1、unincorporated

unincorporated發(fā)音

英：　　美：

unincorporated中文意思翻譯

常見(jiàn)釋義：

adj.（公司等）無(wú)法人地位的；未被包括在內的；未正式成為某城鎮一部分的

unincorporated雙語(yǔ)使用場(chǎng)景

1、When he was a child, his father died and he had to walk to Hangzhou because of poor family and be an apprentice in one unincorporated bank.───他是安徽績(jì)溪人，幼年喪父，家境貧寒，徒步百里到杭州，進(jìn)了一家錢(qián)肆當學(xué)徒。

2、The account used to record the withdrawals of cash or other assets by an owner of an unincorporated business.───提款帳戶(hù)，是用來(lái)記錄不公開(kāi)招股公司的業(yè)主從企業(yè)提出現金或其他資產(chǎn)的帳戶(hù)。

3、Thousands of people still live on the outskirts of town in colonias, unincorporated neighbourhoods without basic services.───成千上萬(wàn)的人口依然生活在城市郊區——墨西哥裔美國人社區里。

4、Explain why the financial statements of a corporation are interpreted differently from those of an unincorporated business.───解釋為什么股份公司的財務(wù)報表與非股份公司企業(yè)的財務(wù)報表不同。

5、Chapter lays emphasis on regulatory scheme of unincorporated business entities in the United States.───第四章：以美國法為比較基礎，觀(guān)察美國非公司型企業(yè)組織的發(fā)展。

6、An unincorporated business owned by two or more persons voluntarily associated as partners.───由二個(gè)或更多人自愿的組成合伙人所擁有的非公司制企業(yè)。

7、project to expand radio and television coverage in rural areas was extended from incorporated villages to unincorporated villages.───廣播電視村村通工程由行政村向自然村延伸

8、If you are being served on behalf of a corporation, unincorporated association (including a partnership), or other entity.───如果你代表一個(gè)有限公司、非法人聯(lián)合體(包括合伙企業(yè))或其他實(shí)體接受送達。

2、2020-02-16 reading 14

Reading 14. Aggregate output, prices and economic growth

14a. Calculate and explain GDP using expenditure and income approaches.

GDP is the total market value of goods and services produced in a country within a certain time period.

-most widely used measure of the size of a nation's economy.

-includes only purchases of newly produced goods and services

-transfer payment made by government政府轉移性之處 (失業(yè)率、退休、福利政策)不屬于economic output,不包括在GDP的計算中

value used in計算GDP,是market values of final goods and services

-that is, goods and services not be resold or used in the production of other goods and service.

GDP僅僅包括購買(mǎi)最終生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。在之前環(huán)節生產(chǎn)的商品的銷(xiāo)售和再銷(xiāo)售不計入GDP.

政府提供的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，即使在市場(chǎng)上沒(méi)有明碼標價(jià)，計入GDP。

eg. 警察和法官提供的服務(wù)，公路和基礎設施等產(chǎn)品得到改善，都計入GDP.

GDP包括自有住房?jì)r(jià)值，正如租房服務(wù)價(jià)值。

不計GDP，不在市場(chǎng)上進(jìn)行買(mǎi)賣(mài)的勞動(dòng)力價(jià)值。

不計GDP，生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的副產(chǎn)品。

GDP的計算可以通過(guò)對購買(mǎi)最終產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)需要花費的支出加總來(lái)計算，也可以通過(guò)因生產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)所獲得的銷(xiāo)售收入總和的。

the sum of all the spending on newly produced goods and services, or as the sum of the income received as producing these goods and services.

a.收入計算法expenditure approach

GDP is calculated by summing the amounts spent on goods and services produced during the period

b. income approach

GDP is calculated by summing the amounts earned by households and companies during the period, including wage income, interest income and business profits.

For the whole economy, total expenditures=total income,這樣兩種方法才能得出同樣的結論。實(shí)際上，得出不一樣的結果。

14b. Compare the sum-of-value-added and value-of-final-output methods of calculating GDP.

a. Value-of-final-output method.最終產(chǎn)出價(jià)值法-屬于expenditure method

sum the values of all final goods and services produces

b.sum-of-value-added method增加值加總法

-sum the additions to value created at each stage of production and distribution

14c. Compare nominal and real GDP and calculate and interpret the GDP deflator.

Nominal GDP: the total value of all goods and services produced by an economy,valued at current market prices.

當前市場(chǎng)價(jià)格計算的所有最終生產(chǎn)的商品和服務(wù)的價(jià)值總額。

Real GDP真實(shí)GDP measures the output of the economy using prices from a base year, removing the effect of changes in prices

-inflation不被計入economic growth

指基期價(jià)格計算的經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)出價(jià)值，剔除了價(jià)格變動(dòng)的營(yíng)銷(xiāo)，使通貨膨脹沒(méi)有計入經(jīng)濟增長(cháng)中。

-relative to a base year

real GDP growth reflects only increases in total output, not simply increases in the money value of total output.

真實(shí)GDP的增長(cháng)僅僅反映了總產(chǎn)出的增加，而不是簡(jiǎn)單的體現了總產(chǎn)出貨幣價(jià)值的增加。

GDP deflator-ia a price index-used to convert nominal GDP into real GDP

take out the effects of changes in the overall price level

-base on the current mix of goods and services, using prices at the beginning and end of the period.

=（nominal GDP in the year t/value of year t output at base year price ）*100

per-capital real GDP人均真實(shí)GDP

=real GDP/population

-用于衡量一個(gè)國家居民經(jīng)濟狀況

14d. Compare GDP, national income, personal income and personal disposable income.

a.Under expenditure approach, major components of real GDP are

consumption,investment,government spending and net exports(出口減進(jìn)口）

GDP=C+I+G+(X-M)

=(C+GC)+(I+GI)+(X-M)

GC=government consumption GI=government investment (capital goods, inventories)

b.Under income approach,

GDP=national income +capital consumption allowance+statistical discrepancy

=國民收入+資本消耗扣除+統計誤差

capital consumption allowance(CCA) 資本小猴扣除

measures the depreciation of physical capital from the production of goods and services over a period.

-be reinvested to maintain the productivity of physical capital from one period to the next

statistical discrepancy

-adjustment for the difference between GDP measured under兩種不同的方法，they use different data.

National income-sum of income received by all factors of production that go into the creation of final output.

=compensation of employees(wages and benefits)

勞動(dòng)補償

+corporate and government enterprise profits before taxes

公司和國有企業(yè)稅前利潤

+interest income

利息收入

+unincorporated business net income(business owners' incomes)

獨資公司凈收入

+rent

租金

+indirect business taxes

間接商業(yè)稅

-subsidies(taxes and subsidies that are included in final prices)

-補貼

Personal income居民收入

-measure of pretax income received by households

-determinant of consumer purchasing power and consumption

-不同于national income

包括households receive, government transfer payments

Household disposable income /personal disposable income

稅后的

-measures households have available to either save or spend on goods and services

-important economic indicator of ability of consumers to spend and save.

居民收入=國民收入+對居民的轉移支付-間接商業(yè)稅收-企業(yè)收入所得稅-未廢品的公司紅利

居民可支配收入=居民收入-居民稅收

14e. Explain the fundamental relationship among saving, investment, the fiscal balance and the trade balance.

GDP=C+S+T

=consumption spending + household and business savings+net taxes

S=I+(G-T)+(X-M)

=private savings =private investment

+government borrowing-government savings -trade deficit +trade surplus

(G-T)-fiscal balance-difference between government spending and tax receipts

財政收支余額，政府支出和稅收的差額

(X-M)-trade balance-net exports

凈出口，貿易收支余額

(G-T)=(S-I)-(X-M)

這個(gè)等式體現私人儲蓄=私人投資+政府借款或者扣除政府儲蓄，并且-貿易赤字+貿易順差

government deficit(G-T大于0) must financed by some combination of a trade deficit(X-M小于0）or an excess of private saving over private investment(S-I大于0）

14f. Explain the IS and LM curves and how they combine to generate the aggregate demand curve.

each components of GDP:

a. consumption is a function of disposable income.

個(gè)人收入的增長(cháng)或稅收降低都會(huì )增加消費或儲蓄的水平。額外的可支配收入的增加會(huì )被消費或儲蓄起來(lái)。

額外增加的收入中，用來(lái)消費的部分被稱(chēng)為邊際消費傾向，用來(lái)儲蓄的部分，叫邊際儲存傾向。

MPC-marginal propensity to consume邊際消費傾向

MPS-marginal propensity to save邊際儲蓄傾向

MPC+MPS=100%

b. Investment is a function of expected profitability and cost of financing.

投資是期望收益率和融資成本

Expected profitability depends on the overall economic output.

Financing costs are reflected in real interest rates--nominal interest rates減去expected inflation rate

c. Government purchases

政府購買(mǎi)在一定程度上可以看做是獨立于經(jīng)濟活動(dòng)的，但是政府的稅收收入和財政收支余額時(shí)經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)出。

d.Net exports are function of domestic disposable income, foreign disposable incomes and prices of goods in foreign and domestic markets.

1.IS curve(income-savings)-揭示了negative relationship between real interest rates and real income for equilibrium in the goods market.

實(shí)際利率和實(shí)際收入負相關(guān)。IS曲線(xiàn)上的點(diǎn)，為在均衡的商品市場(chǎng)中，實(shí)際利率和收入的組合。

2.LM curve(liquidity-money)--揭示了positive relationship between real interest rates and income consistent with equilibrium in the money market.

正相關(guān)。

貨幣市場(chǎng)的均衡需要通過(guò)在提供實(shí)際利率的同時(shí)提高收入來(lái)實(shí)現。

有收入增加導致的貨幣需求量高，將抵消由實(shí)際利率的上升導致的對貨幣需求量的減少，從而使市場(chǎng)重新恢復均衡。

The Aggregate Demand Curve

AD curve shows relationship between the quantity of real output demanded(=real income) and price level.

-slopes downward

higher price levels(holding the money supply constant) reduce real wealth,

increase real interest rates- make domestically produced goods more expensive compared abroad.

由于更高的價(jià)格會(huì )降低實(shí)際財務(wù)水平，會(huì )增加實(shí)際利率， 使國內產(chǎn)出的商品價(jià)格比國外更昂貴，這一切都會(huì )降低國內總產(chǎn)出的需求，因此總需求曲線(xiàn)是向下傾斜的。

14g. Explain the aggregate supply curve in the short run and long run.

aggregate supply(AS) curve

-describe the relationship between the price level and quantity of real GDP supplied.

-represents the output that firms produce at different price level

aggregate supply curves with different time frames:

a.very short run aggregate supply (VSRAS)curve

非常短時(shí)期內的總供給曲線(xiàn)

firms adjust output without changing price by adjusting labor hours and intensity of use of plant and equipment in demand.

為應對需求的變化，企業(yè)可以通過(guò)調整勞動(dòng)時(shí)間和廠(chǎng)房設備使用率等方法，來(lái)達到調整產(chǎn)出的同時(shí)不調整價(jià)格的目的

b.short-run aggregate supply (SRAS)curve

the curve slopes upward 因為input prices will change as production is increased or decreased.

假設在短期產(chǎn)出的價(jià)格水平會(huì )隨著(zhù)價(jià)格水平成比例地變化，但是至少部分投入要素的價(jià)格是有粘性的，-短期內不會(huì )隨著(zhù)價(jià)格調整變化。

當產(chǎn)出價(jià)格水平上升時(shí)，價(jià)格也上升，但是廠(chǎng)商短期不會(huì )發(fā)現投入要素價(jià)格的變化。廠(chǎng)商通過(guò)增加產(chǎn)出，應對遇見(jiàn)到的更高產(chǎn)出價(jià)格，帶來(lái)的更高利潤水平，結果是一條向上傾斜的短期總供給曲線(xiàn)。

c.long run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve

長(cháng)期，所有投入要素的成本都會(huì )變化。長(cháng)期總供給曲線(xiàn)是完全無(wú)彈性的。

在長(cháng)期，工資水平和其他投入要素的價(jià)格會(huì )隨著(zhù)價(jià)格成比例變化，所以?xún)r(jià)格不影響總供給的大小。稱(chēng)為potential GDP或full-employment GDP充分就業(yè)的國民生產(chǎn)總值。

14h. Explain causes of movements along and shifts in aggregate demand and supply curves.

aggregate demand(AD) curve 總需求曲線(xiàn)的移動(dòng)

-reflects the total level of expenditures in economy by consumers,businesses, government and foreigners.總支出水平

a change in the price level is represented as a movement along the AD curve, not a shift in the AD curve.

For changes in each factors that increase aggregate demand (shift AD to the right), identify the component of expenditures is increased.

很多因素的變動(dòng)會(huì )影響總支出水平并引起總需求曲線(xiàn)的位移。

價(jià)格水平的變動(dòng)在總需求曲線(xiàn)上表示為點(diǎn)的移動(dòng)而不是曲線(xiàn)的平移。

以下因素的變動(dòng)，導致總支出的增加增加?。?/p>

1.Increase in consumers' wealth

隨著(zhù)居民財富增加，收入用于儲蓄的部分會(huì )降低，用于支出的部分會(huì )增加，因此總需求會(huì )增加。

2.Business expectations

當廠(chǎng)商對未來(lái)銷(xiāo)售情況更樂(lè )觀(guān)時(shí)，他們會(huì )增加廠(chǎng)房、設備、存貨上的投資

3.Consumer expectations of future income

當消費者由于相信未來(lái)工作的穩定性增加或薪酬增加而預期未來(lái)會(huì )有更高收入，

會(huì )增加現時(shí)的消費，減少未來(lái)的儲蓄