?unearthing

unearthing發(fā)音

['ʌn'ə:θ]

英：　　美：

unearthing中文意思翻譯

v.發(fā)掘,掘出, 發(fā)現并披露

unearthing詞形變化

動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞: unearthed | 動(dòng)詞現在分詞: unearthing | 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式: unearthed | 動(dòng)詞第三人稱(chēng)單數: unearths |

unearthing同義詞

inappropriate | undeserved | unjustified | uncalled-for | unmerited | unwarranted

unearthing反義詞

earned

unearthing常見(jiàn)例句

1 、It was always safer to leave no facts for anyone else to unearth.───不要隱瞞任何事實(shí)留待別人偵察出來(lái)。

2 、UNEARTH HOSPITAL'S CULTURE CONNOTATION TO SHAPE HOSPITAL'S INDIVIDUAL BRAND───發(fā)掘醫院文化內涵塑造醫院個(gè)性品牌

3 、For example: When professor glossary, the teacher may unearth the glossary internal cultural element, carries on has the goal explanation, like this is helpful to the student understood accurately.───例如：在教授詞匯時(shí)，教師可以挖掘詞匯內部的文化因素，進(jìn)行有目的的講解，這樣才有助于學(xué)生更加準確地理解。

4 、"Its favourable conditions attracted many immigrants of high calibre, it was able to achieve many Breakthroughs and unearth many new ideas in economics, science and culture, making it the only superpower in the world today."───以?xún)?yōu)厚條件吸收了大批優(yōu)秀移民,因而在經(jīng)濟、科技、文化各個(gè)方面有許多重大突破,發(fā)掘了不少新意念,使之成為當今世界上唯一的超級強國。

5 、The bodies were unearthed by the flooding.─── 這些尸體是被洪水沖出來(lái)的

6 、unearth buried treasure; tap mineral resources───發(fā)掘地下寶藏

7 、But the task of unearthing the mines won't be easy.───但排雷工作可布簡(jiǎn)單。

8 、The unearthing of "Peking Man" was a remarkable discovery.───“北京人”的出土是個(gè)非凡的發(fā)現。

9 、Some biohazardous materials were unearthed on this site.─── 這里挖掘出了生物性危害物

10 、unearth a secret───發(fā)現一個(gè)秘密

11 、The unearthing of the graves sparked outrage and frustration in the Hmong community in St.Paul when it was discovered about three years ago.───三年前被發(fā)現的挖掘苗族墳墓的事情時(shí)，引發(fā)了在圣保羅的苗族巨大憤怒，他們對此表示失望。

12 、But they did unearth a second lower jaw that they say is identical in size and shape to LB1' s.───不過(guò)，他們找到的第二個(gè)下顎，據說(shuō)形態(tài)與大小都與LB1一樣。

13 、Some reckon its failure to unearth masses of new information is down to a mix of mendacious reticence on the part of key witnesses and the pusillanimity of their inquisitors.───一些人承認，沒(méi)能發(fā)現大量的新信息是由于關(guān)鍵證人的虛假的沉默和審判者的膽怯。

14 、Most of the unearth relic remain intact.───大多數出土文物仍保持完整無(wú)損。

15 、Keywords Unearth;Imperial doctor;Gu Dingfang;Medical books of the Song dynasty;Psychological treatment;───關(guān)鍵詞出土;御醫;顧定芳;宋版醫書(shū);心理治療;

16 、Spells and abilities that interact with activated abilities (such as Stifle) will interact with unearth, but spells and abilities that interact with spells (such as Remove Soul) will not.───與起動(dòng)式異能互動(dòng)的咒語(yǔ)與異能（例如阻抑）會(huì )與破墳產(chǎn)生互動(dòng)，但與咒語(yǔ)互動(dòng)的咒語(yǔ)與異能（例如移魂術(shù)）則不會(huì )。

17 、In excavating these objects, they sometimes also unearth lethal viruses, and its impossible to predict such things.───因為挖那些東西出來(lái),有時(shí)候也會(huì )把致命的病毒一起挖出來(lái),這種情況沒(méi)辦法事先預料。

18 、Its remains were unearthed in 1986 on a building site.─── 1986年三星堆遺址在一處建筑工地被發(fā)現

19 、1200.He is unearthing information to expose the scandal.───他正在收集資料要來(lái)揭露這件丑聞。

20 、Analysis of County "Lingshi" from the Unearth Qin Dynasty Law───從出土秦律看縣"令史"一職

21 、Indeed, Yemen is a showcase for Total, whose experience here shows how far an oil company will go these days to unearth new energy supplies.───也門(mén)確實(shí)是總基地，他在也門(mén)的經(jīng)驗說(shuō)明了這些日子，石油公司將去多遠開(kāi)發(fā)新能源的供應。

22 、In an effort to make our film visually dynamic, we also conducted an exhaustive search in six different countries for every scrap of archival footage we could possibly find, and we ended up unearthing some hidden gems.───為了讓我們的影片更加有視覺(jué)震撼力，我們從六個(gè)國家搜集了我們可能找的到的許多影像檔案資料，我們也從中挖出了許多遺珠。

23 、In unearthing ancient tombs, bronze mirrors were sometimes discovered on the inner topsides, in order to keep away evil spirits and subdue demons, so it was said.───在發(fā)掘古墓時(shí)，還發(fā)現有的銅鏡放在墓頂上方，據說(shuō)這是為了“辟邪”和“降妖”。

24 、Like archaeologists unearthing the past, astronomers have used the new telescopes to excavate the relics present in galaxy clusters and piece together their history.───天文學(xué)家就像考古學(xué)者揭露過(guò)去一樣，利用新的望遠鏡挖掘星系團里的遺跡，并拼湊出它們的歷史。

25 、Unearthing more uranium is expensive and time-consuming.───發(fā)掘更多的鈾礦成本昂貴而且耗費時(shí)間。

26 、Richard, there is something haunting and unearthly happening here.─── 理查德 這兒鬧鬼 讓人毛骨悚然

27 、I don't know. It's like sort of an unearthly aura.─── 我也搞不清楚 就像有什么神秘的光環(huán)籠罩著(zhù)似的

28 、To unearth the value of honesty and credit education from splendid traditional culture is an important subject in moral education of contemporary university students.───從優(yōu)秀傳統文化中發(fā)掘誠信教育的價(jià)值,是當代大學(xué)生道德教育的重要課題。

29 、Every once in a while you will read some articles about a so-called scholar unearthing material that is supposed to prove that William Shakespeare did not really write the works attributed to him.───人們不時(shí)會(huì )看到一些文章：某位所謂學(xué)者發(fā)掘的材料據說(shuō)可以證明原來(lái)認為是莎士比亞寫(xiě)的劇作并非莎士比亞原作。

30 、They will unearth the buried treasure here.───他們將在這兒挖掘地下寶藏。

31 、unearth documents───出土文獻

32 、So as to detach or unearth───分開(kāi),掘起以便卸下或拔出土壤:在地平線(xiàn)以上

33 、to unearth an ancient tomb───發(fā)掘一處古墓

34 、Gentlemen, we have unearthed no new evidence against you.─── 先生們 我們并沒(méi)發(fā)現 能指認你們的新證據

35 、excavate; unearth; explore───發(fā)掘

36 、No matter any actor, to his hand, could unearth very quickly the potential, can glow matures.───不管什么演員，到了他的手里，都會(huì )很快被挖掘出潛力，都會(huì )煥發(fā)成才的。

37 、Henceforth may see, the animation can give the advantage which the commercial advertizing brings huge and easy to unearth.───從此可以看出，動(dòng)畫(huà)能給予商業(yè)**帶來(lái)的好處巨大而容易挖掘。

38 、The more you talk, the more you’ll both unearth fantasies you may have been hesitant to voice before.───你們談?wù)摰迷蕉?，你們兩越有可能將此前猶豫不敢言的感受說(shuō)出來(lái)。

39 、Explore your life and unearth all of the things that bring you joy.───去探究你的生活，把一切給你帶來(lái)快樂(lè )的事物都發(fā)掘出來(lái)。

40 、Look, we have been unearthing the past for months now.─── 我們這幾個(gè)月一直在研究以前的事

41 、Create solitaire hands, earn power-ups and dodge perils to unearth rare artifacts from the oracle of Delphi to the excavation sites of Birka and beyond!───在這探索之路上，將滿(mǎn)足你對神秘的追擊，并揭開(kāi)使人迷惑的真相。

42 、You will unearth a whole new history.───你們將會(huì )挖掘出一個(gè)完整的新歷史。

43 、When they unearthed your handiwork, you needed to find a scapegoat.─── 但他們挖出尸體的時(shí)候 你需要找一個(gè)替罪羊

44 、He was able to unearth a lot of good people who had been passed over by the previous management.───他發(fā)現了許多人材，都是被以前的公司領(lǐng)導埋沒(méi)的。

45 、"We employ some of the best minds in the industry, a team that continues to unearth ways to meet evolving packaging needs.───“我們聘請一些最好的頭腦中的產(chǎn)業(yè)，一組繼續挖掘的方式，以滿(mǎn)足不斷變化的包裝需求。

46 、At end of turn, a creature returned to play with unearth is removed from the game.───在回合結束時(shí)，以破墳方式返回場(chǎng)上的生物會(huì )移出對戰。

47 、Officials in Tulsa, Oklahoma, unearth a1957 Plymouth Belvedere this afternoon.───/的官方人員今日下午出土了一輛1957年產(chǎn)的/汽車(chē)。

48 、For example, if your opponent plays a creature card's unearth ability and you play Gather Specimens, that creature comes into play under your control, but the rest of the unearth ability is unchanged.───舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，如果對手使用某張生物牌的破墳異能，并且你使用了收集樣本，則該生物會(huì )在你的操控下進(jìn)場(chǎng)，但破墳異能的其他部分并不會(huì )因此改變。

49 、Cooling Spearmint wakes up your skin and senses, while cleansing experts unearth pore-clogging debris, pollutants and makeup remnants to get skin breathing freely.───以薄荷為主要原料，細致泡沫清涼地清潔你的毛孔，徹底洗去堆積在毛孔內的油脂、污垢與汗水。

50 、The Function of Animals and Plants in Unearthing Treasures--A Cross-Cultural Approach to Ancient Chinese Fiction───中國古代掘寶母題動(dòng)植物功能的跨文化探源

51 、He even found time to steal some ancient tomes from the library, unearthing dark secrets and powerful magicks.───下面主要從兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行介紹，主要講一下目前冬麥區的旱情特點(diǎn)和未來(lái)的一些趨勢。

52 、unearth cultural relics───發(fā)掘文物

53 、One of the questions for study in modem education research is to make use of "reading materials", unearth their cultural connotations and train students' math makings.───利用“閱讀材料”，挖掘它的文化內涵，培養學(xué)生的數學(xué)素養，成為當今教育研究的課題之一。

54 、begin when someone's grand theory of our lineage is contradicted by the unearthing of a few stone or bones.───人類(lèi)學(xué)家自己內部之間的矛盾通常出現在某人關(guān)于我們世系的宏論，由于幾塊石頭和骨頭的出土而受到挑戰的時(shí)候。

55 、And this numbskull could've unearthed it while digging.─── 這個(gè)傻瓜可能挖礦的時(shí)候把它也挖出來(lái)了

56 、You can continue on this track, however, only as long as you're unearthing genuinely new information.───你能繼續躊躇下去，不過(guò)此時(shí)你必須一直處于發(fā)現真正新信息的階段。

57 、Officials in Tulsa, Oklahoma, unearth a 1957 Plymouth Belvedere this afternoon.───/的官方人員今日下午出土了一輛1957年產(chǎn)的/牌汽車(chē)。

58 、Not long after, you are sent on a desperate mission to Neverwinter to unearth the secrets of the relic, all the while being hounded by opposition.───不久，你被派到無(wú)冬城區執行一個(gè)絕望的任務(wù)-發(fā)掘遺跡的秘密，而在此過(guò)程中你的敵人會(huì )緊緊地盯住你。

59 、4) There are attempts to unearth new information from some long-forgotten literature;───四、設法從長(cháng)久被忽視的文獻中重新挖掘資訊；

60 、Like many other commodities, the supply of gold will always be constant and increase slowly as mines become operational and new technologies to unearth gold are invented.───與其他商品一樣，黃金的供應經(jīng)常保持平穩，而當新金礦開(kāi)始運作和開(kāi)發(fā)新礦的技術(shù)出現時(shí)，供應會(huì )慢慢上升。

61 、In the Greener Mountains, it's easy to unearth stories of www.daff.gov.au car components of blind 'Nature by gritty analysis of carbon offsets or a heartfelt grassroots project.───位于汽車(chē)工業(yè)之后的是家居類(lèi)和消費類(lèi)電子產(chǎn)品領(lǐng)域，信息技術(shù)促進(jìn)了消費類(lèi)傳感器產(chǎn)品的批量生產(chǎn)，應用于機房工程公司和無(wú)繩**的超聲傳感器。

62 、Middle the service informationization, will provide the service intelligence solution, will unearth from the magnanimous information to manages with the policy-making useful information.───在業(yè)務(wù)信息化當中，會(huì )提供業(yè)務(wù)智能解決方案，從海量信息當中挖掘出對經(jīng)營(yíng)和決策有用的信息。

63 、Steven Spielberg's Dreamworks company has announced plans to use its website for unearthing pop stars of the future.───大導演斯皮爾伯格的夢(mèng)工廠(chǎng)宣布將使用他們的網(wǎng)站，發(fā)掘未來(lái)的音樂(lè )明星。

64 、At NCR our consultants apply innovative thinking, practical tools, services and self-service solutions to unearth business value, define a plan and solve your business issues.───在NCR,我們的顧問(wèn)采用創(chuàng )新的理念、實(shí)用的工具、服務(wù)以及自助服務(wù)解決方案,從而發(fā)掘商業(yè)價(jià)值、制定計劃并解決您的業(yè)務(wù)問(wèn)題。

65 、unearth new facts about Shakespeare───發(fā)現有關(guān)莎士比亞的新資料.

66 、The earliest unearth art can be updates to seven thousands years ago,and official document for lazurite around 403 B.───其出土文獻，七千年前即有發(fā)現而春秋戰國及有正式文獻記載。

67 、Your greatest ambition is to discover, to unearth, to explore.───你最大的愿望是探索和發(fā)現。

68 、It aims to unearth real talent - young bands that write and perform their own music.───它的目的是要發(fā)掘真正的人才,年輕的樂(lè )隊,寫(xiě)和演奏自己的音樂(lè )。

69 、Influential global market analyst Dan Denning reveals what readers can unearth exceptional short- and long-term profit opportunities.───具有影響力的全球市場(chǎng)分析師Dan鄧寧揭示了什么，讀者可以發(fā)現特殊的短期和長(cháng)期獲利的機會(huì )。

70 、You may also unearth an ugly side of their personalities that you werent aware of.───你會(huì )突然發(fā)現他們個(gè)性中讓人討厭的一面。

71 、We know they were digging and unearthed something.─── 我們知道他們 挖出了什么東西

72 、Perhaps commander in chief alternates can bring the help to the calf, Ricker - Carlyle has the confidence to unearth this team's ability.───主帥的更迭或許能給小牛帶來(lái)幫助，里克-卡萊爾有信心把這支球隊的能力都挖掘出來(lái)。

73 、unearth evidence───發(fā)掘證據, 找到證據

74 、Led by the provincial Cultural Relic Bureau and Archeology Institute , they joined in unearthing and protecting dinosaur fossils.───在省文物局、省考古所領(lǐng)導下，自始至終參與此項恐龍化石的發(fā)掘保護工作。

75 、Unearth the Cognitive Tool Role of Info-Technologies in Teaching───充分挖掘信息技術(shù)在教學(xué)中的認知工具作用

76 、To unearth the theory of Chinese medicine,the article mainly discusses relations of physique,lifespan and pathologo to the natural geography environment.───為了發(fā)掘中醫理論,本文著(zhù)重探討了自然地理環(huán)境與體質(zhì)、壽命、病變等方面的關(guān)系。

77 、BootB gives you the possibility to get additional services that will free your time and unearth creative power.───BootB讓您有機會(huì )獲得額外Service,空出您的時(shí)間,并且發(fā)掘創(chuàng )意力量。

78 、The preconditions for the development of Qing frontier history are the exploration ofnew ways of thought,unearthing new source materials and thediversification of research methods.───但是，中國歷史疆域是在清朝得以正式奠定，這是確定一無(wú)誤的。

79 、She does not want all of CTU involved for fear of unearthing another mole like Jamey.───她不愿意讓所有反恐組工作人員介入，擔心其中有像杰米一樣的內奸。

80 、Together, it’s a one-two punch to record and unearth the look and feel, and the awareness and consideration response process of consumers across all sectors of the economy.───在一起，這是一個(gè)雙重打擊，以記錄和發(fā)掘的外觀(guān)和感覺(jué)，以及認識和審議應對消費者的過(guò)程中所有的經(jīng)濟部門(mén)。

81 、The further studies and unearthing of firsthand materials of khidan small script put forward some new challenges to our future study.───契丹小字研究的不斷深入，原始資料的陸續出土，對今后的研究工作提出了新的要求。

82 、Malpractice of taking exam education lies in examination, not in unearthing personal potential.───醫療事故采取考試教育在于檢查，而不是在挖掘個(gè)人潛力。

83 、unearth condition───出土狀況

84 、Students can get some enlightenment in theoretic education and methods by the significance of methodology in unearthing knowledge points in textbooks.───善于挖掘教材知識點(diǎn)的意義，使學(xué)生從中受到理論的教育和方法上的啟發(fā)；

85 、Using the database of Holocaust victims at Yad Vashem,IsraelsHolocaust memorial, two of Shlicks grandchildren, Bennyand David,began unearthing a mystery spanning six decades andthreecontinents.───借助以色列大屠殺殉難者紀念館的殉難者數據庫，史利克的兩個(gè)孫子本尼和大衛開(kāi)始挖掘這段跨越了60年三個(gè)大洲的秘密。

86 、Queen Clarisse is understandably vexed, and had I been in her shoes I would've had several of my advisors beheaded for not unearthing this inconvenient loophole.───公主日記2的大概情節就是，米亞只有結婚了才可以繼承王位，否則王位就要落到遠親手里。

87 、protective unearthing───不接地保護

88 、It is a giant advance from the first discovery of Homo erectus Yuanmouensis in 1965 to the unearthing of the palacopithecus skull fossil in 1988.───從1965年元謀直立人的首次發(fā)現，到1988年古猿頭骨化石的出土，這是一個(gè)重大的進(jìn)展。

89 、The unearthing of the stele of Fengle Bridge adds a piece of Historical object to Zunyi' s cultural relics.───豐樂(lè )橋碑出土,為遵義增添了一件文物;

90 、quot;I look for jewels that others have not managed to unearth," he commented.───他解釋說(shuō)：“這些人都是珍寶，當然還有一些沒(méi)有被發(fā)掘出來(lái)”。

有瑪雅文明的英文資料嗎

Mayan Civilization

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Geography and Landscape

The ancient Maya civilization occupied the eastern third of Mesoamerica, primarily the Yucatan Peninsula. The topography of the area greatly varied from volcanic mountains, which comprised the highlands in the South, to a porous limestone shelf, known as the Lowlands, in the central and northern regions. The southern portion of the Lowlands were covered by a rain forest with an average height of about 150 feet. Scattered savannas and swamps, or bajos, appeared sporadically, interrupting the dense forests. The northern Lowlands were also comprised of forests but they were drier than their southern counterparts, mainly growing small thorny trees. February to May was the dry season characterized by air that was intensely hot and uncomfortable. At this time of year, the fields had recently been cut and had to be burned in accordance with their slash and burn form of agriculture. The skies filled with a smoky grit, making the air even more unbearable until the rains came in late May to clear the murky atmosphere.

Many dangerous animals occupied this region of the peninsula including the jaguar, the caiman (a fierce crocodile), the bull shark, and many species of poisonous snakes. These animals had to be avoided as the Maya scavenged the forest for foods including deer turkey, peccaries, tapirs, rabbits, and large rodents such as the peca and the agouti. Many varieties of monkeys and quetzal also occupied the upper canopy. The climate of the Highlands greatly contrasted with that of the Lowlands as it was much cooler and drier.

Both the Highlands and the Lowlands were important to the presence of trade within the Mayan civilization. The lowlands primarily produced crops which were used for their own personal consumption, the principle cultigen being maize. They also grew squash, beans, chili peppers, amaranth, manioc, cacao, cotton for light cloth, and sisal for heavy cloth and rope.

The volcanic highlands, however, were the source of obsidian, jade, and other precious metals like cinnabar and hematite that the Mayans used to develop a lively trade. Although the lowlands were not the source of any of these commodities, they still played an important role as the origin of the transportation routes. The rainfall was as high as 160 inches per year in the Lowlands and the water that collected drained towards the Caribbean or the Gulf of Mexico in great river systems. These rivers, of which the Usumacinta and the Grijalva were of primary importance, were vital to the civilization as the form of transportation for both people and materials.

The Maya Culture

Contrary to popular beleif, the Mayan civilization was not one unified empire, but rather a multitude of separate entities with a common cultural background. Similar to the Greeks, they were religiously and artistically a nation, but politically sovereign states. As many as twenty such states existed on the Yucatan Peninsula, but although a woman has, on rare occasions, ascended to the ruling position, she has never acquired the title of 'mah kina'.

Mayan Writing

An elaborate system of writing was developed to record the transition of power through the generations. Maya writing was composed of recorded inscriptions on stone and wood and used within architecture. Folding tree books were made from fig tree bark and placed in royal tombs. Unfortunately, many of these books did not survive the humidity of the tropics or the invasion of the Spanish, who regarded the symbolic writing as the work of the devil.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Four books are known today:

The Dresden Codex

The Madud Codex

The Paris Codex

The Grolier Codex.

The priests followed the ruling class in importance and were instrumental in the recordings of history through the heiroglyphs. The two classes were closely linked and held a monopoly on learning, including writing. The heiroglyphs were formed through a combination of different signs which represented either whole words or single syllables. The information could be conveyed through inscriptions alone, but it was usually combined with pictures showing action to facilitate comprehension.

Political Organization

In both the priesthood and the ruling class, nepotism was apparently the prevailing system under which new members were chosen. Primogeniture was the form under which new kings were chosen as the king passed down his position to his son. After the birth of a heir, the kings performed a blood sacrifice by drawing blood from his own body as an offering to his ancestors. A human sacrifice was then offered at the time of a new king's installation in office. To be a king, one must have taken a captive in a war and that person is then used as the victim in his accession ceremony. This ritual is the most important of a king's life as it is the point at which he inherits the position as head of the lineage and leader of the city. The religious explanation that upheld the institution of kingship asserted that Maya rulers were necessary for continuance of the Universe.

Mayan Art

The art of the Maya, as with every civilization, is a reflection of their lifestyle and culture. The art was composed of delineation and painting upon paper and plaster, carvings in wood and stone, clay and stucco models, and terra cotta figurines from molds. The technical process of metal working was also highly developed but as the resources were scarce, they only created ornaments in this media. Many of the great programs of Maya art, inscriptions, and architecture were commissioned by Mayan kings to memorialize themselves and ensure their place in history. The prevailing subject of their art is not anonymous priests and unnamed gods but rather men and women of power that serve to recreate the history of the people. The works are a reflection of the society and its interaction with surrounding people.

One of the greatest shows of Mayan artistic ability and culture is the hieroglyphic stairway located at Copan. The stairway is an iconographical complex composed of statues, figures, and ramps in addition to the central stairway which together port ray many elements of Mayan society. An alter is present as well as many pictorial references of sacrifice and their gods. More importantly than all the imagery captured with in this monument, however, is the history of the royal descent depicted in the heiroglyphs and various statues. The figurine of a seated captive is also representative of Mayan society as it depicts someone in the process of a bloodletting ceremony, which included the accession to kingship. This figure is of high rank as depicted by his expensive earrings and intricately woven hip cloth. The rope collar which would usually mark this man as a captive, reveals that he is involved in a bloodletting rite. His genitals are exposed as he is just about to draw blood for the ceremony.

In the Indian communities, as it was with their Mayan ancestors, the basic staple diet is corn. The clothing worn is as it was in the past. It is relatively easy to determine the village in which the clothing was made by the the type of embroidery, color, design and shape. Mayan dialects of Qhuche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, and Mam are still spoken today, although the majority of Indians also speak Spanish.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Mysteries of the Mayans

By MICHAEL D. LEMONICK

Unraveling the mystery of who the Maya were, how they lived--and why their civilization suddenly collapsed

The crowd at the base of the enormous bloodred pyramid has been standing for hours in the dripping heat of the Guatemalan jungle. No one moves; every eye stays fixed on the building's summit, where the king, his head adorned with feathers, his scepter a two-headed crocodile, is about to emerge from a sacred chamber with instructions from his long-dead ancestors. The crowd sees nothing of his movements, but it knows the ritual: lifted into the next world by hallucinogenic drugs, the king will take an obsidian blade or the spine of a stingray, pierce his own penis, and then draw a rope through the wound, letting the blood drip onto bits of bark paper. Then he will take the bark and set it afire, and out of the rising smoke a vision of a serpent will appear to him.

When the king finally emerges, on the verge of collapse, he reaches under his loincloth, displays a bloodstained hand and announces the ancestors' message--the same message he has received so many times in the past: "Prepare to go to war." The crowd erupts in wild cheers. The bloodletting has barely begun.

Who were the Maya, the people who built and later abandoned these majestic pyramids scattered around Central America and who enacted these bizarre rites? The question has piqued scientists across a broad swath of disciplines ever since an American lawyer and explorer named John Lloyd Stephens stumbled across something strange in the Honduran jungle. In Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatan (1841), Stephens impressionistically described what was later identified as the ruined Maya city of Copan: "It lay before us like a shattered bark in the midst of the ocean, her masts gone, her name effaced, her crew perished, and none to tell whence she came, to whom she belonged, how long on her voyage, or what caused her destruction."

More than 150 years later, the Maya seem less inscrutable than they did to Stephens, the man who discovered, or rediscovered, what they had left behind. Archaeologists have long known that the Maya, who flourished between about A.D. 250 and 900, perfected the most complex writing system in the hemisphere, mastered mathematics and astrological calendars of astonishing accuracy, and built massive pyramids all over Central America, from Yucatan to modern Honduras. But what researchers have now found among these haunting irruptions of architecture may be, among other things, reasons for admonishing today's world: at a time when tribal fratricide is destroying Bosnia and farmers are carving through the rain forest, the lessons yielded by the Maya have a disturbing resonance.

The latest discovery, announced just this week, underscores how quickly Maya archaeology is changing. Four new Maya sites have been uncovered in the jungle-clad mountains of southern Belize, in rough terrain that experts assumed the Maya would have shunned. Two of the sites have never been looted, which will provide researchers with a wealth of clues to the still largely unsolved puzzle of who the Maya were--and the mystery of how and why their civilization collapsed so catastrophically around the year 900. Of course, considerable mysteries persist and always will. "I wake up almost every morning thinking how little we know about the Maya," says George Stuart, an archaeologist with National Geographic. "What's preserved is less than 1% of what was there in a tropical climate."

Such limited and often puzzling physical evidence has not deterred growing legions of archaeologists, art historians, epigraphers, anthropologists, ethnohis torians, linguists and geologists from making annual treks to Maya sites. Propelled by a series of dramatic discoveries, Mayanism has been transformed over the past 30 years from an esoteric academic discipline into one of the hottest fields of scientific inquiry--and the pace of discovery is greater today than ever.

Among the already addicted, Mayamania is easy to explain. Says Arthur Dem arest, a Vanderbilt University archaeologist who for the past four years has led a team of researchers unearthing the remains of Dos Pilas, a onetime Maya metropolis in northern Guatemala: "You've got lost cities in the jungle, secret inscriptions that only a few people can read, tombs with treasures in them, and then the mystery of why it all collapsed."

The explosion of information has led to a comparable explosion of theorizing about the Maya, along with inevitable, often vehement, disagreements over whose ideas are right. Nevertheless, a consensus has begun to emerge among Mayanists. Among the first myths about this population to be debunked is that they were a peaceful race. Experts now generally agree that warfare played a key role in Maya civilization. The rulers found reasons to use torture and human sacrifice throughout their culture, from religious celebrations to sporting events to building dedications. "This has come as something of a shock to many Mayanists," says Carlos Navarrete, a leading Mexican anthropologist.

Uncontrolled warfare was probably one of the main causes for the Maya's eventual downfall. In the centuries after 250--the start of what is called the Classic period of Maya civilization--the skirmishes that were common among competing city-states escalated into full-fledged, vicious wars that turned the proud cities into ghost towns.

Among the first modern Westerners to be captivated by the Maya were the American Stephens and English artist Frederick Catherwood, who started in 1839 to bushwhack their way into the Central American rain forest to gaze at the monumental ruins of Copan, Palenque, Uxmal and other Maya sites. The book Stephens wrote about his trek was an enormous popular success and sparked others to follow him and Catherwood into the jungle and into musty Spanish colonial archives. Over the next half-century, researchers uncovered, among other things, the Popol Vuh (the sacred book of the Quiche Maya tribe) and the Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan, an account of Maya culture during and immediately after the 16th century Spanish conquest written by the Roman Catholic bishop Diego de Landa. By the 1890s, Alfred Maudslay, an English explorer, was compiling the first comprehensive catalog of Maya buildings, monuments and inscriptions in the major known cities, and the first excavations were under way.

With all this data, 19th century scholars began trying to decipher the hieroglyphic script, reconstruct Maya history and figure out what caused the civilization to fall apart. In the absence of any historical context, though, speculation tended to run a little wild. Some ascribed the monumental buildings to survivors of the lost continent of Atlantis; others insisted they were the work of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel, or the Egyptians, the Phoenicians, the Chinese, or even the Javanese.

The first half of the 20th century brought more excavations and more cataloging--but still only scratched the surface of what was to come. By 1950 the field was dominated by J. Eric Thompson and Sylvanus Morley of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Both are still revered as brilliant archaeologists, but some of their theories have been overturned by new evidence. Among their now outdated ideas: that the city centers of the Classic Maya were used primarily for ceremonial purposes, not for living; hieroglyphic texts described esoteric calendrical, astronomical and religious subjects but never recorded anything as mundane as rulers or historical events; slash-and-burn agriculture was the farming method of choice; and, of course, the Maya lived in blissful coexistence with one another.

Morley and Thompson presumed that certain practices of the ancient Maya could be deduced from those of their descendants. Modern scientists are more rigorous; besides, they have the advantage of sophisticated technology, like radiocarbon dating, which can help test their theories.

Near the Mexican border of Guatamala, in the Maya city of Dos Pilas and the surrounding Petexbatun region, Arthur Demarest's excavations have put him at the forefront of the revisionists. He divides the history of the region into two periods: before 761 and after. Before that year, he says, wars were well-orchestrated battles to seize dynastic power and procure royal captives for very public and ornate executions. But after 761, he notes, "wars led to wholesale destruction of property and people, reflecting a breakdown of social order comparable to modern Somalia." In that year the king and warriors of nearby Tamarindito and Arroyo de Piedra besieged Dos Pilas. Says Demarest: "They defeated the king of Dos Pilas and probably dragged him back to Tamarindito to sacrifice him." The reason for the abrupt change in the Maya's battleground behavior, he suspects, was that the ruling elite had grown large enough to produce intense rivalries among its members. Their ferocious competition, which exploded into civil war, may have been what finally triggered the society's breakdown. Similar breakdowns, he believes, happened in other areas as well.

Arlen and Diane Chase, archaeologists at the University of Central Florida, believe their work at Caracol, in present-day Belize, also shows that escalating warfare was largely responsible for that ancient city's abrupt extinction. Among the evidence they cite: burn marks on buildings, the uncharacteristically unburied body of a six-year-old child lying on the floor of a pyramid, and an increase in war imagery on late monuments and pottery. "Of course we found weapons too," says Arlen.

While many Mayanists agree that wars contributed to the collapse, no one thinks they were the whole story. Another factor was overexploitation of the rain-forest ecosystem, on which the Maya depended for food. University of Arizona archaeologist T. Patrick Culbert says pollen recovered from underground debris shows clearly that "there was almost no tropical forest left."

Water shortages might have played a role in the collapse as well: University of Cincinnati archaeologist Vernon Scarborough has found evidence of sophisticated reservoir systems in Tikal and other landlocked Maya cities (some of the settlements newly discovered this week also have reservoirs). Since those cities depended on stored rainfall during the four dry months of the year, they would have been extremely vulnerable to a prolonged drought.

Overpopulation was another problem. On the basis of data collected from about 20 sites, Culbert estimates that there were as many as 200 people per sq km in the southern lowlands of Central America. Says Culbert: "This is an astonishingly high figure; it ranks up there with the most heavily populated parts of the pre-industrial world. And the north may have been even more densely populated."

One inevitable consequence of overpopulation and a disintegrating agricultural system would be malnutrition--and in fact, some researchers are beginning to find preliminary evidence of undernourishment in children's skeletons from the late Classic period. Given all the stresses on Maya society, says Culbert, what ultimately sent it over the edge "could have been something totally trivial--two bad hurricane seasons, say, or a crazy king. An enormously strained system like this could have been pushed over in a million ways."

What sorts of lessons can be drawn from the Maya collapse? Most experts point to the environmental messages. "The Maya were overpopulated and they overexploited their environment and millions of them died," says Culbert bluntly. "That knowledge isn't going to solve the modern world situation, but it's silly to ignore it and say it has nothing to do with us." National Geographic archaeologist George Stuart agrees. The most important message, he says, is "not to cut down the rain forest." But others are not so sure. Says Stephen Houston, a hieroglyphics expert from Vanderbilt University: "I think we should be careful of finding too many lessons in the Maya. They were a different society, and the glue that held them together was different."

Just how different the Maya were is clear from their everyday lives, on which archaeologists are increasin

God Can Bleed 歌詞

歌曲名:God Can Bleed

歌手:Rise To Remain

專(zhuān)輯:City Of Vultures

These false beliefs will fuel our denial,

The last debris will crumble in front of our eyes,

Just so we can see the truth behind the lies

Nobody said this was easy,

An unveiling of things that we don''t want to hear,

Confiding in idols that preach their own bible,

Doubting the strength in our hearts

.

If you can stand up to the masses,

And preach and sell your gospel,

Then I''ll take back all the scars,

Of which you''re the root and the cause

.

Pay the price unearthing,

The sacred hand that buries the truth,

Who believes in the land of the free?

I''ll show them, their God can bleed

.

There is not one who''ll save you now,

The new uprising has turned this table round,

The blood you spill on honest ground,

Contours the landscapes of our time

.

Stripped back to callous numbness,

That you have enforced tenfold,

Chasing rainbow and mirage,

Selling your miracle cure,

But what is more?

To carry my burdens,

Like my heroes before...

.

Pay the price unearthing,

The sacred hand that buries the truth,

Who believes in the land of the free?

I''ll show them, their God can bleed

.

I am the one to bring you down,

Sent from the streets I was sown on,

We are the sons of every men,

We will not break, we will not bend

.

Pay the price unearthing,

The sacred hand that buries the truth,

Who believes in the land of the free?

I''ll show them, their God can bleed

http://music.baidu.com/song/8947508