

32 、microwave radiative transfer model───微波輻射傳輸模式

33 、Cloud plays an important role in the radiative budget of climate system, and cloud-radiation parameterization is one of the main sources of uncertainty in climate models.───摘要云對地氣系統的輻射收支具有十分重要的作用，云輻射參數化是目前氣候模式中不確定性的主要來(lái)源。

34 、Review on dusty radiative transfer models───塵埃輻射轉移模型

35 、The problems need to be solved on radiative protection,dam slope stabilization and flood control of the decommissioning impoundments are stated.───對退役鈾尾礦庫在輻射防護、壩坡穩定性、防洪能力等方面需要解決的問(wèn)題及環(huán)境治理的主要內容作了說(shuō)明。

36 、Then acoustic radiative pressure level is computed with a 3-D FE acoustic-field model and bounary conditions imported from the result of vibration response by infinite FEM.───建立齒輪箱外聲場(chǎng)二維有限元模型，導入齒輪箱振動(dòng)響應結果作為聲學(xué)邊界條件，并采用無(wú)限有限元法計算了輻射聲壓級。

37 、Equilibrium is radiative while disequilibrium is absolute.The function of manager is to make them balance.───平衡是相對的，不平衡是絕對的，管理者的作用就是化不平衡為平衡。

38 、In traditional radiative heat transfer approaches, view factor calculation is a key step, so it takes too much time.───傳統的輻射換熱計算的重點(diǎn)是角系數的計算，帶來(lái)計算時(shí)間長(cháng)的問(wèn)題。

39 、However, if the polarization of the scattering light or the high accuracy of numerical simulation is considered, the vector radiative transfer equation need to be solved.───當考慮散射光的偏振或者是有高精度要求時(shí)，需用矢量輻射傳輸方程。

40 、Radiative decay coefficients of highly ionized state in SOSA model───SOSA模型下高剝離態(tài)的輻射衰減速率系數

41 、To complement our discussion this week finish reading Chap. 3 and read Chap. 4. More detail on radiative corrections can be found in the physics reports found at SLAC-PUB-6263 -- Heavy Quark Symmetry.───7結束閱讀第三章并閱讀第四章以補充本周課上的討論。關(guān)于輻射修正的更詳細內容可以在SLAC-PUB-6263-重夸克對稱(chēng)性找到。

42 、Impact of Cloud Microphysics on Convective Radiative Quasi Equilibrium Revealed by Cloud-Resolving Convection Parameterization.───云解對流參數化揭示的云微物理對對流輻射準平衡的影響。

43 、No more radiation, no more treatments, no more doctors.─── 不再需要接受放射 不再需要治療 不再需要看醫生了

44 、An extensive overview of optical processes in semiconductors, with emphasis on radiative recombination.───一篇完整描述在半導體中光學(xué)再結合過(guò)程的論文，主要強調放射性再結合。

45 、For the combustion chamber, the predicted results of pure radiative heat transfer were in good agreement with those of the zone method, while the SHF model gave relatively large deviations.───對于旋流燃燒室內溫度場(chǎng)的模擬預報也表明，DO模型的計算結果和實(shí)驗值相吻合，明顯高于用SHF模型計算所得的溫度值。

46 、Only because radiation levels in space are even higher, your ability to metabolize that radiation is even stronger.─── 因為太空中的輻射強度更大 你們代謝這種輻射的能力也更強

47 、Under scanning microscope, a kind of strange structure with radiative grooves and ridges was observed in the micropylar region of the mature egg of Protosalanx hyalocaranius.───掃描電鏡下，大銀魚(yú)成熟卵卵膜孔區域呈現奇異的放射溝脊狀結構。

48 、Based on the summay of atmospheric aerosol, the study condition about indirect radiative forcing effect of aerosol on climate system was briefly summarized.───在對大氣氣溶膠概述的基礎上，就近年來(lái)國內外在氣溶膠對氣候系統的間接輻射強迫效應研究狀況做了簡(jiǎn)要總結。

49 、Warde PR,Gospodarowicz MK,Good-man PJ .et al. Results of a policy of surveillance in stage I testicular seminoma.Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys ,1993 ;27: 11.───劉爾東,王瑞芝,劉大為,等.睪丸精原細胞瘤放療分析.中華放射腫瘤學(xué)雜志,1994;3(1):21.

50 、Li XM,Wu D,Chen SY,et al.Detection of silver stained nucleolar organizer regions in the peripheral blood T lympocytes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients [ J ].Chin J Radiat Oncol,2002,11(1):39-41.───[11]李先明,吳冬,陳善義,等.鼻咽癌患者血T淋巴細胞核仁形成區嗜銀蛋白檢測的價(jià)值[J].中華放射腫瘤學(xué)雜志,2002,11(1):39-41.

51 、XIA Xin-Lin, HUANG Yong, TAN He-Ping. Radiative transfer inside a linearly graded index semi-transparent slab: gray substrate wall and specular semi-transparent surface [J]. J. Infrared and Millimeter Waves.───(夏新林,黃勇,談和平?；冶诿媾c鏡反射界面下線(xiàn)性折射率半透明平板內的輻射傳遞。紅外與毫米波學(xué)報)。

52 、Targetting in atelectatic lung by positron emission tomography in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with three-dimensional conformal radiationtherapy[J].Chin J Radiat Onc,2006,15(1):11-14.───FDG PET對非小細胞肺癌合并肺不張三維適形放療時(shí)靶區確定的臨床意義[J].中華放射腫瘤學(xué)雜志,2006,15(1):11-14.

53 、Liao ZX, Travis EL, Tucker SL. Damage and morbidity from pneumonitis after irradiation of partial volumes of mouse lung. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1995,32:1359.───尹勇,于金明,邢力剛.劑量體積直方圖參數評估放射性肺損傷的作用.中華腫瘤雜志,2003,25:313-315.

54 、In the slow speed motion approximation, we have obtained the equations of motion for two spherically-symmetric,non rotating bodies with the radiative force.───在本文中我們得到了慢速運動(dòng)中兩個(gè)球對稱(chēng)非旋轉天體在輻射作用力影響下的運動(dòng)方程。

55 、A new parameterization method for retrieving surface UVB irradiance and erythemal UVB radiative dose rate is presented.───提出了一個(gè)從衛星觀(guān)測推算地面UVB輻射通量密度和紅斑生物紫外輻射劑量的新的參數化方法。

56 、Ridiculous is lying on that table, radiating my brain in the hopes of having a few more days to lie on that table and have more radiation.─── 躺在那里 讓射線(xiàn)穿透我的腦子 就為了能多活幾天 然后繼續躺在那里 接受更多的射線(xiàn) 那才叫胡鬧呢

57 、The neck metastatic carcinoma were 3 cases, radiative ulcer in the neck of nasopharyngeal carci-noma 1 case, angiofibroma of nasopharynx 1 case, central hemangioma of the maxilla 1 case.───其中頸部復發(fā)性轉移癌浸潤頸總動(dòng)脈、頸內動(dòng)脈3例,鼻咽癌放療后頸部潰瘍侵犯頸總動(dòng)脈1例,上頜骨中央性血管瘤大出血1例,鼻咽纖維血管瘤術(shù)中、術(shù)后大出血1例。

58 、Dandong Aolong Radiative Instrument Co., Ltd───丹東奧龍射線(xiàn)儀器有限公司

59 、radiative forcing at the top of atmosphere───大氣頂輻射強迫

60 、By using iterative method to solve the vector radiative transfer equation of discrete scatters with two scale model of rough sea surfaces, we obtain the Zeroth- and First- order analytical function.───利用矢量輻射傳輸（VRT）理論，求解具有雙尺度隨機粗糙界面的離散球形粒子的VRT方程。用迭代法求出零階和一階解的解析表達式。

61 、The tropospheric ozone column (TOC), estimated radiative forcing (RF) and surface temperature (T) changes due to ozone enhancement on October 16 and December 3, 1997.───對流層臭氧柱體，估計輻射強迫和地表溫度變化是由于1997年10月16日和12月3日的臭氧增加。

62 、It's not the radiation that's killing them.─── 并不是輻射把他們給殺死的

63 、Angular Distribution Models for Top-of-Atmosphere Radiative Flux Estimation from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System Instrument on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Satellite. Part II: Validation.───衛星地球輻射能量系統儀器觀(guān)測值進(jìn)行大氣頂輻射通量估計的角動(dòng)量分布模式,第二部分:驗證。

64 、The grounders who couldn't survive in the radiation didn't.─── 那些不能在核輻射下存活下來(lái)的地球人 都已經(jīng)死了

65 、The biologic effect of radiative action depends on the quantity that organizes place to absorb radioactivity and organization are sensitive to what radiate degree.───放射作用的生物學(xué)效應取決于組織所吸收放射能的量和組織對放射的敏感程度。

66 、RADIATIVE OPACITY BASED ON THE UTA METHOD───基于躍遷系不可分辨方法的輻射不透明度

67 、Abstract: DISORT method was employed to study radiative properties of cirrus clouds in the shortwave infrared spectral region.───摘 要： 采用離散縱標法耦合大氣分子吸收，模擬計算了卷云大氣的反射特性。

68 、Use 6 ? of palace antrum radium therapy or cobaltic ? commonly 0 radiative cure, can destroy ovarian function, make different inside film is atrophic.───一般用宮腔鐳療或鈷?6?0放射治療，能破壞卵巢功能，使異位內膜萎縮。

69 、Why radiative forcing might fail as a predictor of climate change───為什么輻射作用力像預報氣候變化一樣可能失敗

70 、radiative forcing on the surface───地面輻射強迫

71 、The blood on the napkin should radiate at one wavelength while the logo should radiate at another.─── 手帕上的血跡應該發(fā)射同一種波長(cháng) 而標記的波長(cháng)應該是另一種

72 、Over the Bay of Bengal, summertime latent heat release associated with deep convection exceeds longwave radiative cooling, resulting in intense heating in almost the whole troposphere.───夏季孟加拉灣地區的深對流凝結潛熱釋放遠大于長(cháng)波輻的冷卻作用，因而整個(gè)對流層幾乎都保持較強的非絕熱加熱。

73 、In the special terrain and weather case, radiative effects of dust aerosol can changethe wind direction, and transport the dust back.───在特殊的地形、氣象場(chǎng)下,沙塵輻射效應的累積可能會(huì )引起風(fēng)向的變化,使堆積的沙塵重新逆著(zhù)原方向輸送。

74 、The radiative effect of increased cloud is twofold───云的增加對輻射有兩方面的影響。

75 、Radiative Effects of Atmospheric dust Aerosol in Northwest China───我國西北大氣沙塵氣溶膠的輻射效應

76 、The flavor-changing raciative B decays and flavo-conserving radiative decays of groundstate mesons are studied with another screened potential model.───利用屏蔽位對基態(tài)介子輻射衰變寬度進(jìn)行了計算。

77 、atmospheric radiative transfer model───大氣輻射傳輸模式

78 、As the emissivity increases, the radiative transfer increases, and hence the fluid flow and heat transfer increases.───在幾何外型上，較大的長(cháng)寬比，其熱傳效果較差，但流體速度及平均溫度較高；

79 、radiative sand ridge filed of the South Yellow Sea───南黃海輻射沙脊群

80 、Fluoride glasses have a lower phonon energy compared to oxide glasses, therefore the probability of non - radiative trasition is low and qantum efficiency of upconversion is high.───和傳統的氧化物玻璃相比,氟化物玻璃具有聲子能量低的特點(diǎn),因此無(wú)輻射躍遷幾率小,上轉換量子效率高,使得摻稀土離子的氟化物玻璃具有高的發(fā)光效率。

81 、A possible explanation was that long-lasting outbursts of energy from the central galaxy of the cluster heated the gas enough to offset the radiative cooling.───另一個(gè)可能的解釋是：星系團中心星系長(cháng)期爆發(fā)出的能量，足以抵消輻射冷卻的效應而將氣體加熱。

82 、The fundamental radiative physics involved in the complex and variable mix of gases and conditions that comprise the global atmosphere is far from clear.───基礎輻射物理學(xué)涉及組成大氣層的氣體及情況的復雜與多樣的綜合，尚遠未清晰展現。

83 、Secondary fine particulate matters (SFPM) is one of the most uncertain factors influencing on the radiative forcing and global climate changes.───摘要大氣二次顆粒物是影響大氣輻射強迫和全球氣候變化最不確定的因素之一。

84 、Therefore, radiation transport is efficient enough to bring the energy almost all the way to the stellar surface. Hence the star will have a radiative shell and a convective core.───在這些星體較外層的氣體仍然很熱和比較透明所以輻射傳播是一個(gè)有效的傳遞方法結果是這些恒星會(huì )有一個(gè)對流核心和輻射外殼。

85 、Radiative damages of head and neck cancer in 25 cases───頭頸部放射線(xiàn)損傷25例臨床分析

86 、Each system organization is ordinal to radiative sensitive degree for: The reproduction of spermary is epithelial, hematopoiesis cell, alvine path is epithelial, skin base cell.───各系統組織對放射的敏感程度依次為：睪丸的生殖上皮細胞，造血細胞，腸道上皮細胞，皮膚基底細胞。

87 、The radiative transter models for dusty medium play an important role on the studies of the properties of widely existed dusty objects and the relevant observational results.───塵埃輻射轉移模型對解釋和探索宇宙中眾多的多塵埃天體的觀(guān)測現象可發(fā)揮 重要的作用。

88 、The radiative heat wave in matter is an important issue concerned by inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and astrophysics.───摘要物質(zhì)中的輻射熱波的行為一直是人們非常關(guān)注的問(wèn)題。

89 、low temperature-hot water radiative heating system───低溫熱水地面輻射供暖

90 、RADIATIVE RECOMBINATION IN GaAs FAR-INFRARED DETECTOR STRUCTURES───GaAs遠紅外探測器中的輻射復合特性研究

太陽(yáng)光球6000度，外層的日冕卻高達100萬(wàn)度。日冕層的高溫是怎么形成的

太陽(yáng)物理學(xué)的日冕加熱問(wèn)題與為什么日冕的溫度比表面高數百萬(wàn)K有關(guān)。因為熱力學(xué)第二定律阻止熱量直接從只有5,800K太陽(yáng)光球（表面）流向溫度高達100萬(wàn)K〜300萬(wàn)K的日冕（部分可達1,000萬(wàn)K），因此日冕的高溫需要能量通過(guò)非熱過(guò)程從太陽(yáng)的內部輸送。

在光球和日冕之間，有一個(gè)稱(chēng)為過(guò)渡區的薄層，是溫度升高的區域。它的厚度只有數十至數百公里不等。因為不能違反熱力學(xué)第二定律，能量不能通過(guò)常規從較冷的光球轉移到日冕傳送。一個(gè)類(lèi)比的例子是燈泡，會(huì )把周?chē)臏囟忍嵘奖炔ＡП砻孢€要高的溫度。因此，在日冕的加熱過(guò)程中，還必須考慮到其它的能量傳遞方式。

加熱太陽(yáng)日冕所需要的功率可以很容易地計算為日冕輻射損耗（英語(yǔ)：Coronal radiative losses）與以熱傳導從色球通過(guò)過(guò)渡區之間的差。這大約是在色球上每米平方1千瓦，或是從太陽(yáng)表面逃逸光能量的1/40,000。

許多日冕加熱的理論曾經(jīng)被提出來(lái)，但是只有兩種理論是最有可能的候選者：波加熱和磁重聯(lián)（或毫微閃焰）。然而，在過(guò)去50年的大部分時(shí)間里，這兩種理論都未能解釋極端的日冕溫度。

在2012年，高解析（<0.2”）的軟X射線(xiàn)影像與探空火箭的高分辨率日冕成像儀（英語(yǔ)：High Resolution Coronal Imager）揭示了日冕中有緊密纏繞的辮子。這被推測認為辮子的解開(kāi)和重新連結可以做為活躍太陽(yáng)日冕加熱至高達400萬(wàn)K的主要能量來(lái)源。在寧靜日冕（150萬(wàn)K）的主要熱源被認為來(lái)自MHD波 。

NASA的派克太陽(yáng)探測器任務(wù)打算接近太陽(yáng)制約9.5太陽(yáng)半徑的距離，以研究日冕加熱和太陽(yáng)風(fēng)的起源。它已于2018年8月12日成功發(fā)射，目前已經(jīng)離開(kāi)地球并飛掠過(guò)金星，進(jìn)入第一階段的軌道。

《科學(xué)》（20210423出版）一周論文導讀

編譯 | 未玖

Science , 23 APRIL 2021, VOL 372, ISSUE 6540

《科學(xué)》 2021年4月23日，第372卷，6540期

物理學(xué) Physics

Josephson junction infrared single-photon detector

約瑟夫森結紅外單光子探測器

作者：Evan D. Walsh, Woochan Jung, Gil-Ho Lee, Dmitri K. Efetov, Bae-Ian Wu, K.-F. Huang, et al.

鏈接：

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6540/409

摘要

約瑟夫森結是用于高靈敏度磁強計和電壓放大器的超導器件，也是高性能低溫計算機和超導量子計算機的基礎。雖然因庫珀對斷裂產(chǎn)生的準粒子會(huì )降低器件性能，但這種現象也為靈敏探測電磁輻射提供了機會(huì )。

研究組演示了通過(guò)將光子耦合到石墨烯基約瑟夫森結的局域表面等離子體來(lái)探測單個(gè)近紅外光子。利用電流偏置器件的光子誘導開(kāi)關(guān)統計，研究組揭示了吸收光子產(chǎn)生的準粒子在探測機制中的關(guān)鍵作用。

光子靈敏度將為未來(lái)的超導計算架構提供高速、低功耗的光互連。

Abstract

Josephson junctions are superconducting devices used as high-sensitivity magnetometers and voltage amplifiers as well as the basis of high-performance cryogenic computers and superconducting quantum computers. Although device performance can be degraded by the generation of quasiparticles formed from broken Cooper pairs, this phenomenon also opens opportunities to sensitively detect electromagnetic radiation. We demonstrate single near-infrared photon detection by coupling photons to the localized surface plasmons of a graphene-based Josephson junction. Using the photon-induced switching statistics of the current-biased device, we reveal the critical role of quasiparticles generated by the absorbed photon in the detection mechanism. The photon sensitivity will enable a high-speed, low-power optical interconnect for future superconducting computing architectures.

Higher-dimensional supersymmetric microlaser arrays

高維超對稱(chēng)微激光陣列

作者：Xingdu Qiao, Bikashkali Midya, Zihe Gao, Zhifeng Zhang, Haoqi Zhao, Tianwei Wu, et al.

鏈接：

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6540/403

摘要

隨著(zhù)集成光子學(xué)元件數量的增加，復雜度的非線(xiàn)性縮放是阻礙大規模鎖相激光陣列的主要障礙。

研究組開(kāi)發(fā)了一種高維超對稱(chēng)形式，用于精確模式控制和非線(xiàn)性功率縮放。這種超對稱(chēng)微激光陣列具有所有倏逝波耦合微環(huán)激光器的鎖相相干性和同步性，可在基本橫向超模中集體振蕩，從而實(shí)現高輻射、小發(fā)散和單頻激光發(fā)射，且能量密度提高兩個(gè)數量級。

研究組還證明了構造高輻射渦旋激光束的可行性，即充分利用光的空間自由度提高激光器的性能。該研究方法為在經(jīng)典和量子兩種狀態(tài)下設計大規模集成光子系統提供了一條新途徑。

Abstract

The nonlinear scaling of complexity with the increased number of components in integrated photonics is a major obstacle impeding large-scale, phase-locked laser arrays. Here, we develop a higher-dimensional supersymmetry formalism for precise mode control and nonlinear power scaling. Our supersymmetric microlaser arrays feature phase-locked coherence and synchronization of all of the evanescently coupled microring lasers—collectively oscillating in the fundamental transverse supermode—which enables high-radiance, small-pergence, and single-frequency laser emission with a two-orders-of-magnitude enhancement in energy density. We also demonstrate the feasibility of structuring high-radiance vortex laser beams, which enhance the laser performance by taking full advantage of spatial degrees of freedom of light. Our approach provides a route for designing large-scale integrated photonic systems in both classical and quantum regimes.

材料科學(xué) Materials Science

Broadband directional control of thermal emission

熱輻射的寬帶定向控制

作者：Jin Xu, Jyotirmoy Mandal, Aaswath P. Raman

鏈接：

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6540/393

摘要

控制遠場(chǎng)熱輻射的發(fā)射方向是一個(gè)重大挑戰。光子策略使熱輻射在窄帶寬上具有角度選擇性，但熱輻射是一種寬帶現象。將發(fā)射的熱輻射限制在寬頻帶上固定的窄角范圍內的能力，是一種重要但欠缺的能力。

研究組引入了能對熱發(fā)射進(jìn)行廣譜定向控制的梯度e近零（ENZ）材料。他們演示了兩個(gè)由多種氧化物構成的發(fā)射器，在一系列波長(cháng)范圍（10.0到14.3微米，7.7到11.5微米）的p-偏振中，它們具有較高（>0.7，>0.6）的定向發(fā)射率（60 至75 ，70 至85 ）。

這種寬帶定向發(fā)射主要在高發(fā)射率方向上，實(shí)現了有意義的輻射熱傳遞。解耦對角度和光譜響應的傳統限制提高了熱偽裝、太陽(yáng)能加熱、輻射冷卻和廢熱回收等應用的性能。

Abstract

Controlling the directionality of emitted far-field thermal radiation is a fundamental challenge. Photonic strategies enable angular selectivity of thermal emission over narrow bandwidths, but thermal radiation is a broadband phenomenon. The ability to constrain emitted thermal radiation to fixed narrow angular ranges over broad bandwidths is an important, but lacking, capability. We introduce gradient epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) materials that enable broad-spectrum directional control of thermal emission. We demonstrate two emitters consisting of multiple oxides that exhibit high (>0.7, >0.6) directional emissivity (60 to 75 , 70 to 85 ) in the p-polarization for a range of wavelengths (10.0 to 14.3 micrometers, 7.7 to 11.5 micrometers). This broadband directional emission enables meaningful radiative heat transfer primarily in the high emissivity directions. Decoupling the conventional limitations on angular and spectral response improves performance for applications such as thermal camouflaging, solar heating, radiative cooling, and waste heat recovery.

地球科學(xué) Earth Science

Assessing China’s efforts to pursue the 1.5 C warming limit

評估中國追求1.5 控溫極限所付諸的努力

作者：Hongbo Duan, Sheng Zhou, Kejun Jiang, Christoph Bertram, Mathijs Harmsen, Elmar Kriegler, et al.

鏈接：

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6540/378

摘要

通過(guò)進(jìn)行多模型研究，研究組發(fā)現與“無(wú)政策”情況相比，1.5 溫控目標要求中國將碳排放和能源消耗分別減少90%和39%以上。在實(shí)現接近零排放方面，負排放技術(shù)發(fā)揮著(zhù)重要作用，到2050年，碳捕獲需平均占總減排量的20%。

研究組的多模型比較揭示了各部門(mén)在必要減排方面的巨大差異，而一致的是，要求電力部門(mén)在2050年前實(shí)現完全脫碳。交叉模型平均值表明，考慮到1.5 升溫極限，到2050年，中國累計政策成本可能達到國內生產(chǎn)總值的2.8%至5.7%。

Abstract

Given the increasing interest in keeping global warming below 1.5 C, a key question is what this would mean for China’s emission pathway, energy restructuring, and decarbonization. By conducting a multimodel study, we find that the 1.5 C-consistent goal would require China to reduce its carbon emissions and energy consumption by more than 90 and 39%, respectively, compared with the “no policy” case. Negative emission technologies play an important role in achieving near-zero emissions, with captured carbon accounting on average for 20% of the total reductions in 2050. Our multimodel comparisons reveal large differences in necessary emission reductions across sectors, whereas what is consistent is that the power sector is required to achieve full decarbonization by 2050. The cross-model averages indicate that China’s accumulated policy costs may amount to 2.8 to 5.7% of its gross domestic product by 2050, given the 1.5 C warming limit.

Global groundwater wells at risk of running dry

全球地下水井面臨干涸風(fēng)險

作者：Scott Jasechko, Debra Perrone

鏈接：

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6540/418

摘要

地下水井為數十億人提供水源，但當地下水位下降時(shí)，它們可能會(huì )干涸。

研究組分析了全球約3900萬(wàn)口水井的施工記錄。結果顯示，6%到20%的水井深度不超過(guò)地下水位5米，這意味著(zhù)如果地下水位僅下降幾米，數百萬(wàn)口水井將面臨干涸的風(fēng)險。

此外，在一些地下水位顯著(zhù)下降的地方，新井的建設深度并不比老井深，這表明如果地下水水位繼續下降，新井和老井一樣也有可能干涸。深層含水層的水質(zhì)差，建設水井成本高昂，這限制了開(kāi)采深層地下水以防止水井干涸時(shí)失去水源的有效性。

Abstract

Groundwater wells supply water to billions of people, but they can run dry when water tables decline. Here, we analyzed construction records for ~39 million globally distributed wells. We show that 6 to 20% of wells are no more than 5 meters deeper than the water table, implying that millions of wells are at risk of running dry if groundwater levels decline by only a few meters. Further, newer wells are not being constructed deeper than older wells in some of the places experiencing significant groundwater level declines, suggesting that newer wells are at least as likely to run dry as older wells if groundwater levels continue to decline. Poor water quality in deep aquifers and the high costs of well construction limit the effectiveness of tapping deep groundwater to stave off the loss of access to water as wells run dry.

公共衛生 Public Health

Epidemiological and evolutionary considerations of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine dosing regimes

新冠疫苗給藥策略的流行病學(xué)和進(jìn)化研究

作者：Chadi M. Saad-Roy, Sinead E. Morris, C. Jessica E. Metcalf, Michael J. Mina, Rachel E. Baker, Jeremy Farrar, et al.

鏈接：

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6540/363

摘要

鑒于疫苗劑量短缺和后勤挑戰，各國正在提出多種部署戰略，以提高人群對SARS-CoV-2的免疫水平。

目前有兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題：通過(guò)部分免疫個(gè)體累積，第二劑疫苗的注射時(shí)間將如何影響感染動(dòng)力學(xué)，以及如何影響病毒免疫逃逸進(jìn)化的預期。與自然免疫和雙劑量免疫相比，兩者都取決于單劑量免疫所引發(fā)免疫應答的穩健性。

基于現有的免疫-流行病學(xué)模型，研究組發(fā)現在短期內，集中進(jìn)行單劑量接種通?？蓽p少感染，但長(cháng)期結果取決于這種相對免疫的穩健性。之后他們探討了三種選擇方案，發(fā)現在部分群體免疫的特定條件下，一劑策略可能會(huì )增加抗原進(jìn)化的潛力。

研究組強調，迫切需要在一劑疫苗接種后檢測病毒載量和量化免疫反應，并在全球范圍內加強疫苗接種工作。

Abstract

Given vaccine dose shortages and logistical challenges, various deployment strategies are being proposed to increase population immunity levels to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Two critical issues arise: How timing of delivery of the second dose will affect infection dynamics and how it will affect prospects for the evolution of viral immune escape via a buildup of partially immune inpiduals. Both hinge on the robustness of the immune response elicited by a single dose as compared with natural and two-dose immunity. Building on an existing immuno-epidemiological model, we find that in the short term, focusing on one dose generally decreases infections, but that longer-term outcomes depend on this relative immune robustness. We then explore three scenarios of selection and find that a one-dose policy may increase the potential for antigenic evolution under certain conditions of partial population immunity. We highlight the critical need to test viral loads and quantify immune responses after one vaccine dose and to ramp up vaccination efforts globally.