1、operant conditioning

operant conditioning發(fā)音

英：　　美：

operant conditioning中文意思翻譯

常用釋義：操作性條件反射：一種條件反射的形式

操作性條件反射； 強化療法

操作性條件作用

operant conditioning雙語(yǔ)使用場(chǎng)景

1、You need to train a pig and you need to do so through operant conditioning.───你需要運用操作性條件作用來(lái)訓練一頭豬。

2、Method Rats were randomly operant conditioning training group, operation control group and blank control group.───研究方法:大鼠分為實(shí)驗組 、 手術(shù)對照組和空白對照組.

3、To train a rat, the experimenter placed it in an operant conditioning chamber: a small plastic box with a lever at one end.───為了訓練小鼠，實(shí)驗人員把它放在一個(gè)操作性條件反射室：一個(gè)一端置有操作桿的塑料箱。

4、Operant conditioning occurs all throughout games.───行為條件貫穿在整個(gè)游戲中。

5、There are two corollaries of operant conditioning Aversion therapy and desensitization.───使事情發(fā)生動(dòng)作的條件有2種推論,厭惡療法及減敏.

operant conditioning相似詞語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)

1、deconditioning───n.去適應作用（指長(cháng)期失重后，心血管機能的一種改變）

2、aversive conditioning───厭惡性條件形成

3、counterconditioning───n.對抗條件反射作用

4、respondent conditioning───反應性條件反射

5、air-conditioning───空調；[建]空氣調節

6、operating conditions───操作條件；工作條件；操柞件

7、preconditioning───n.預處理；前條件作用

8、air conditioning───空調；[建]空氣調節

9、social conditioning───社會(huì )制約

2、怎樣理解ABA中的區辨刺激 discriminative stimulus (SD)

What Is Discriminative Stimulus – Definition & Examples

什么是區辨刺激——定義與實(shí)例

What Is A Discriminative Stimulus?

什么是區辨刺激？

A discriminative stimulus is a stimulus that when it is present, it generates a particular response and the response is usually faster, more frequent, and more resistant to extinction. The responding behavior is then subjected to discriminative stimulus control. A discriminative stimulus (Sd or SD) is created when the response is reinforced in its presence, but not when it is absent.

一個(gè)有區辨的刺激是一種刺激，當它出現時(shí)，它產(chǎn)生一個(gè)特定的反應，這個(gè)反應通常更快，更頻繁，更能抵抗消失。反應行為受到區分性刺激控制。一種區辨刺激(SD 或 SD)產(chǎn)生時(shí)，反應在其存在加強，在其不存在時(shí)不存在。

For example, a child requests to watch TV and historically, he is granted more screen time when his Mom has to get on a conference call for work, but never when she doesn’t have to take a call. So having a work related phone call is a Sd that controls the child’s requesting behavior.

例如，一個(gè)孩子要求看電視，從過(guò)往來(lái)看，當他的媽媽因為工作需要參加電話(huà)會(huì )議時(shí)，他可以有更多的時(shí)間看電視，但是當她不需要接電話(huà)時(shí)，他就沒(méi)有時(shí)間了。因此，打一個(gè)與工作相關(guān)的電話(huà)是一個(gè)控制孩子請求行為的區辨刺激。

Discrimination And Classical Conditioning

區辨與經(jīng)典條件反射

When an originally neural stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus to generate a response, the neural stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus for that response.

當一個(gè)最初的神經(jīng)刺激與一個(gè)非條件刺激重復配對以產(chǎn)生反應時(shí)，神經(jīng)刺激就成為該反應的條件刺激。

Discrimination And Operant Conditioning

歧視與操作制約

Discriminative stimuli have control over a particular behavior because the behavior is reliably reinforced through positive or negative reinforcement and punishment when the stimuli present and not when they are absent.

區辨性刺激對特定行為具有控制力，因為這種行為可靠地通過(guò)正面或負面的強化和懲罰來(lái)加強，當刺激出現時(shí)，而不是缺失時(shí)。

Discriminative Stimulus Examples

區辨刺激的例子

Here are some more examples of discriminative stimulus.

這里有一些區辨刺激的例子。

When a child asks for a candy, she always gets one during grandma’s visit, but not in her absence. Grandma’s visiting is a Sd that controls the child’s asking behavior.

當孩子要糖果的時(shí)候，她總是在奶奶來(lái)看她的時(shí)候得到一塊，但不是在她不在的時(shí)候。奶奶的拜訪(fǎng)是一個(gè)控制孩子索要糖果行為的 Sd。

When the traffic light turns green, drivers keep their car going forward, but not when the light turns red. The green light is then a Sd for going while the red light is for stopping.

當交通燈變成綠燈時(shí)，司機會(huì )讓車(chē)繼續向前行駛，但當交通燈變成紅燈時(shí)就不會(huì )。綠燈表示前進(jìn)，紅燈表示停止。

When a manager is present, the employees work faster than when she’s not present. The manager’s presence is a Sd that controls how fast the employees do their work.

當經(jīng)理在場(chǎng)時(shí)，員工的工作速度比她不在場(chǎng)時(shí)要快。管理者的存在是一個(gè)控制員工工作速度的區辨刺激。

When Mom is present, the child completes his homework, but when Mom leaves the room, the child stops doing homework. Mom’s presence is a Sd that controls the homework doing behavior.

當媽媽在的時(shí)候，孩子完成了作業(yè)，但是當媽媽離開(kāi)房間的時(shí)候，孩子就停止做作業(yè)了。媽媽的存在是一個(gè)控制家庭作業(yè)行為區辨刺激。

You give a dog a treat when it barks at a certain person, but not when it barks at another person. Then that first person becomes a Sd that control the dog’s barking behavior.

當狗對某人吠叫時(shí)，你給它一個(gè)獎勵，但不是當它對另一個(gè)人吠叫時(shí)。然后，第一個(gè)人成為一個(gè) Sd，控制狗的吠叫行為。

Stimulus Discrimination Vs Generalization

區辨刺激與泛化

Stimulus generalization is defined as the extension of conditioning so that similar stimuli that have not been reinforced can act as conditioned stimulus to generate a specific response2. Now an individual responds to not only the one stimulus that has been reinforced, but also others that share similar characteristics. Generalization can occur in classical conditioning as well as operant conditioning .

刺激泛化被定義為條件反射的延伸，使未經(jīng)強化的相似刺激可以作為條件刺激產(chǎn)生特定的反應?，F在一個(gè)人不僅對一個(gè)刺激物有反應，而且對其他有相似特征的刺激物也有反應。這種現象在經(jīng)典條件反射和操作制約都有可能發(fā)生。

For example, a bee stings you. You will begin to fear it resulting in fear conditioning . But you will also begin to fear other insects that look similar. The more similar another insect is to a bee, the more you will fear it.

例如，蜜蜂蜇你。你將開(kāi)始害怕它導致恐懼條件化。但是你也會(huì )開(kāi)始害怕其他看起來(lái)相似的昆蟲(chóng)。另一種昆蟲(chóng)和蜜蜂越相似，你就越害怕它。

Your conditioned response (fear) has generalize from the training stimulus (bees) to another stimulus (insects similar to a bee).

你的條件反應(恐懼)已經(jīng)從訓練刺激(蜜蜂)概括到另一個(gè)刺激(昆蟲(chóng)類(lèi)似于蜜蜂)。

Discriminative Stimulus In Parenting

父母教育中的區辨刺激

Discriminative stimuli are often used in parenting to help children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and those with mental retardation3.

區辨刺激經(jīng)常被用來(lái)幫助那些患有自閉癥和智能障礙的孩子。

A branch of non-mainstream psychology, called Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), has emerged to teach Sd-based techniques to parents who have kids with ASD. These ABA techniques help children develop social skills and decrease behaviors that may interfere with their independence in life4.

非主流心理學(xué)的一個(gè)分支，稱(chēng)為應用行為分析(ABA) ，已經(jīng)出現，教授基于 sd 的技術(shù)的父母誰(shuí)有自閉癥的孩子。這些 ABA 技術(shù)幫助兒童發(fā)展社會(huì )技能，減少可能干擾他們生活獨立的行為。

In ABA therapy, discriminative stimulus and differential reinforcement are used to teach children how to respond appropriately or give a correct answer. An ABA therapist will work with parents to make sure that they understand how to apply the correct techniques.

在 ABA 治療中，使用區辨刺激和差別強化來(lái)教導兒童如何正確地回應或給出正確的答案。ABA 治療師將與父母一起工作，以確保他們了解如何應用正確的技術(shù)。