?subtractive

subtractive發(fā)音

英：[s?b'tr?kt?v]　　美：[s?b?tr?kt?v]

英：　　美：

subtractive中文意思翻譯

adj. 減去的, 有負號的, 負的

subtractive詞形變化

動(dòng)詞現在分詞: subtracting | 動(dòng)詞第三人稱(chēng)單數: subtracts | 名詞: subtracter | 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式: subtracted | 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞: subtracted |

subtractive同義詞

mathematical

subtractive反義詞

additive

subtractive常見(jiàn)例句

1 、If you subtract 6 from 9, you will have 3.───九減六等于三。

2 、Cyan printer One of the four printing plates in a subtractive colour process whitch is to be printed in cyan ink.───減色彩印法中的四張印版之一。它用青藍墨施印。

3 、The words "less 3" tell us to subtract three from the unknown number.───“減去3”這幾個(gè)字，告訴我們將從一個(gè)未知數中減去3。

4 、Can't subtract a number expression with an address expression Xasm.───中不允許將一個(gè)數字表達式與一個(gè)地址表達式相減。

5 、Divide 6 by 3 and then subtract 1 from the quotient.───從6除以3所得的商減去1。

6 、To deduct or subtract from a cost or price.───減少從費用或價(jià)格中扣除或減去

7 、A natural modeling device would be simply to subtract something from the subject's payoff when she loses.───倒有一個(gè)渾然天成的建模竅門(mén)，那就是只要在實(shí)驗對象拍賣(mài)失標的時(shí)候從她的所得里減去某個(gè)數量。

8 、Subtractive primary colours: Refer to colour of pigment.───減色法原色:是指顏料的顏色。

9 、In offices there are slide rules for multiplication and division, and desk machines which can add, subtract, multiply and divide.───在辦公室里有能做乘法除法的計算尺，以及能加減乘除的臺式計算機。

10 、Because Listing 1 represents only a portion of the total log record, we need to subtract the first timestamp from the last.───因為清單1只表示全部日志記錄的一部分,我們需要從最后一項中提取出第一個(gè)時(shí)間戳。

11 、Next with the Elliptical Marquee Tool selected, click on the Subtract From Selection option on the Tool's Options Panel.───下一步的橢圓選框工具選中，單擊減去從選項的工具的選項面板。

12 、P2 denotes the primary pole, S1 and S2 denote the secondary poles ,P2and S2 are homonymy poles (subtractive polarity).───P2表示一次級性端，S1、S2表示二次級性端；P2和S2在同一瞬間具有同一級性（減級性）

13 、Blue printer One of the four pronting plates in a subtractive colour process which is to be printed in cyan ink.───減色彩印法的四張印版之一。它需用青藍色墨印刷。

14 、She has to subtract with her fingers. I don't have to.─── 她做減法要用手指 我不用

15 、Four-colour process: Colour printing with the three subtractive primary colours (yellow,magenta,cyan)plus black .Also called Full colour printing,Process colour printing.───四色彩印:用三個(gè)減色法原色（黃、洋紅、青藍）加上黑色的彩色印刷。

16 、Complementary to the three additive light primaries, there are three subtractive primaries.───與加色法三原色互為補色的顏色為減色法三原色。

17 、The time required for one subtract operation, excluding the time required for getting data from the memory and giving the result back to the memory.───一次減法操作所需的時(shí)間,不包括從存儲器取出數據和把結果送回存儲器所需要的時(shí)間。

18 、Actually, reducing weight is subtractive " adipose " , is not moisture.───其實(shí)，減肥是減去“脂肪”，而不是水分。

19 、If you subtract 2 from 7, the result is 5.───7減2等于5。

20 、Subtractive primary colors of brightness and color saturation, color space, space boundary on the spectral color with a color, the greater the difference.───不一原色的亮量和色不餓和量越小，顏色不時(shí)間越小，不時(shí)間界限上刻畫(huà)的顏色與響應光譜色的不同越不小。

21 、Subtract one addend from the sum. If you can get the other addend, you're right.───加法的驗算。從算出的和里減去一個(gè)加數,看是不是等于另一個(gè)加數。

22 、Acute promyelocytic leukemia, Antimonials, Arsenicals, All-trans retinoic acid, PCR, Subtractive hybridization, Batch gene cloning, New therapy for APL.───01急性早幼粒細胞白血病,銻劑,砷劑,全反式維甲酸,PCR,消減雜交,基因克隆,新療法

23 、To solve the human equation, we need to add love, subtract hate, multiply good, and divide between truth and error.───為了解決人的恒等式,我們需要添加愛(ài),減去恨,乘以善,并按對錯分開(kāi)。

24 、Subtractive Process: Photographic process that uses one or more subtractive primary colors i.e., cyan, magenta, and yellow, to control red, green, and blue light.───減色法照明：這種技術(shù)主要應用在現有的光源下進(jìn)行室外拍攝。通過(guò)使用大張檔光板，柔光布，或吊燈,使光線(xiàn)從被攝主體移走，目的是增加光比。有時(shí)候稱(chēng)為“負補光?！?/p>

25 、See Additive primary colours,Subtractive primary colours.───參閱加色法原色，減色法原色。

26 、Black printer One of the four printing plates in a subtractive colour process which is to be printed in black ink to give correct neutral tones and detail.───減色彩印法中的四張印版之一。它需用黑墨施印,使中性色調和細節能夠正確的表現出來(lái)。

27 、Each university begins with 20 points.To play copy and repaste the previous post and add 1 point and subtract 1 point from the total.───回復的時(shí)候以20為基數，給自己認為最好的學(xué)校加上1分，給最不好的減去一分。

28 、P2 primary pole, S1 and S2 secondary poles. P2 and S2 are homonymy poles (subtractive polarity).───P2表示一次極性端，S1、S2表示二次極性端；P2和S2在同一瞬間具有同一極性（減極性）。

29 、Magenta One of the subtractive primary colours.It is used in four-colour process printing.Also referred to as Process red.───減法原色之一。是四色彩印所用的顏色。亦稱(chēng)四色紅。

30 、The subtractive primaries(cyan,magenta and yellow)are the opposites,or complementaries,of the additive primaries of light.───減去的提名候選人的預選會(huì ) (藍綠色,紅紫色和**的) 是添加劑提名候選人的預選會(huì )的相對事物或互補光。

31 、Since any source can be negated, there is no need for a subtract instruction.───因為可以對目標取負,所以減法指令就沒(méi)有存在的必要了。

32 、Nine minus four is five.; Four from nine is five.; Subtract four from nine and you have five.───九減四得五。

33 、Solstice degrees add latitude, then subtract 1 degree a day.─── 秋分時(shí)緯度會(huì )增加 所以每天減一度

34 、To deduct from an amount;subtract.───減去，減掉從一數量中抽出;減掉

35 、If you subtract 3 from 5, you get 2.───五減去三就得二。

36 、Four-colour process Colour printing with the three subtractive primary colours (yellow, magenta, cyan)plus black.Also called Full colour printing, Process colour printing.───四色彩印用三個(gè)減色法原色(黃、洋紅、青藍)加上黑色的彩色印刷。

37 、To deduct from an amount; subtract.───減去，減掉從一數量中抽出；減掉

38 、When you subtract 3 from 7, the answer is 4.───7減去3等于4。

39 、The character of PE is a gentle softening, a subtractive distortion.The character of Teflon is a slight harshness, an additive distortion.───PE的特色是一種能夠平撫和緩的減量失真，而鐵氟龍的特色則是一種會(huì )有輕微粗糙聲音的加量失真。

40 、Accordingly, relevant data can be used in decorating construction, reasonable construction method, may be you the life henceforth is subtractive not little trouble.───因此，在裝修施工中能使用適當的材料，合理的施工方法，也許能為您今后的生活減去不少的麻煩。

41 、Simple subtractive, yellow, magenta, cyan adjustable out red, Orange, yellow, green, green, blue, purple, and so on dozens of color.───單一的色料不一原色，黃、品紅、青可調配不入不黑、橙、黃、紅、青、藍、紫等幾十栽顏色。

42 、The idea that a machine could be built to add and subtract was an early step.───制造一種能進(jìn)行加減運算的機器的設想是歷史的第一步。

43 、To find the permutations, they're subtracted from one another.─── 要找到數位排列 要將數字相減

44 、Yellow printer One of the four printing plates in a subtractive colour process which is to be printed in yellow ink.───在減色法彩印內的四個(gè)印版之一。它用黃墨施印。

45 、But if you think infinity will stay the same whatever you add or subtract, then think again.─── 不過(guò)如果你想象下無(wú)論加還是減 無(wú)窮數都不會(huì )變 那再好好想想

46 、A plot subtracted is a hectare added and so on and so forth and et cetera.─── 居住地的減少就會(huì )帶來(lái)農田公頃數的增加 如此這般 等等

47 、From this amount you need to subtract something to cover fixed overheads.───從這個(gè)總額中你需要扣除一些來(lái)支付固定的經(jīng)費開(kāi)支。

48 、Their first device could add, subtract, multiply and divide.───他們的最初設計是可以計算加法、減法、乘法和除法。

49 、Subtract from many modern poet all that may is find in shakespeare and trash will remain.───從現代詩(shī)人中刪掉見(jiàn)諸莎士比亞作品的東西之后，則只會(huì )剩下渣滓了。

50 、At this age,he should be able to subtract one fraction from another.───他這個(gè)年齡應該會(huì )演算分數減法。

51 、This meant that we had to add or subtract or cover the painting through some kind of movement.─── 這意味著(zhù)我們必須對畫(huà)面進(jìn)行增減 或者用某種動(dòng)態(tài)效果遮住畫(huà)面

52 、In this latter Panel you can also change the Meta Object type and set it negative (that is subtractive, rather than additive) with other Meta Objects of the same set.───在下面的面板,你可以改變變形球物體的類(lèi)型,你可以把它和同一個(gè)集里的變形球物體設成負的(帶負號的,和正號相對)。

53 、A method of address decoding in which a device responds to accesses only within an assigned address range. See also subtractive decoding.───一種地址譯碼的方法，設備對訪(fǎng)問(wèn)的響應僅限于已分配的地址范圍。也見(jiàn)反向譯碼。

54 、Instead of using an ADA( Allowance for Doubtful Accounts) account, why can't we just subtract estimated future write-offs from the Accounts Receivable?───為何不能直接減除應收帳款所估計的備抵呆帳,而使用備抵科目?

55 、If you subtract 2 from 8, you get 6.───8減去2是6。

56 、Click the cells in your document that contain the numbers you want to subtract.───在文檔中含有要減去的數字的單元格上單擊。

57 、He could add and subtract, but hadn't learned to divide.───他會(huì )做加減法，但還沒(méi)有學(xué)會(huì )除法。

58 、Enable "subtract from shape area" at the top bar，Create some rectangles of random sizes.───使能“從形狀區域減去”在頂面酒吧，創(chuàng )造任意大小有些長(cháng)方形。

59 、Magenta: Purplish color; complementary to green or the minus-green subtractive primary used in the three-color process. Magenta light results when red and blue light overlap.───品紅：略帶紫的顏色；是綠色的補色或者三原色減色法處理中減去綠色。當紅色和藍色重疊時(shí)所產(chǎn)生品紅色。

60 、Based on tableau method, we present a feasible algorithm to check the consistency of KB, to extend, subtract, and change KB.───使用表推演方法，檢查知識庫協(xié)調性，對知識庫進(jìn)行擴展、約減和修正，給出可行方法。

61 、The fact that it's aided by pain killers only subtracts from it slightly.─── 那得益于止痛藥這一事實(shí) 只讓它稍稍遜色

62 、The main operations are: to add, subtract, multiply and divide.───主要的運算方式有加、減、乘、除。（加了“方式”二字）

63 、Subtract 135 degrees from Jupiter gives 306 or 6 degrees Aquarius.───從木星對應寶瓶座的306度或6度減去135度。

64 、Then subtract your obligation from your assets.───從你的資產(chǎn)中除去債務(wù)。

65 、At this age, you should be able to subtract one fraction from another.───在你這個(gè)年齡，你應該會(huì )演算分數減法了。

66 、I'm subtracting a substantial yet arbitrary amount of money from your check.─── 我要從你的薪水里扣掉一筆 相當可觀(guān)的錢(qián)

67 、Subtract them, and America “actually trains more engineers per capita than either India or China does.───減去他們，美國“實(shí)際上列車(chē)更多的工程師，人均比印度或中國，是否”。

68 、Binary - operators can be applied only on primitive numeric types and are predefined to subtract the second operand from the first.───二元-運算符只能在基元數值類(lèi)型上應用,并被預定義為從第一個(gè)操作數中減去第二個(gè)操作數。

69 、If you subtract 3 from 7, you have 4.───七減三等于四。

70 、But you'll have to subtract what it coststo fuel your mower.───不過(guò)，你需要減去除草機的燃油成本。

71 、This synth combines phase distortion, subtractive synthesis & waveshaping to create synth-bass sounds.───關(guān)于本站-網(wǎng)站幫助-**合作-下載聲明-友情連接-網(wǎng)站地圖-管理登錄

72 、A month later, read the meter again and subtract the first reading from the second.───一個(gè)月后再讀一次表，從第二次讀數中減去第一次讀數。

73 、You can use expressions to add, subtract, multiply, and divide the values in two or more fields or controls.───可以使用表達式對兩個(gè)或更多個(gè)字段或控件中的值執行加、減、乘和除運算。

74 、P2 denotes the primary pole, S1 and S2 denote the secondary poles. P2 and S2 are homonymy poles (subtractive polarity).───P2表示一次極性端，S1、S2表示二次極性端；P2和S2在同一瞬間具有同一極性（減極性），

75 、Add or subtract a daily meal, and you soon gain or lose a surge.───一天加入/減少一餐，不久，人們就會(huì )失去/得到一次要吃的沖動(dòng)。

76 、Zero sum meaning to add we must subtract.─── 零和博弈 意味著(zhù)要增加就必須有所削減

77 、In their first year at school, most children learn to add and subtract.───入學(xué)第一年，多數孩子學(xué)習加減法。

78 、Results from Blast analysis revealed 14,20,23 and 19 homolog genes in 4-w forward,4-w reverse,8-w forward and 8-w reverse subtractive libraries,respectively.───同源性分析結果提示4周正向文庫得到14個(gè)同源基因，4周反向文庫得到20個(gè)同源基因，8周正向文庫得到23個(gè)同源基因，8周反向文庫得到19個(gè)同源基因。

79 、Eight minus three equals five.|| Three taken from eight leaves five. || Subtract three from eight and the remainder will be five.───八減三等于五。

80 、Finally, the ICA method is used to subtract all these MUAP spikes from original EMG signals.───在運動(dòng)單元動(dòng)作電位(MUAP)聚類(lèi)以及從原始信號中去除已識別的MUAP波形等方面也進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)。

81 、A learning algorithm of subtractive clustering for RBF network is used to obtain the parameters of radial basis function so as to optimize network structure.───在RBF網(wǎng)絡(luò )中采用了一種減聚類(lèi)的學(xué)習算法來(lái)確定徑向基函數的相應參數,使網(wǎng)絡(luò )結構得到優(yōu)化。

82 、And it would make sense that the same rules also apply to subtraction.─── 而同理 這法則也適用于減法

83 、Subtract 3 from 7 and you have 4.───七減三得四。

84 、BSG 5 gene was cloned by subtractive different screening as a new gene expressed specifically in mouse brain.───BrainSpecificGene 5 (BSG5 )基因是用消減差異篩選的方法克隆到的在小鼠胚胎頭部特異表達的新基因。

85 、If you subtract two from five you get three.───五減去二剩下三。

86 、Allow system professionals to add or subtract applications using a set of common services.───允許系統專(zhuān)家使用一組通用服務(wù)添加或減少應用程序。

87 、He is learning to add and to subtract.───他在學(xué)加減法。。

88 、Be about to the economic product of one country is subtractive of machine depreciation and rich use up..───即將一國的經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)品減去機器折舊和自然資源的消耗...

89 、You have to subtract 25% tax from the sum you receive.───你必須從所得款中扣除25%的稅款。

90 、He did not hesitate to subtract terms with literal coefficients.───他毫不遲疑地進(jìn)行了文字系數項的相減。

調色大法好，五種調色手法讓你的**作品脫胎換骨

**感的塑造，離不開(kāi)構圖、景深、分辨率、鏡頭運動(dòng)，本期就單從后期調色來(lái)說(shuō)，怎么使自己拍的片子，瞬間賦予“**感”。

調色無(wú)非就是導入素材，回批，調色，輸出，就是幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的操作步驟，但是背后暗藏玄機。調色的意義，不外乎兩種，一是提升畫(huà)面品質(zhì)，二是增加氛圍感受。

好的調色可以讓整部**脫胎換骨，那么到底該怎么調色才能出現這種效果呢？首先給大家介紹一個(gè)概念：

色相環(huán)The Color Wheel

色相環(huán)是由RYB上的十二種顏色所組成，亦稱(chēng)減色法（Subtractive Color）。

RYB顏色模式中主要以紅色、**、藍色為主，亦指三原色。三間色為綠色、橙色、紫色，可以藉由三原色混合而成。剩下的六個(gè)再間色則由原色與相鄰的三間色混合而成。

一般而言，我們多以右半部的暖色調系列來(lái)代表歡樂(lè )及活力，而左半部的冷色調系列則代表安詳及冷靜。

說(shuō)了那么多，到底該怎么給自己的**調色？有沒(méi)有什么通用的技巧？

別急，馬上開(kāi)始?。。ǜ吣茴A警：文末有大量經(jīng)典調色案例）

五種**基本調色手法

1. 互補色模式Complementary Color Scheme

互補色是指兩種對應的顏色所形成的對比效果，以暖色系與冷色系的兩種顏色來(lái)強調對比度以及提升鮮艷、突出的效果。

最常見(jiàn)的例子為橙色與藍色、藍綠色（Teal），這也是多數的好萊塢大片都以這兩種顏色作為**色彩效果的原因。然而，使用互補色模式時(shí)須適度調整其飽和度，使該對比效果是令人感到賞心悅目而非刺眼。

上兩圖為**《天使愛(ài)美麗》劇中的對應色卡，這是一種典型的紅色配綠色之對應效果。通常兩種對比的色彩象征沖突行為，透過(guò)外在的互補色彩之呈現來(lái)表示角色內心正處于矛盾或是身心交瘁的狀態(tài)。

**《搏擊俱樂(lè )部》就為橙色與藍綠色之對應搭配作了完美的詮釋。陰暗的部分以藍綠色表示，明亮的部分就以橙色來(lái)呈現，就像人的內心充滿(mǎn)著(zhù)各種正、負面思維來(lái)抨擊一個(gè)完整的個(gè)體。

**《亡命駕駛》與上一個(gè)圖所呈現的效果有異曲同工之妙。然而，互補色并非總是如此明顯，也與使用的對比程度有些許關(guān)聯(lián)。以**《搏擊俱樂(lè )部》的另一幕場(chǎng)景為例，外觀(guān)看似全以藍綠色作為色彩效果，仔細地觀(guān)察后會(huì )發(fā)現偏橙色的膚色與其藍綠色的背景相對。

2. 相似色模式Analogous Color Scheme

相似色是指以色相環(huán)上鄰近的顏色之組成來(lái)呈現**中整體色彩的協(xié)調感。彼此之間的色彩結合較為柔性，通常以相似色作為**中的風(fēng)景色調來(lái)呈現自然、柔和之感。

最常見(jiàn)的模式是選擇一個(gè)主色系，并挑選與其相近的色彩作搭配，最后再以黑色、白色以及灰色作襯托。（日劇也常用）

**《美國騙局》中的一幕場(chǎng)景以紅色、橙色、棕色與**彼此色彩相接使**的整體色調偏向暖和的氛圍，畫(huà)面幾乎不含一絲緊張之氣氛。

3. 三等分配色模式Triadic Color Scheme

三等配色是指三種顏色于色相環(huán)上以120度隔開(kāi)，雖然整體色彩的飽和度不會(huì )太高，但一樣給人生機勃勃之感。然而，三等分配色為**中最冷門(mén)的配色模式，不過(guò)適當使用仍會(huì )展現出令人驚艷的效果。

讓-呂克·戈達爾（Jean-Luc Godard）采用三等分配色模式來(lái)呈現其1964年**《狂人皮埃羅》的整體色調。

4. 補色分割模式Split-Complementary Color Scheme

補色分割相似于互補色的對應關(guān)系，但兩者之間的差別在于補色分割是以主色及其對應之兩側顏色作結合。一樣具有強烈的對比度，但張力的效果較不顯著(zhù)。

科恩兄弟（Coen brothers）的**《閱后即焚》中一幕場(chǎng)景就以紅色及其對應之綠色與藍綠色來(lái)呈現。

5.矩形配色模式Tetradic Color Scheme

矩形配色是由兩組互補色所構成，通常具有五光十色之繽紛感，但至少有一種主色來(lái)突顯其效果。

**《媽媽咪呀》（Mamma Mia）使用了矩形配色模式來(lái)呈現其派對場(chǎng)景，為該場(chǎng)景展現出良好的協(xié)調感，而非淪落似迪斯科舞廳樣俗不可耐之貌。

除此之外，近來(lái)多數**所呈現的色調以橘色與藍綠色等互補色為居多。橙色多用于明亮及肌膚之處，而藍綠色則用于陰暗之處。根據**《木蘭花》（Magnolia）中的場(chǎng)景顯現出好萊塢對該模式的偏愛(ài)。以橙色為置中色，強調其臉部的肌膚，而藍色則退至后方陰影處作為襯托。

經(jīng)典**調色卡

《愛(ài)麗絲夢(mèng)游仙境 2》 (2016年) 導演： 詹姆斯·波賓

《阿拉丁》（1992年） 導演： 羅恩·克萊蒙茲，約翰·馬斯克

《鳥(niǎo)人》（2014年） 導演： 亞利桑德羅·岡薩雷斯·伊納里圖

《僵尸新娘》（2005年） 導演： 蒂姆·波頓 麥克·約翰遜

《死侍》（2016年） 導演： 提姆·米勒

《被解救的姜戈》（2012年） 導演： 昆汀·塔倫蒂諾

《剪刀手愛(ài)德華》（1990年） 導演： 蒂姆·波頓

《阿甘正傳》（1994年） 導演： 羅伯特·澤米吉斯

《冰雪奇緣》（2013年） 導演： 克里斯·巴克 珍妮弗·李

《哈利波特和死亡神器二》（2011年） 導演： 大衛·葉茨

《盜夢(mèng)空間》（2010年） 導演： 克里斯托弗·諾蘭

《功夫熊貓》（2008年） 導演： 約翰·斯蒂芬森 馬克·奧斯本

《少年派的奇幻漂流》（2012年） 導演： 李安

《瘋狂的麥克斯：狂暴之路》（2015年） 導演： 喬治·米勒

《彼得·潘》（1953年） 導演： 克萊德·吉諾尼米，威爾弗雷德·杰克遜，漢密爾頓·盧斯科

《羅密歐與朱麗葉》（1996年） 導演： 巴茲·魯赫曼

《千與千尋》（2001年） 導演： 宮崎駿

《星球大戰7：原力覺(jué)醒》（2015年） 導演：J·J·艾布拉姆斯

《復仇者聯(lián)盟》（2012年）導演： 喬斯·韋登

《蝙蝠俠:黑暗騎士》（2008年） 導演： 克里斯托弗·諾蘭

《教父》（1972年） 導演： 弗朗西斯·福特·科波拉

《饑餓游戲：嘲笑鳥(niǎo)2》（2015年） 導演： 弗朗西斯·勞倫斯

《獅子王》（1994年） 導演： 羅杰·艾勒斯 羅伯·明可夫

《火星救援》（2015年） 導演： 雷德利·斯科特

《荒野獵人》 （2015年） 導演： 亞利桑德羅·岡薩雷斯·伊納里圖

《沉默的羔羊》（1991年） 導演： 喬納森·戴米

《萬(wàn)物理論》（2014年） 導演：詹姆斯·馬什

《楚門(mén)的世界》（1998年） 導演： 彼得·威爾

《泰坦尼克號》（1997年） 導演： 詹姆斯·卡梅隆

作品集指導可是個(gè)技術(shù)活

想讓你的**作品脫胎換骨嗎

一起來(lái)約吧

有關(guān)于三基色（紅綠藍）合成白光的這方面的英文論文。

Primary colors are sets of colors that can be combined to make a useful range of colors. For human applications, three primary colors are usually used, since human color vision is trichromatic.

For additive combination of colors, as in overlapping projected lights or in CRT displays, the primary colors normally used are red, green, and blue. For subtractive combination of colors, as in mixing of pigments or dyes, such as in printing, the primaries normally used are cyan, magenta, and yellow,[1] though the set of red, yellow, blue is popular among artists.[2] See RGB color model, CMYK color model, and RYB color model for more on these popular sets of primary colors.

Any choice of primary colors is essentially arbitrary; for example, an early color photographic process, autochrome, typically used orange, green, and violet primaries.[3]

The most commonly used additive color primaries are the secondary colors of the most commonly used subtractive color primaries, and vice versa.

Primary colors are not a fundamental property of light but are often related to the physiological response of the eye to light. Fundamentally, light is a continuous spectrum of the wavelengths that can be detected by the human eye, an infinite-dimensional stimulus space.[4] However, the human eye normally contains only three types of color receptors, called cone cells. Each color receptor responds to different ranges of the color spectrum. Humans and other species with three such types of color receptors are known as trichromats. These species respond to the light stimulus via a three-dimensional sensation, which generally can be modeled as a mixture of three primary colors.[4]

Before the nature of colorimetry and visual physiology were well understood, scientists such as Thomas Young, James Clark Maxwell, and Hermann von Helmholtz expressed various opinions about what should be the three primary colors to describe the three primary color sensations of the eye.[5] Young originally proposed red, green, and violet, and Maxwell changed violet to blue; Helmholtz proposed "a slightly purplish red, a vegetation-green, slightly yellowish (wave-length about 5600 tenth-metres), and an ultramarine-blue (about 4820)".[6] In modern understanding, the human cone cells do not correspond to any real primary colors.

Species with different numbers of receptor cell types would have color vision requiring a different number of primaries. For example, for species known as tetrachromats, with four different color receptors, one would use four primary colors. Since humans can only see to 400 nanometers (violet), but tetrachromats can see into the ultraviolet to about 300 nanometers, this fourth primary color might be located in the shorter-wavelength range.

Many birds and marsupials are tetrachromats, and it has been suggested that some human females are tetrachromats as well[7][8], having an extra variant version of the long-wave (L) cone type.[9] The peak response of human color receptors varies, even among individuals with "normal" color vision[10]; in non-human species this polymorphic variation is even greater, and it may well be adaptive[11]. Most mammals other than primates have only two types of color receptors and are therefore dichromats; to them, there are only two primary colors.

It would be incorrect to assume that the world "looks tinted" to an animal (or human) with anything other than the human standard of three color receptors. To an animal (or human) born that way, the world would look normal to it, but the animal's ability to detect and discriminate colors would be different from that of a human with normal color vision. If a human and an animal both look at a natural color, they see it as natural; however, if both look at a color reproduced via primary colors, such as on a color television screen, the human may see it as matching the natural color, while the animal does not; in this sense, reproduction of color via primaries must be "tuned" to the color vision system of the observer.

Media that combine emitted lights to create the sensation of a range of colors are using the additive color system. Typically, the primary colors used are red, green, and blue.[12]

Television and other computer and video displays are a common example of the use of additive primaries and the RGB color model. The exact colors chosen for the primaries are a technological compromise between the available phosphors (including considerations such as cost and power usage) and the need for large color triangle to allow a large gamut of colors. The ITU-R BT.709-5/sRGB primaries are typical.

CIE 1931 RGB color triangle with monochromatic primariesAdditive mixing of red and green light produces shades of yellow, orange, or brown.[13] Mixing green and blue produces shades of cyan, and mixing red and blue produces shades of purple, including magenta. Mixing nominally equal proportions of the additive primaries results in shades of grey or white; the color space that is generated is called an RGB color space.

The CIE 1931 color space defines monochromatic primary colors with wavelengths of 435.8 nm (violet), 546.1 nm (green) and 700 nm (red). The corners of the color triangle are therefore on the spectral locus, and the triangle is about as big as it can be. No real display device uses such primaries, as the extreme wavelengths used for violet and red result in a very low luminous efficiency.

Traditional

Main article: RYB color model

RYB (red, yellow, and blue) is a historical set of subtractive primary colors. It is primarily used in art and art education, particularly painting.[14] It predates modern scientific color theory.

Standard RYB Color WheelRYB make up the primary color triad in a standard color wheel; the secondary colors VOG (violet, orange, and green) make up another triad. Triads are formed by 3 equidistant colors on a particular color wheel; neither RYB nor VOG is equidistant on a perceptually uniform color wheel, but rather have been defined to be equidistant in the RYB wheel.[15]

Painters have long used more than three "primary" colors in their palettes—and at one point considered red, yellow, blue, and green to be the four primaries[16]. Red, yellow, blue, and green are still widely considered the four psychological primary colors,[17] though red, yellow, and blue are sometimes listed as the three psychological primaries [18], with black and white occasionally added as a fourth and fifth [19].

During the 18th century, as theorists became aware of Isaac Newton’s scientific experiments with light and prisms, red, yellow, and blue became the canonical primary colors—supposedly the fundamental sensory qualities that are blended in the perception of all physical colors and equally in the physical mixture of pigments or dyes. This theory became dogma, despite abundant evidence that red, yellow, and blue primaries cannot mix all other colors, and has survived in color theory to the present day.[20]

Using red, yellow, and blue as primaries yields a relatively small gamut, in which, among other problems, colorful greens, cyans, and magentas are impossible to mix, because red, yellow, and blue are not well-spaced around a perceptually uniform color wheel. For this reason, modern three- or four-color printing processes, as well as color photography, use cyan, yellow, and magenta as primaries instead.[21] Most painters include colors in their palettes which cannot be mixed from yellow, red, and blue paints, and thus do not fit within the RYB color model. Some who do use a three-color palette opt for the more evenly spaced cyan, yellow, and magenta used by printers, and others paint with 6 or more colors to widen their gamuts.[22] The cyan, magenta, and yellow used in printing are sometimes known as "process blue," "process red," "process yellow."[23]

[edit] CMYK color model, or four-color printing

Main article: CMYK color model

In the printing industry, to produce the varying colors the subtractive primaries cyan, magenta, and yellow are applied together in varying amounts. Before the color names cyan and magenta were in common use, these primaries were often known as blue-green and purple, or in some circles as blue and red, respectively, and their exact color has changed over time with access to new pigments and technologies.[24]

Subtractive color mixing – the magenta and cyan primaries are sometimes called purple and blue-green, or red and blueMixing yellow and cyan produces green colors; mixing yellow with magenta produces reds, and mixing magenta with cyan produces blues. In theory, mixing equal amounts of all three pigments should produce grey, resulting in black when all three are applied in sufficient density, but in practice they tend to produce muddy brown colors. For this reason, and to save ink and decrease drying times, a fourth pigment, black, is often used in addition to cyan, magenta, and yellow.

The resulting model is the so-called CMYK color model. The abbreviation stands for cyan, magenta, yellow, and key—black is referred to as the key color, a shorthand for the key printing plate that impressed the artistic detail of an image, usually in black ink.[25]

In practice, colorant mixtures in actual materials such as paint tend to be more complex. Brighter or more saturated colors can be created using natural pigments instead of mixing, and natural properties of pigments can interfere with the mixing. For example, mixing magenta and green in acrylic creates a dark cyan—something which would not happen if the mixing process were perfectly subtractive.

In the subtractive model, adding white to a color, whether by using less colorant or by mixing in a reflective white pigment such as zinc oxide, does not change the color’s hue but does reduce its saturation. Subtractive color printing works best when the surface or paper is white, or close to it.

A system of subtractive color does not have a simple chromaticity gamut analogous to the RGB color triangle, but a gamut that must be described in three dimensions. There are many ways to visualize such models, using various 2D chromaticity spaces or in 3D color spaces

Notes and references

^ Matthew Luckiesh (1915). Color and Its Applications. D. Van Nostrand company. pp. 58, 221. http://books.google.com/books?id=0BgCAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA221&dq=magenta+cyan+yellow+date:0-1923+printing&as_brr=1.

^ Chris Grimley and Mimi Love (2007). Color, space, and style: all the details interior designers need to know but can never find. Rockport Publishers. p. 137. ISBN 9781592532278. http://books.google.com/books?id=uVxa-_N4LQ4C&pg=PA137&dq=ryb+color+model+paint&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=AFbaSq-1AY6GlQThiayTAQ#v=onepage&q=ryb%20color%20model%20paint&f=false.

^ Walter Hines Page and Arthur Wilson Page (1908). The World's Work: Volume XV: A History of Our Time. Doubleday, Page & Company. http://books.google.com/books?id=hKPvxXgBN1oC&pg=PA9508&dq=autochrome+orange+violet+green&as_brr=1.

^ a b Michael I. Sobel (1989). Light. University of Chicago Press. pp. 52–62. ISBN 0226767515. http://books.google.com/books?id=PDmAdQpmxl8C&pg=PA58&ots=nx4W7J2aTc&dq=spectrum+color+infinite-dimensional+cones&sig=uM9RwCK7fFquO9e2oz-79xjbe8w#PPA59,M1.

^ Edward Albert Sharpey-Schäfer (1900). Text-book of physiology. 2. Y. J. Pentland. p. 1107. http://books.google.com/books?id=fz0uAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1107&dq=primary+red-green-and-violet+maxwell+sensation&as_brr=3&ei=ew1NSpvYJpXUlQTZ4Iwe&client=firefox-a.

^ Alfred Daniell (1904). A text book of the principles of physics. Macmillan and Co. p. 575. http://books.google.com/books?id=oPQZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA575&dq=primary+red-green-and-violet+maxwell&as_brr=3&ei=8QpNSsT5KYzkkwTDvNwj&client=firefox-a.

^ Backhaus, Kliegl & Werner "Color vision, perspectives from different disciplines" (De Gruyter, 1998), pp.115-116, section 5.5.

^ Pr. Mollon (Cambridge university), Pr. Jordan (Newcastle university) "Study of women heterozygote for colour difficiency" (Vision Research, 1993)

^ M. Neitz, T. W. Kraft, and J. Neitz (1998). "Expression of L cone pigment gene subtypes in females". Vision Research 38: 3221–3225. doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(98)00076-5.

^ Neitz, Jay & Jacobs, Gerald H. (1986). "Polymorphism of the long-wavelength cone in normal human colour vision." Nature. 323, 623-625.

^ Jacobs, Gerald H. (1996). "Primate photopigments and primate color vision." PNAS. 93 (2), 577–581.

^ Thomas D. Rossing and Christopher J. Chiaverina (1999). Light science: physics and the visual arts. Birkhäuser. p. 178. ISBN 9780387988276. http://books.google.com/books?id=jpH1_dCT_UcC&pg=PA178&dq=red+green+blue+additive+color+primaries+violet&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=3&ei=DCtMSueTFIL6lQSApbEU.

^ "Some Experiments on Color", Nature 111, 1871, in John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) (1899). Scientific Papers. University Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=KWMSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA84&dq=date:0-1923+light+red+green+yellow-or-orange&as_brr=1#PPA85,M1.

^ Tom Fraser and Adam Banks (2004). Designer’s Color Manual: The Complete Guide to Color Theory and Application. Chronicle Books. ISBN 081184210X. http://books.google.com/books?id=WXZNPaX-LvcC&pg=PA27&ots=HShXs43Vb9&dq=red-yellow-blue+color+mixing&ei=Q5C7RpKQBaPKowLOzbnwBQ&sig=tzY-Dg0Vd2qsvzkAED_4kTV_AYE.

^ Stephen Quiller (2002). Color Choices. Watson–Guptill. ISBN 0823006972. http://books.google.com/books?id=jiUTZQj_v5QC&pg=PA12&ots=uIkYShJkkF&dq=what-is-a-color-wheel+spaced+red+yellow+blue&ei=PfO7RtDOOaDeoALSidXvBQ&sig=nKVzb_VaCzhkW5LkewElB4laG90.

^ For instance Leonardo da Vinci wrote of these four simple colors in his notebook circa 1500. See Rolf Kuenhi. “Development of the Idea of Simple Colors in the 16th and Early 17th Centuries”. Color Research and Application. Volume 32, Number 2, April 2007.

^ Resultby Leslie D. Stroebel, Ira B. Current (2000). Basic Photographic Materials and Processes. Focal Press. ISBN 0240803450. http://books.google.com/books?id=BRYa6Qpsw48C&pg=PP1&dq=Basic+Photographic+Materials+and+Processes&sig=3FfkDIRvz8MSinhegznHIKn4AvM.

^ MS Sharon Ross , Elise Kinkead (2004). Decorative Painting & Faux Finishes. Creative Homeowner. ISBN 1580111793. http://books.google.com/books?id=DPJUWRydR9kC&dq=red+yellow+blue+paint-mixing++subtractive&as_brr=3.

^ Swirnoff, Lois (2003). Dimensional Color. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393731022. http://books.google.com/books?id=sG5MqtZuFF0C&dq=%22psychological+primaries%22+blue+-green.

^ Bruce MacEvoy. “Do ‘Primary’ Colors Exist?” (Material Trichromacy section). Handprint. Accessed 10 August 2007.

^ “Development of the Idea of Simple Colors in the 16th and Early 17th Centuries”. Color Research and Application. Volume 32, Number 2, April 2007.

^ Bruce MacEvoy. “Secondary Palette.” Handprint. Accessed 14 August 2007. For general discussion see Bruce MacEvoy. “Mixing With a Color Wheel” (Saturation Costs section). Handprint. Accessed 14 August 2007.

^ Cheap Brochure Printing - Process Blue / Process Red / Process Yellow / Process Black

^ Ervin Sidney Ferry (1921). General Physics and Its Application to Industry and Everyday Life. John Wiley & Sons. http://books.google.com/books?id=3rYXAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA621&dq=date:0-1923+additive+color+mixing+primary&as_brr=1.

^ Frank S. Henry (1917). Printing for School and Shop: A Textbook for Printers' Apprentices, Continuation Classes, and for General use in Schools. John Wiley & Sons. http://books.google.com/books?id=UAAvAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA292&dq=black+date:0-1923+key-plate+printing+color.

^ See the google image results for “cmyk gamut” for examples.

不知這個(gè)可不可以當做論文